Publications of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fish Technology Centers, 1966-June 1999

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Publications
of the
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Fish Technology Centers
1966-June 1999 2
Title: Publications of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fish Technology Centers, 1966-June 1999
___________
June 1999
___________
Jamie Rappaport Clark
Director
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
John Rogers, Jr.
Deputy Director
Cathy Short
Assistant Director Fisheries
Compiled by:
Gary J. Carmichael
Southwestern Fisheries Technology Center
Mora National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center
P. O. Box 689
Mora NM 87732
For Copies, Contact:
U. S. Department of the Interior
Fish and Wildlife Service
Office of Administration, Division of Fisheries
Mailstop 820 -Arlington Square
1849 C. Street, N. W.
Washington, D.C. 20240
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Contents
Page
Forward ........................................................................................... 4
Technology Center Background .................................................... 5
Abernathy Salmon Technology Center .................................................... 7
Bozeman Fish Technology Center .................................................... 16
(Including former Beulah Fish Technology Center)
Northeast Fisheries Center ................................................................. 38
(Lamar Fish Technology Center)
San Marcos Fish Technology Center .................................................... 45
(San Marcos National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center)
Southwestern Fisheries Technology Center ....................................... 53
Dexter Fish Technology Center
Mora National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center
Warm Springs Regional Fisheries Center ....................................... 65
Warm Springs Fish Technology Center
Bears Bluff National Fish Hatchery
Warm Springs National Fish Hatchery
Warm Springs Fish Health Laboratory
Summary ........................................................................................... 75
Guidelines for the Fish Technology Center Listing .......................... 76
Listing Of Technology Centers and Center Directors .......................... 77
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Forward
The following is an updated list of reference materials produced by personnel and partners of U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Fisheries’ Fish Technology Centers. The list contains some background on the Centers and published articles and station leaflets produced by the Centers. References that resulted from collaborative efforts among Technology Centers are listed under each Center.
The references are grouped by Center and copies of the individual articles may be obtained by writing the Director of the appropriate facility. A list of addresses is provided at the back of this publication.
Technology transfer is one of the primary missions of all Centers. 5
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Fish Technology Centers
Fish Technology Centers were established to provide leadership and guidance to the fish culture community. Over the years, fish culture studies focused on reducing costs, enhancing fish quality, and improving overall fish culture operations. The importance of Fish Technology Centers became clear as fishery managers were increasingly aware of the need to produce fish that are healthy, genetically diverse, and well-adapted to fishery management objectives.
Correspondingly, Fish Technology Center roles and responsibilities have grown, and areas of specialty have expanded to include technical support to fishery resource programs such as inter-jurisdictional fishes, estuarine and riverine fishes, non-indigenous aquatic nuisance species, threatened and endangered species, and other high priority aquatic resource issues. To accomplish their work, each Fish Technology Center now maintains at least two areas of technical expertise. Functioning as a cohesive system, each Fish Technology Center strengthens the others, taking full advantage of various geographic differences to ensure that study results will successfully support a broad range of users. Through their partnership role with other Service programs and federal agencies, States, tribes, the private sector and international cooperation, Fish Technology Centers provide a vital link in the Service’s commitment to conservation of our Nation’s aquatic resources.
Sustaining the Nation’s Fisheries
The United States has an unparalleled richness and diversity of natural resources, including our valuable fishery resources. Unfortunately, human pressures on fish and their habitats have increased to the point where many stocks of fish are being depleted, with some listed and others considered for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Many once-thriving fisheries are no longer commercially or recreationally viable, straining the economic, social, and cultural fabric of the Nation.
In order to restore depleted stocks, the health of the aquatic systems that fish (and humans) depend on must be restored and maintained. To achieve this goal, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service adopted an ecosystem-based approach to fishery restoration. This approach is based on scientific management, conservation of natural diversity, effective partnerships, and enhanced public awareness and stewardship.
A key element in fishery restoration and management is technology development. The Service’s Fish Technology Centers provide cutting-edge technology and scientific information to fish hatcheries and fishery managers – knowledge critical to their ability to continue to manage fishery resources. The Fish Technology Centers comprise a national network, each complementing the other in an effort to conserve and restore the Nation’s fisheries.
Serving the Fish Culture Community
Fish Technology Centers developed fish culture techniques and fish diets now used around the world, including the dry, long-lasting feeds that revolutionized the fish-rearing industry. Technology development by Fish Technology Centers provided the foundation of the aquaculture industry, which contributes millions of dollars annually to the United States economy.
Today, the Service’s Fish Technology Centers continue to support the National Fish Hatchery System and 6
the fish culture community with emphases on:
­Improving the quality, genetic diversity, and post-release survival of captive reared fishes
­Identifying and reducing ant detrimental effects of hatchery releases on wild fish populations
­Developing technologies to reduce water consumption and pollution in hatcheries
­Developing and improving diets to meet nutritional requirements of captive reared fishes.
Recovering Endangered Species
The roles and responsibilities of Fish Technology Centers have grown to include the recovery of endangered, threatened, and declining fish populations. The Fish Technology Centers develop culture techniques and diets for endangered and threatened species, maintain captive populations and brood stocks, and assist in monitoring the success of re-introductions. A database of the genetic fingerprints of many wild stocks is being assembled and used as a baseline for characterizing and comparing wild and hatchery stocks. Cryogenic techniques to safeguard the genetic material of threatened and endangered fishes are also being developed to assist fisheries managers and hatchery managers in recovery and habitat restoration efforts.
Fish Technology Center History
The Fish Hatchery Development Center Program was created in 1965 to utilize fishery research information in developing improved methods of fish husbandry. The Fish Hatchery Manual, Section 1535, defined the responsibilities of five Fish Culture Development Centers as adapting basic research information to cultural methods, systems, facilities, and equipment for increased production of fish.
Over the years the name was altered to Fish Technology Centers and roles expanded. While the main emphasis of the Centers was directed at fish culture technologies and methodologies, the scope of the effort expanded to integrate other applied technologies like water quality, bioengineering, genetics, physiology, nutrition, and fish health. In the 1990s, Fish Technology Centers broadened their role to assist Fisheries Managers and the Division of Ecological Services with threatened and endangered species and hatchery product evaluations.
The original five Fish Cultural Development Centers were Abernathy, Washington; Bozeman, Montana;
Lamar, Pennsylvania; Marion, Alabama; and McKenny, South Dakota. A San Marcos, Texas, facility became a Fish Technology Center in 1975. In 1984, Abernathy become the Abernathy Salmon Technology Center, Washington; and the Spearfish Diet Testing Development Center, South Dakota evolved into the Beulah Fish Technology Center, Wyoming. In 1986, Beulah Fish Technology Center was phased out; the remaining work and files were transferred to the Bozeman Fish Technology Center.
The six current Fish Technology Centers are: Abernathy, Washington; Bozeman, Montana; Southwestern Fisheries Technology Center [Dexter, New Mexico and Mora, New Mexico]; Northeast (Lamar), Pennsylvania; San Marcos, Texas; and Warm Springs, Georgia (including field station Bear’s Bluff, South Carolina). 7
Abernathy Salmon Culture Technology Center
Background
Part of the Abernathy National Fish Hatchery, the Abernathy Salmon Culture Technology Center was established in 1972. The Center develops new salmon culture techniques, equipment, and feeds; develops techniques to improve the quality of hatchery-reared salmon; and evaluates the effects of various rearing and disease control techniques on the survival of hatchery-reared salmon in the wild. In the future there will be an increasing emphasis on studying the genetics of wild salmon and interactions between wild and hatchery fish. Abernathy Salmon Culture Technology Center provides advice and technical assistance in fish culture and disease diagnosis to fish biologists and aquaculturists in the public and private sectors. The Center also oversees quality control of fish feeds used the National Fish Hatchery System.
The station was established originally as a National Fish Hatchery under the provisions of the Mitchell Act (52 Stat. 345) on May 11, 1938 as amended August 8, 1956 (60 Stat. 932). The purpose of that Act is to provide for the "conservation of fishery resources of the Columbia River”. The Act authorized and directed the Secretary of the Interior “to establish, operate, and maintain” fishery facilities to help compensate for the fish losses in the Columbia River Basin resulting from the effects of constructing mainstream dams and the impacts of other human activities.
The site for the Abernathy facility was chosen in 1956 by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service with the goal of contributing to the restoration of chum, pink, coho, and fall chinook salmon runs in the Columbia River Basin. Abernathy Creek offered a desirable location for a hatchery of this type because of its proximity to the mouth of the Columbia River and its convenient location. Construction occurred primarily in 1959. Fish culture began in 1960.
In 1961, the Division of Fishery Research activities at the Salmon Culture Laboratory in Entiat, Washington were transferred to Abernathy National Fish Hatchery to facilitate expansion of the laboratory’s research program to include fall chinook salmon. The station functioned as a part of the Research Division until April 1972, when it was transferred to the Division of Fish Hatcheries and designated the Abernathy Salmon Cultural Development Center. Responsibilities of the Center were defined as (1) continued fish production for restoration of fish runs under the Mitchell Act, and (2) development of culturing methods, systems, facilities, and equipment for increased production of fish. The name of the station was changed to the Abernathy Salmon Culture Technology Center in 1984.
Objectives /Emphasis
­Studies to aid restoration of Columbia River salmon, steelhead, and sturgeon populations
­Fish culture methods, systems, facilities, and equipment development to enhance efficient production of healthy/quality fish.
­Federal leadership in scientifically based management of national fishery resources through assessment and development of methodology for the evaluation of hatchery products
­Develop fish food quality assurance programs and diets to maintain the nutritional value of feeds purchased for fish culture
­Federal leadership in population genetics and evaluating the interactions between hatchery and wild fish populations.
Station Mission
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The Center’s mission is to: (1) produce fish for restoration of Columbia River salmon and steelhead runs under the Mitchell Act, (2) develop culturing methods, systems, facilities, and equipment for increased and efficient production of fish, and (3) provide Federal leadership in scientifically based management of National fishery resources and anadromous fish propagation by developing new concepts and improved technologies as well as solving specific problems in fisheries management and hatchery operations. In addition, the Center conducts a fish food quality assurance program to maintain and improve the nutritional quality of feeds purchased for salmon and steelhead culture. The facility also provides technical advice and assistance to the fisheries community in addition to reporting findings in scientific journals, special Center publications, workshops, scientific meetings, and training schools.
Peer Reviewed Publications
Burger, C. V. In Press. The needs of salmon and steelhead in balancing their conservation and use. In E. E. Knudsen et al. Editors. Sustainable Fisheries Management: Balancing the Conservation and Use of Pacific Salmon. Ann Arbor Press. MI.
Taylor, P. W., and S. D. Roberts. In Press. Clove oil: an alternative anaesthetic for aquaculture. The Progressive Fish-Culturist.
Campton, D. E. 1998. Pikefish, not pikeminnow. Fisheries 23(11):38.
Rossi, A. R., M. Capula, D. Crosetti, L. Sola, and D. E. Campton. 1998. Allozyme variation in global populations of striped mullet, Mugil cephalus (Pisces: Mugilidae). Marine Biology 131:203-212.
Rossi, A. R., M. Capula, D. Crosetti, L. Sola, and D. E. Campton. 1998. Genetic divergence and phylogenetic inferences in five species of Mugilidae (Pisces: Perciformes). Marine Biology 131:213-218.
Burger, C. V., W. J. Spearman, and M. A. Cronin. 1997. Genetic differentiation of sockeye salmon subpopulations from a geologically young lake system. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126:926-938.
Finn, J. E., C.V. Burger, and L. Holland-Bartels. 1997. Discrimination among populations of sockeye salmon fry with Fourier analysis of otolith banding patterns formed during incubation. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126:559-578.
Waterstrat, P. R. 1997. Distribution and abundance of Saprolegnia in the water supply of a Columbia River Salmon Hatchery. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 9:58-63.
Campton, D. E. 1995. Genetic effects of hatchery fish on wild populations of Pacific salmon and steelhead: what do we really know? American Fisheries Society Symposium 15:337-353.
Waterstrat, P. R., and L. L. Marking. 1995. Clinical evaluation of formalin, hydrogen peroxide and salt for the control of Saprolegnia in fall chinook salmon eggs. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 57:287-291.
Banks, J. L. 1994. Raceway density and water flow as factors affecting spring chinook salmon during rearing and after release. Aquaculture 119:201-217. 9
Banks, J. L. 1992. Effect of density and loading on coho salmon during hatchery rearing and after release. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 54(3):137-147
Fowler, L. G. 1991. Poultry by-product meal as a dietary protein source in fall chinook salmon diets. Aquaculture 99:309-321.
Fowler, L. G., and J. L. Banks. 1991. A safe level of iodophor for treating eggs of fall chinook salmon during water-hardening. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 53 (4):250-251.
Fowler, L. G., and J. L. Banks. 1990. Iodophor toxicity to eggs and fry of fall chinook salmon. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 52(3):176-178.
Fowler, L. G. 1990. Feather meal as a dietary protein source during parr-smolt transformation in fall chinook salmon. Aquaculture 89:301-314.
Marking, L. L., D. Leith, and J. Davis. 1990. Development of a carbon filter system for removing malachite green from hatchery effluents. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 52(2):92-99.
Barton, B. A., C. B. Schreck, and L. G. Fowler. 1988. Fasting and diet content affect stress-induced changes in plasma glucose and cortisol in juvenile chinook salmon. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 50(1):16-22.
Morrison, J., and D. Zajac. 1987. Histologic effect of coded wire tagging in chum salmon. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 7:439-441.
Sauter, R. W., C. Williams, E. A. Meyer, B. Celnik, J. L. Banks, and D. A. Leith. 1987. A study of bacteria present within unfertilized salmon eggs at the time of spawning and their possible relation to early lifestage disease. Journal of Fish Diseases 10:193-203.
Corey, P. D., D. A. Leith, and M. J. English. 1983. A growth model for coho salmon including effects of varying ration allotments and temperature. Aquaculture 30:125-143.
Fowler, L. G. 1983. Effect of dietary protein and energy on growth and survival of fall chinook salmon fry. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 45(2):128-129.
Piper, Robert G., Ivan B. McElwain, Leo E. Orme, Joseph P. McCraren, Laurie G. Fowler, and John R. Leonard. 1982. Fish Hatchery Management. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington D.C. 517 pp.
Schreck, C. B., and L. G. Fowler. 1982. Growth and reproductive development in fall chinook salmon: effects of sex hormones and their antagonists. Aquaculture 26:253-263.
Fowler, L. G. 1981. Protein and energy relation of starting diets for chinook salmon fry. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 43(3): 151-152.
Fowler, L. G. 1980. Substitution of soybean and cottonseed products for fish meal in diets fed to chinook and coho salmon. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 42 (2):87-91. 10
Fowler, L. G. 1980. Starting diets for chinook salmon fry. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 42(3):165-166.
Lagasse, J. P., D. A. Leith, D. B. Romney, and O. F. Dahrens. 1980. Stamina and survival of coho salmon reared in rectangular circulating ponds and conventional raceways. The Progressive Fish-Culturist. 42(3):153-156.
Fowler, L. G., and J. L. Banks. 1976. Animal and vegetable substitutes for fish meal in the Abernathy diet, 1973. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 38(3):123-126.
Fowler, L. G., and J. L. Banks. 1976. Fish meal and wheat germ meal substitutes in the Abernathy diet, 1974. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 38(3):127-130.
Fowler, L. G. 1973. Tests of three vitamin supplementation levels in the Abernathy diet. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 35(4):197-198.
Fowler, L. 1972. Growth and mortality of fingerling chinook salmon as affected by egg size. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 34(2):66-69.
Banks, J., L. Fowler, and J. Elliott. 1971. Effects of rearing temperature on growth, body form, and hematology of fall chinook fingerings. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 33(1):20-26.
Fowler, L. G., and R. Burrows. 1971. The Abernathy salmon diet. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 33(2):67-75.
Burrows, R., and H. Chenoweth. 1970. The rectangular circulating rearing pond. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 32(2):67-80.
Burrows, R. 1969. The influence of fingerling quality on adult salmon survivals. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 98(4):777-784.
Burrows, R., and B. Combs. 1968. Controlled environments for salmon propagation. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 30(3):123-136.
Elliott, J. 1969. The oxygen requirements of chinook salmon. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 31(2):67-73.
Thomas, A. E. 1969. Mortality due to leech infestation in an incubation channel. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 31(3):164-165.
Thomas, A. E., J. L. Banks, and D. C. Greenland. 1969. Effect of yolk sac absorption on the swimming ability of fall chinook salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 98(3):406-410.
Thomas, A. E., J. W. Elliott, and J. L. Banks. 1969. Hematological and chemical characteristics associated with precocious male chinook salmon fingerings. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 98(1) :23-26.
Combs, B. 1968. An electrical grid for controlling trematode cercariae in hatchery water supply. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 30(2):67-85. 11
Gannam, A. L., P. R. Waterstrat, R. J. Pascho, and C. L. McKibben. In Preparation. An evaluation of feather meal as a feed ingredient and immuno-modulator for fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Intended Outlet: North American Journal of Aquatic Animal Health.
Technology Center Transfer Series; 1980 -1990
Fowler, L. G., W. M. Thorson, W. L. Wallien, G. R. White, and P. E. Martin. 1990. Changes in nutritive content of fish feeds at five Federal installations. Technology Transfer Series, No. 89-1, AFF-1-ATC-90-15. 69 pp.
Fowler, L. G. 1989. Feeds and feeding practices for improved fish health. Technology Transfer Series, No. 88-1, AFF/ATC-89-04 :33 pp.
Banks, J. L., and L. G. Fowler. 1988. Effect of accelerated rearing on adult survival of spring chinook salmon. Technology Transfer Series, No. 87-1. FR1/ATC-88-06:12 pp.
Fowler, L. G., J. L. Banks, J. D. McIntyre, and C. B. Schreck. 1988. Selective breeding of Abernathy fall chinook: Experimental design and hatchery performance of 1973-1977 broods. Technology Transfer Series, No. 86-1 - FR1/ATC -88-05:31 pp.
Fowler, L. G. 1986. Tests with blood meal, shrimp meal, and condensed fish solubles as components of fall chinook salmon diets. Technology Transfer Series, No. 85-1:16 pp.
Anderson, A. R. 1985. Effects of therapeutic disease treatments on nitrification in model water recycle systems: A preliminary study. Technology Transfer Series, No. 84-1: 56 pp.
Banks, J. L. 1983. Artificial substrate in vertical incubators: A method for controlling coagulated yolk disease in chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum). Technology Transfer Series, No. 83-1: 17 pp.
Banks, J. L., and L. G. Fowler. 1982. The effects of population weight loads and crowding on fall chinook fingerlings reared in circular tanks. Technology Transfer Series, No. 82-3: 12 pp.
Anderson, A. R. 1982. The use of ozone in fish culture: A brief review. Technology Transfer Series, No. 82-2: 32 pp.
Banks, J. L., and L. G. Fowler. 1982. Transportation, storage, and handling studies of fall chinook salmon gametes and newly fertilized eggs. Technology Transfer Series, No. 82-4: 18 pp.
Fowler, L. G. 1982. 1981 Tests with poultry by-product meal in fall chinook salmon diets. Technology Transfer Series, No. 82-1:13 pp.
Fowler, L. G. 1981. Effects of lipid and amino acid supplementation in chinook salmon diets containing poultry by-product meal. Technology Transfer Series, No.81-3. 12 pp.
Fowler, L. G. 1981. Evaluation of fish oils, condensed fish solubles, single cell protein, and additional minerals in fall chinook salmon diets. Technology Transfer Series, No. 81-4. 13 pp. 12
Fowler, L. G. 1981. Tests of vegetable protein replacements and alternate ingredients in the Abernathy diet. Technology Transfer Series, No.81-1. 14 pp.
Fowler, L. G., and J. L. Banks. 1981. Delayed fertilization of fall chinook salmon eggs: A preliminary report. Technology Transfer Series, No. 81-2. 6 pp.
Fowler, L. G. 1980. Feeding trials with fall chinook salmon evaluating fish meals, fish oils, oat groats, and skretting diet. Technology Transfer Series, No.80-5. 11 pp.
Fowler, L. G., and J. L. Banks. 1980. Survival rates of three sizes of hatchery-reared fall chinook salmon. Technical Transfer Series, No. 80-1. 12 pp.
Fowler, L. G., R. E. Burrows, B. D. Combs, and A. E. Thomas. 1980. The effect of improved rearing conditions on the adult survival of fall chinook salmon. Technology Transfer Series, No.80-2. 12 pp.
Fowler, L. G., R. E. Burrows, B. D. Combs, and J. L. Banks. 1980. The effect of size and time of release of fall chinook salmon fingerlings on adult survival. Technology Transfer Series, No. 80-3. 13 pp.
Fowler, L. G., R. E. Burrows, B. D. Combs, and J. L. Banks. 1980. Effect of two rearing environments on the survival of adult fall chinook salmon. Technology Transfer Series, No.80-4. 12 pp.
Miscellaneous Reports
Fowler, L. G., and E. LaMotte. 1990. Further seawater challenge tests at Spring Creek National Fish Hatchery: 1990. Abernathy Salmon Culture Technology Center. Processed Report. 13 pp.
Fowler, L. G., E. H. Pelton, and T. A. Neilsen. 1990. A seawater challenge test on fish infected with erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome (EIBS). Abernathy Salmon Culture Technology Center. Processed Report. 5 pp.
Fowler, L. G., E. LaMotte, and E. Gunderson. 1989. Seawater challenge tests at Spring Creek National Fish Hatchery during 1989. Processed Report. 10 pp.
Leith, D., J. Holmes, and S. Kaattari. 1989. Effects of vitamin nutrition on the immune response of hatchery reared salmonids. Final Report to the Bonneville Power Administration, Agreement No.: DE-A179-84BP18010 and DE-A179-84BP18007: 94 pp.
Leith, D., M. Newman, S. Kaattari, Nancy Holland, and Jennifer Dekoning. 1987. Effects of vitamin nutrition on the immune response of hatchery-reared salmonids. Annual Report to the Bonneville Power Administration, Agreement No.: DE-A179-84BP18010 and DE-A-179-84BP18007: 75 pp.
Leith, D., J. Holmes, S. Kaattari, and M. Yui. 1986. Effects of vitamin nutrition on the immune response of hatchery-reared salmonids. Annual Report to the Bonneville Power Administration, Agreement No.: DE-A179-84BP18007: 66 pp.
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Leith, D., J. Holmes, S. Kaattari, M. Yui, and T. Jones. 1985. Effects of vitamin nutrition on the immune response of hatchery reared salmonids. Annual Report to the Bonneville Power Administration, Agreement No.: DE-A179-84BP18007: 66 pp.
Anderson, A. R. 1983. Effects of water quality on coagulated yolk syndrome incidence. Abernathy Salmon Culture Technology Center Processed Report. 23 pp.
Fowler, L. G. 1983. Use of a single cell protein product in fall chinook salmon diets. Processed Report: 7 pp.
Fuze, D. M., G. Kindschi, and J. L. Banks. 1981. Notes on the formalin treatment of fall chinook salmon eggs for fungus, Saprolegnia sp. Mimeo. 5 pp.
Banks, J. L., W. G. Taylor, and S. L. Leek. 1979. Carrying capacity recommendations for Olympia area National Fish Hatcheries. Processed Report. 57 pp.
Banks, J. L. 1977. A review of whitespot and coagulated yolk disease investigations at Lower Columbia River hatcheries, 1954-1976 and proposals for future studies. Processed Report, 20 pp.
Fowler, L. G., and J. L. Banks. 1975. Accelerated rearing of steelhead trout. Mimeo. I pp.
Fowler, L. G., and J. L. Banks. 1975. Dry diets for spring chinook salmon. Mimeo. 6 pp.
Shanks, W. E. 1975. Tests of efficiency of changes in filter media and filter design unit: experiments with polystyrene bead media. Mimeo Report. 5 pp.
Shanks, W. E., and B. D. Combs. 1975. Tests of efficiency of changes in filter media and filter design-unit: trickling filter--expanded shale media. Mimeo. 4 pp.
Banks, J. L. 1974. Computer calculations of lot history production and hatchery production summary records. Mimeo. 2 pp.
Banks, J. L., L. G. Fowler, and W. Booker. 1974. Effects of four feeding levels and four loading levels on growth and conversion efficiency of coho fingerlings in constant 53F. Mimeo. 3 pp.
Fowler, L. G., and J. L. Banks. 1974. Accelerated rearing of steelhead trout. Mimeo. 1 pp.
Fowler, L. G., and J. L. Banks. 1974. Dry diets for steelhead trout. Mimeo. 4 pp.
Fowler, L. G., and J. L. Banks. 1973. Accelerated rearing of steelhead trout. Mimeo. 1 pp.
Fowler, L. G. 1973. Coho production diets. Mimeo. 4 pp.
Fowler, L. G., and J. L. Banks. 1972. Alteration tests of the Abernathy salmon diet, 1971. U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Technical Paper 64. 12 pp.
Fowler, L. G., and J. L. Banks. 1972. Accelerated rearing of steelhead trout. Mimeo. 2 pp. 14
Fowler, L. G., J. L. Banks, and J. Elliott. 1972. Test of variations of the Abernathy salmon diet, 1970. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Technical Paper 61. 13 pp.
Fowler, L. G., and J. L. Banks. 1969. Test of vitamin supplements and formula changes in the Abernathy salmon diet, 1966-67. U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Technical Paper 26. 19 pp.
Thomas, A. E., and J. M. Shelton. 1968. Operation of Abernathy channel for incubation of salmon eggs. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Technical Paper 23. 19 pp.
Fowler, L. G., and J. L. Banks. 1967. Test of different components in the Abernathy salmon diet. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Technical Paper 13. 18 pp.
Elliott, J., W., L. G. Fowler, and R. E. Burrows. 1966. Effects of age, growth, and diet on characteristics of salmon fingerings. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Technical Paper 8. 11 pp.
Fowler, L. G., H. McCormick, Jr., and A. E. Thomas. 1966. Studies of caloric and vitamin levels of salmon diets. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Technical Paper 6.14 pp.
Burrows, R. 1964. Effects of accumulated excretory products on hatchery-reared salmonids. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Research Report 66. 12 pp.
Recent Activities
Program Overview: The Center's program has three major facets: (1) fish production, (2) investigations and development, and (3) technical assistance. Approximately 30% of the station's funding and FTE's are devoted to fish production. Investigations and development work account for about 60% of program funding and human resources, while approximately 10% is expended in providing technical advice and assistance to a wide variety of federal, state, tribal, and private entities involved with fish culture or fisheries management.
Fish Production: The Center is currently rearing primarily fall chinook salmon on a production basis. Our annual maximum capacity is about 1,500,000 smolts weighing about 45-50,000 pounds. During the last ten years the Center has produced an average of 1,670,000 fish weighing 39,800 pounds. Smolt size has averaged about 10.8 grams (42 fish/lb.).
The Center has also provided space, water, and operational help for stream-side, gravel incubator boxes used by the Washington Department of Fisheries to produce chum salmon for a project to restore that species in the lower Columbia River. As part of this program, the Center reared approximately 158,000 chum salmon smolts in FY 1991 and released them into Abernathy Creek.
Investigations and Development: The Center's investigational and developmental efforts are presently concentrating on three aspects of artificial propagation: (1) nutrition, (2) hatchery techniques, and (3) fish health. During the past four years these subject areas included the following projects:
A. Nutrition:
1. Nutrition/Osmoregulation, Relationships
2. Effects of Vitamin Nutrition on Immune Response of Hatchery-Reared Salmonids 15
3. Nutrient Losses During Feed Storage and Manufacture
4. Mineral Studies
B. Hatchery Techniques:
1. Pond Loading Studies
2. Oxygen Supplementation
3. Pathology of Microtagging
4. New Feeding Methods (Fish Behavior)
C. Fish Health:
1. Egg Disinfection Procedures
2. Non-nutritive Feed Components vs Fish Health
3. Removal of Drugs and Chemicals from Effluents
4. Fungus Infections in Fish and Eggs
Fish Feed Quality Control: The Center is responsible for conducting a fish food quality assurance program for diets purchased by the Service to feed to Pacific salmon and steelhead trout. The formulations and manufacturing requirements for the two commonly used open-formula feeds, Oregon Pellets and Abernathy Diet, are based on results of nutrition research conducted by the Service and other government agencies or universities. The Center updates those specifications semiannually to incorporate recent findings and advances in nutrition and feed manufacturing. Also, operations at each feed manufacturing plant are inspected at least once per quarter to insure that contract specifications are being met. At the same time samples of feeds and ingredients are regularly sampled and chemically analyzed (in house or commercially) to make sure that products are wholesome and contain required levels of nutrients. After the feeds reach the field, Center staff are available to “trouble shoot” suspected nutritional problems. In the event that poor quality feeds are found, either at the manufacturing plants or in the field, the Center has the lead role in implementing steps for their replacement.
Histopathology Services: The Center provides histological services to various Federal and State hatchery biologists in the Northwest concerning disease diagnosis and confirmation.
Extension Services: Each year, Center personnel fill a large number of requests, from State, Federal, Tribal, and private fish culturists and fishery biologists, for advice, information, and guidance on all aspects of artificial propagation. Advice on statistical methods and assistance to Service biologists with statistical analyses of data is furnished as needed. 16
Bozeman Fish Technology Center
Background
The Bozeman Fish Technology Center has operated as a Federal facility for over 100 years. Originally established as a fish hatchery in 1892, it was designated a Fish Culture Development Center in 1966. As research needs expanded, the facility became the Bozeman Fish Technology Center in 1983. The work of the Center focuses on developing and refining rearing techniques for cold- and cool-water fish (both sport fish and species of special concern), improving hatchery fish quality, and maintaining the genetic diversity of captive-reared grayling and sturgeon. Areas of staff expertise include fish culture, management, nutrition, health, reproduction, water management, drug registration, and water chemistry.
In 1966, The Bozeman National Fish Hatchery was designated a Fish Culture Development Center. A small staff was employed and began investigations related to salmonid fish culture. Investigations addressed primarily: water treatment systems, water reuse, hatchery effluent treatment, carrying capacity and rearing indices, trout diets, trout broodstock, trout strain field evaluations, and other projects related to salmonid fish culture.
In 1983, the Center was given a new title, Bozeman Fish Technology Center. Since 1983, very little operational fish production has been assigned to the Center. Fish are produced as part of specific investigations. In 1986, the Beulah Fish Technology Center was closed and its staff and function which included diet development and testing programs for salmonids and cool-water species were transferred to Bozeman. This action, plus the hiring of a nutritionist, doubled the workload at the Center and increased the staff by four individuals at that time. A reproduction physiologist was also added to the staff in 1989.
In 1994 the Center was designated as the FWS’s National Investigational New Animal Drug Office. Three additional biologists were hired to work with federal, state, and private aquaculture facilities to supply the Food and Drug Administration with the necessary data for registering drugs and chemicals used in fisheries resource work. Currently there are 14 full time permanent staff members at the Center.
In addition to development investigations, Center activities include a Technical Assistance Program for federal and state agencies as well as for the private sector, in fish health, fish culture, fish management, fish nutrition, drug registration, and fish reproduction.
The Center is unique in having extensive feed manufacturing capabilities, a fish histopathology laboratory as well as six water sources; two cold springs, a warm spring (70 degree F), two warm water wells, and Bridger Creek. The Containment Building, construction completed in 1996, is also unique in that it allows staff to bring non-native fish species into this building for research because effluent water is filtered, ground up, and ozonated to prevent fish escapement. This building also houses three water reuse systems to conserve valuable disease-free spring water.
Close proximity to Montana State University, the Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, the Montana Veterinary Molecular Biology Laboratory, the Bozeman Fish Health Center, the Wild Trout Laboratory, MT Department of Fish, Wildlife & Park’s Region 3 Headquarters, and the State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory assure readily available sources for cooperative studies and special laboratory assistance. Center staff serve on graduate committees and many students complete all or part of their work at the Center.
Publication of the results of development investigations is an important aspect of the Center’s program. 17
Such investigations have resulted in numerous publications in professional journals. Staff members also publish in cooperation with other agencies and programs. In 1975, the Bozeman Information Leaflet Series was initiated. This Series provides current information on development investigations.
Objectives/Emphasis
­Development of feeds, health management, and propagation/maintenance systems and techniques for high priority species.
­Develop and test new and alternative fish culture systems and techniques to improve the quality and efficiency of fish propagation.
­Operate the National Investigational New Animal Drug (INAD) Office for the Fish and Wildlife Service. Test efficacy of new therapeutic drugs for fish.
­Provide scientific support and technical assistance to operational and field programs, including recovery/restoration programs for sturgeon, salmonid, castostomid, and cyprinid fishes.
­Develop and test new feed formulations to meet special needs for larval fish nutrition, imperiled species, and pollution abatement.
­Provide fish disease diagnostic and health management services for Federal, State, and private sector cooperators.
Station Mission
The Center's mission is to: (1) conduct diet testing, feed development, histopathology, reproductive physiology, broodstock management, and fish culture enhancement programs for threatened & endangered fish species and species of special concern;(2) test alternative culture practices and assessment techniques to improve quality of hatchery produced fish and enhance cost effectiveness of hatchery operations; (3) cooperate with the Montana Fluvial Arctic Grayling Workgroup by maintaining broodstock and providing fry and fingerlings to native streams in Montana as requested; (4) maintain fish feed quality control program and assist fish culture facilities with hatchery effluent monitoring and pollution reduction programs; (5) appraise various fisheries management techniques such as electroshocking, and evaluate different strains of salmonids to determine benefits of growth and survival; (6) strive to register chemotherapeutants for use in all fishery resource programs with the establishment of the Center's Investigational New Animal Drug (INAD) Office; (7) develop procedures and strategies to better manage and lessen the effects of whirling disease on native fish populations; (8) work with other agencies in educating the public and surveying non-native aquatic mussels; (9) assist with the development of a database for the Service’s Region 6 fish passage program; (10) investigate new water management and disinfection techniques; and (11) provide assistance in all areas of expertise to Federal and State agencies and to the private sector by disseminating technical information through scientific journals, information leaflets, and by making presentations at professional meetings and workshops.
Peer Reviewed Publications
Bardi, Jr., R. W., F. A. Chapman, and F. T. Barrows. 1998. Feeding Trials with hatchery-produced Gulf of Mexico sturgeon larvae. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 60:25-31.
Skonberg, D. I., R. W. Hardy, F. T. Barrows, and F. M. Dong. 1998. Color and flavor analyses of fillets from farm-raised rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed low-phosphorus feeds containing corn or wheat gluten. Aquaculture 166:269-277.
Andree, K. B., E. MacConnell, R. P. Hedrick. 1998. A nested polymerase chain reaction for the detection 18
of genomic DNA of Myxobolus cerebralis in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 34:145-154.
Bowker, J., and D. Erdahl. 1998. Observations on the efficacy of chloramine-T treatment to control mortality in a variety of salmonids. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 60:63-66.
Winfree, R. A., G. A. Kindschi, and H. T. Shaw. 1998. Elevated water temperature, crowding, and food deprivation accelerate fin erosion in juvenile steelhead trout. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 60:192-199.
Coyle, S. D., J. H. Tidwell, and F. T. Barrows. 1997. Preliminary studies on walleye feed training in cages and second-year growth in ponds. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 59:249-252.
Barton, B. A., and W. P. Dwyer. 1997. Physiological stress effects of continuous-and pulsed-DC electroshock on juvenile bull trout to electroshock. Journal of Fish Biology 51:998-1008.
Santerre, C. R., V. S. Blazer, N. Khanna, R. E. Reinert, and F. T. Barrows. 1997. Absorption of dietary dieldrin by striped bass. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58:334-340.
Lellis, W. A., and F. T. Barrows. 1997. The effect of diet on dorsal fin erosion in steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 156:229-240.
Dwyer, W. P., and R. G. White. 1997. Effect of electroshock on juvenile Arctic grayling and Yellowstone cutthroat trout growth, 100 days after treatment. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17:174-177.
Allard, L. W. 1997. Tribal fish and wildlife code assessment. Intermountain Journal of Sciences 3(2/3):107-115.
Dwyer, W. P., R. Spoon, and D. Yerk. 1997. Effect of electroshock voltage and waveform on mortality of walleye eggs. Intermountain Journal of Sciences 3:8-11.
Dick, T. A., and F. T. Barrows. 1996. Lake sturgeon: A freshwater fish species with a future. Bulletin of Aquaculture Association of Canada 3:50-52.
Lohr, S. C., P. A. Byorth, C. M. Caya, and W. P. Dwyer. 1996. High-temperature tolerances of fluvial Arctic grayling and comparisons with summer river temperatures of the Big Hole River, Montana. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 125:933-939.
Barrows, F. T., and W. A. Lellis. 1996. Diet and nutrition. In: Walleye Culture Manual, R. C. Summerfelt, editor. Pages 315-321. NCRAC Culture Series 101, North Central Regional Aquaculture Center Publications Office, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
Ashraf, M., K. L. Simpson, D. A. Bengtson, F. T. Barrows, and P. C. Maugle. 1996. Effect of dietary ascorbic acid vitamin supplements on growth and survival of striped bass, Marone saxatilis, and inland silverside, Menidia beryllina, larvae. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 28(3):185-189.
Barton, B. A., and R. E. Zitzow. 1995. Physiological responses of juvenile walleyes to handling stress with 19
recovery in saline water. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 57:267-276.
Dwyer, W. P., and R. G. White. 1995. Influence of electroshock on short-term growth of adult rainbow trout and juvenile Arctic grayling and cutthroat trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 15(1):148-151.
Dimes, L. E., N. F. Haard, F. M. Dong, B. A. Rasco, I. P. Forster, W. T. Fairgrieve, R. Arndt, R. W. Hardy, F. T. Barrows, and D. A. Higgs. 1994. Estimation of protein digestibility-II. In vitro assay of protein in salmonid feeds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 108A(2/3):363-370.
Kindschi, G. A., and R. F. Koby, Jr. 1994. Performance and oxygen consumption of Snake River cutthroat trout reared at four densities with supplemental oxygen. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 56:13-18.
Dwyer, W. P., C. E. Smith, and B. D. Rosenlund. 1994. Recovery of the Greenback Cutthroat Trout, A Success Story. Proceedings Wild Trout V: Wild Trout in the 21st Century, Yellowstone National Park.
Dong, F. M, R. W. Hardy, N. F. Haard, F. T. Barrows, B. A. Rasco, W. T. Fairgrieve, and I. P. Forster. 1993. Chemical composition and protein digestibility of poultry by-product meals for salmonid diets. Aquaculture 116:149-158.
Barrows, F. T., G. A. Kindschi, and R. E. Zitzow. 1993. Detecting swim bladder inflation in fingerling walleyes. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 55:90-94.
Barrows, F.T., R. E. Zitzow, and G. A. Kindschi. 1993. Effects of surface water spray, diet, and phase feeding on swim bladder inflation, survival, and cost of production of intensively reared larval walleyes. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 55:224-228.
Dwyer, W. P., and J. E. Peterson. 1993. Evaluation of a low head oxygenator at Giant Springs State Fish Hatchery, Great Falls, Montana. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 55:121-124.
Dwyer, W. P., W. Fredenberg, and D. A. Erdahl. 1993. Influence of electroshock and mechanical shock on survival of trout eggs. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 13:839-843.
MacConnell, E., and F. T. Barrows. 1993. Pathological changes associated with vitamin C deficiency in walleyes. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 5:287-293.
Kindschi, G. A., and F. T. Barrows. 1993. Survey of swim bladder inflation in walleyes reared in hatchery production ponds. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 55:219-223.
Dwyer, W. P., and W. H. Orr. 1992. Removal of radon gas liberated by aeration columns in fish hatcheries. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 54:57-58.
Kindschi, G.A., and B. Kirkpatrick. 1992. A small electrical grid for preventing escapement of fish. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 1:103-109.
Doulos, S. K., and G. A. Kindschi. 1992. Effects of oxygen supplementation on lake trout brood stock. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 1(3):89-96. 20
Michak, P., C. E. Smith, and K. Hopper. 1992. Erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome: A light and electron microscopic study of infected erythrocytes of chinook and coho salmon. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 12:229-233.
Cvitanich, J., O. Garate, and C. E. Smith. 1991. The isolation and confirmation by Koch's postulates of a rickettsia like organism causing disease and mortality in Chilean salmonids from region 10. Fish Diseases 14(2):121-146.
Dwyer, W. P. 1991. Catchability of three stains of cutthroat trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 10:458-461.
Dwyer, W. P., J. Colt, and D. E. Owsley. 1991. Effectiveness of injecting pure oxygen into sealed columns for improving water quality in aquaculture. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 53(2):72-80.
Dwyer, W. P., G. A. Kindschi, and C. E. Smith. 1991. Evaluation of high and low pressure oxygen injection techniques. In: Proceedings of the American Fisheries Society Bioengineering Symposium, October 24-26, 1988, Portland, OR. American Fisheries Society Symposium 10:428-436.
Edsall, D. A., and C. E. Smith. 1991. Oxygen-induced gas bubble disease in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 22:135-140.
Edsall, D. A., and C. E. Smith. 1991. Effect of oxygen supersaturation on rainbow trout fed with demand feeders. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 53(2):95-96.
Kindschi, G. A., H. T. Shaw, and D. S. Bruhn. 1991. Effects of baffles and isolation on dorsal fin erosion in steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Richardson). Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 22:343-350.
Kindschi, G. A., and F. T. Barrows. 1991. Optimal screen mesh size for restraining walleye fry. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 53(1):53-55.
Kindschi, G. A., H. T. Shaw, and D. S. Bruhn. 1991. Effect of diet on performance, fin quality, and dorsal skin lesions in steelhead. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 1:113-120.
Kindschi, G. A., R. G. Thompson, and A. P. Mendoza. 1991. Use of raceway baffles in rainbow trout culture. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 53(2):97-101.
Kindschi, G. A., and F. T. Barrows. 1991. Evaluation of an electronic counter for walleye fry. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 53(3):180-183.
Kindschi, G. A., C. E. Smith, and R. F. Koby, Jr. 1991. Performance of two strains of rainbow trout reared at four densities with supplemental oxygen. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 53:203-209.
Kindschi, G. A., C. E. Smith, and R. F, Koby, Jr. 1991. Oxygen consumption of two strains of rainbow trout reared at four densities with supplemental oxygen. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 53:210-215. 21
Mac Connell, E., and C. E. Smith. 1991. Shaerospora spp. not found in fish inhabiting Riley Creek, enzootic for proliferative kidney disease. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 10(5):149-151.
Zitzow, R. E. 1991. Extended incubation of walleye eggs with low-flow incubators. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 53(3):180-183.
Doulos, S. K., and G. A. Kindschi. 1990. Effects of oxygen supersaturation on performance of cutthroat trout and rainbow trout. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 21:39-46.
Dwyer, W. P. 1990. Catchability of three strains of cutthroat trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 10:458-461.
Hughes, S. G., and F. T. Barrows. 1990. Measurements of the abilities of cultured fishes to moisturize their digesta. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 96A(l):109-111.
Edsall, D. A., and C. E. Smith. 1990. Performance of rainbow trout and Snake River cutthroat trout reared in oxygen-supersaturated water. Aquaculture 90:251-259.
Kindschi, G. A., and F. T. Barrows. 1990. Diets for the intensive culture of Arctic grayling in Montana. The Progressive Fish Culturist 52:88-91.
Morrison, J. K., E. Mac Connell, P. Chapman, and D. Westgard. 1990. A microsporidium-induced lymphoblastosis in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in fresh water. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 8:99-104.
Bartholomew, J. L., C. E. Smith, J. S. Rohovec, and J. L. Fryer. 1989. Characterization of the host response to the Myxosporean parasite, Ceratomyxa shasta, by histology, scanning electron microscopy, and immunological techniques. Journal of Fish Diseases 12(5):509-522.
Cormier, S. M., R. N. Racine, C. E. Smith, W. P. Dey, and T. H. Peck. 1989. Hepatocellular carcinoma and fatty infiltration in the Atlantic tomcod, Microgadus tomcod (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Diseases 12:105-116.
Dwyer, W. P., and C. E. Smith. 1989. Metacercariae of Diplostomum snathaceum in the eyes of fishes from Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 25(1):126-129.
Kindschi, G. A., C. E. Smith, and S. K. Doulos. 1989. Use of the Aquatector oxygenation system for improving the quality of fish-rearing water. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 51:140-145.
Edsall, D. A., and C. E. Smith. 1989. Effects of dietary clinoptilolite on coho salmon effluent ammonia levels. The Progressive Fish Culturist 51(2):98-100.
Ketola, H. G., C. E. Smith, and G. A. Kindschi. 1989. Influence of diet and oxidative rancidity on fry of Atlantic and coho salmon. Aquaculture 79:417-423.
Kindschi, G. A., and E. Mac Connell. 1989. Factors influencing early mortality of walleye fry reared intensively. The Progressive Fish Culturist 51:220-226. 22
Mac Connell, E. 1989. Effects of water reuse on lake trout. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 51(1):33-37.
Mac Connell, E., C. E. Smith, R. P. Hedrick, and C. A. Speer. 1989. Cellular inflammatory response of rainbow trout to the protozoan parasite that causes proliferative kidney disease. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health l(2):108-118.
Barrows, F. T., W. A. Lellis, and J. G. Nickum. 1988. Intensive culture of larval walleye fry with dry or formulated feed: Note on swim bladder inflation. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 50(3):160-166.
Barrows, F. T., J. L. Sell, and J. G. Nickum. 1988. The effect of dietary protein and energy level on weight gain, body composition and RNA/DNA ratios of fingerling walleye. The Progressive Fish Culturist 50(4):211-218.
Dwyer, W. P., and B. D. Rosenlund. 1988. Role of fish culture in reestablishment of greenback cutthroat trout. American Fisheries Society Symposium 4:75-80.
Kindschi, G. A. 1988. Effect of intermittent feeding on rainbow trout growth. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 19:213-215.
Mitchell, A. J., and C. E. Smith. 1988. Amphileptis brancharium (Protozoa: Amphileptidae) in pond-reared fish in Arkansas. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 24(4):642-646.
Smith, C. E. 1988. Histopathology of gas bubble disease in juvenile rainbow trout. The Progressive Fish Culturist 50(2):98-103.
Zitzow, R. E., and J. L. Millard. 1988. Survival and growth of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) larvae fed only formulated dry diets. Aquaculture 69:105-113.
Dwyer, W. P. 1987. Effect of lowering water temperature on hatching time and survival of lake trout eggs. The Progressive Fish Culturist 49(3):175-176.
Dwyer, W. P., and R. G. Piper. 1987. Atlantic salmon growth efficiency as affected by temperature. The Progressive Fish Culturist 49(1):57-59.
Kindschi, G. A. 1987. Method of quantifying degree of fin erosion. The Progressive Fish Culturist 49(4):314-315.
Kindschi, G. A., D. A. Edsall, R. A. Phillips, and S. H. Severson. 1987. Performance of lake trout fed selected starter diets. The Progressive Fish Culturist 49(4):299-301.
Morrison, J. K., and C. E. Smith. 1986. Altering the spawning cycle of rainbow trout by manipulating water temperature. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 48(1):52-54.
Thurston, R. V., R. C. Russo, E. L. Meyn, R. K. Zajdel, and C. E. Smith. 1986. Chronic toxicity of ammonia to fathead minnows. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115:196-207.
Dwyer, W. P., and R. G. Piper. 1984. Three-year hatchery and field evaluation of four strains of rainbow trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 4:216-221. 23
Kindschi, G. A. 1984. Two feed types and methods for steelhead trout production. The Progressive Fish Culturist 46:44-47.
Piper, R. G., and C. E. Smith. 1984. Use of clinoptilolite for ammonia removal in fish culture systems. Pages 223-228 In: Zeo-Agriculture. Edited by W. G. Pond, and F. A. Mumpton, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
Smith, C. E. 1984. Hyperplastic lesions of the primitive meninx of fathead minnows Pimephales promelas induced by ammonia: Species potential for carcinogen testing. National Cancer Institute Monograph, No.65, p.119-125.
Smith, C. E., J. K. Morrison, H. Ramsey, and H. W. Ferguson. 1984. Proliferative kidney disease: First reported outbreak in North America. Journal of Fish Diseases 7(3):207-216.
Thurston, R. V., R. Russo, R. Luedke, C. E. Smith, E. Meyn, C. Chakoumakos, K. Wang, and C. J. D. Brown. 1984. Chronic toxicity of ammonia to rainbow trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 113(1): 56-73.
Warr, G. W., B. R. Griffin, D. P. Anderson, P. E. McAllister, B. Lidgerding, and C. E. Smith. 1984. A lymphosarcoma of thymic origin in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Journal of Fish Diseases 7(1):73-82.
Dwyer, W. P., R. G. Piper, and C. E. Smith. 1983. Brook trout growth efficiency as affected by temperature. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 45(3):161-164.
Smith, C. E., W. P. Dwyer, and R. G. Piper. 1983. Effect of water temperature on egg quality of cutthroat trout. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 45(3):176-179.
Warr, G. W., D. DeLuca, M. Wilson, B. R. Griffin, D. A. Anderson, P. E. McAllister, B. Lidgerding, and C. E. Smith. 1983. Lympho-cyte subpopulations and thymic lymphosarcoma in the rainbow trout. In: Advances in Comparative Leukemia Research, edited by D. S. Yohn, p. 139-140. Published in MA Rich, Leukemia Review International, Vol. 1, Marcel Dekker, NY.
Woodward, D. F, R. G. Riley, and C. E. Smith. 1983. Accumulation, sublethal effects, and safe concentration of a refined oil as evaluated with cutthroat trout. Archives of Environmental Contaminants and Toxicology 12:455-464.
Piper, R. G., I. B. Mc Elwain, L. E. Orme, J.P. McCraren, L. G. Fowler, and J. R. Leonard. 1982. Fish Hatchery Management. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 517 pp.
Holloway, H. L., Jr., and C. E. Smith. 1982. A myopathy in North Dakota walleye, Stizostedion vitreum Mitchell. Journal of Fish Diseases 5(6):527-530.
Mitchell, A. J., C. E. Smith, and G. L. Hoffman. 1982. Pathogenicity and histopathology of an unusually intense infection of white grubs Postodi plostomum minimum in the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 18(1): 51-58. 24
Wolf, K. E., and C. E. Smith. 1981. Histopathological changes in rainbow trout infected with Herpesvirus salmonis. Journal of Fish Diseases 4:445-457.
Harshbarger, J. C., E. R. Jacobson, C. E. Smith, and J. A. Couch. 1980. Hematopoietic neoplasms in invertebrates and cold-blooded vertebrates. Proceedings IXth International Symposium on comparative research on leukemia and related diseases. Pitsunda, U.S.S.R., October 3-6, 1979 in Advances in Comparative Leukemia Research, 1980, pp. 223-225.
Smith, C. E., and T. Inslee. 1980. Interlamellar Henneguya infestation in adult channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Journal of Fish Diseases 3:257-260.
Hoffman, G. L., S. L. Kazubski, A. J. Mitchell, and C. E. Smith. 1979. Chilodonella hexasticha (Kiernik, 1909), (protozoa, ciliata) from North American warmwater fish. Journal of Fish Diseases 2:153-157.
Smith, C. E., M. D. Osborne, R. G. Piper, and W. P. Dwyer. 1979. Effect of diet composition on performance of rainbow trout broodstock during a three-year period. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 41(4):185-188.
Smith, C. E., T. H. Peck, R. J. Klauda, and J. B. McCraren. 1979. Hepatomas in Atlantic tomcod Microqadus tomcod (Walbaum), collected in the Hudson River estuary in New York. Journal of Fish Diseases 2:313-319.
Smith, C. E. 1979. The prevention of liver lipoid degeneration (ceroidosis) and microcytic anemia in rainbow trout, (Salmo gairdneri) Richardson, fed rancid diets; a preliminary report. Journal of Fish Diseases 2:429-437.
Holloway, H. L., Jr., and C. E. Smith. 1978. Muscular necrosis of Stizostedion vitreum in North Dakota. American Zoology 18(3):611.
Thurston, R. V., R. C. Russo, and C. E. Smith. 1978. Acute toxicity of ammonia and nitrite to cutthroat trout fry. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107(2):361-368.
Bullock, G. L., H. M. Stuckey, R. L. Herman, and C. E. Smith. 1976. Comparative susceptibility of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to Aeromonas salmonicida and enteric redmouth bacterium. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 12:376-379.
Major, R. O., J. P. McCraren, and C. E. Smith. 1975. Histopathological changes in channel catfish experimentally and naturally infected with channel catfish virus disease. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32(4):563-567.
Piper, R. G., J. L. Blumberg, and J. E. Holway. 1975. Length-Weight relationships in some salmonid fishes. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 37:181-184.
Smith, C. E., and R. G. Piper. 1975. Lesions associated with chronic exposure to ammonia. In: The Pathology of Fishes, University of Wisconsin Press, W. E. Ribelin and G. Migaki, Eds. pp.497-514. 25
Smith, C. E., and R. C. Russo. 1975. Nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia in rainbow trout. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 37(3):150-152.
Smith, C. E., and W. O. Williams. 1974. Experimental nitrite toxicity in rainbow trout and chinook salmon. Transaction of the American Fisheries Society 103(2):389-390.
Smith, C. E., M. Brin, and J. E. Halver. 1974. Biochemical, physiological and pathological changes in pyridoxine-deficient rainbow trout. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32(12):1893-1898.
Holway, J. E., and C. E. Smith. 1973. Infectious Hematopoietic necrosis of rainbow trout in Montana: A case report. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 9:287-290.
Piper, R. G., and C. E. Smith. 1973. Factors influencing formalin toxicity in trout. The Progressive Fish Culturist 35(2):78-81.
Smith, C. E., H. F. Holway, and G. L. Hammer. 1973. Sulfamerazine toxicity in cutthroat trout broodfish (Salmo clarkii). Journal of Fish Biology 5:97-101.
Smith, C. E., and R. G. Piper. 1972. Pathological effects on formalin-treated rainbow trout. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29:328-329.
Smith, C. E. 1971. An undifferentiated Hematopoietic neoplasm with histological manifestations of leukemia in a cutthroat trout. Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada 28(1):112-113.
Smith, C. E., L. R. Mc Lain, and W. S. Zaugg. 1971. Phenylhydrazine induced anemia in chinook salmon. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 20:73-81.
Smith, C. E., and J. E. Halver. 1969. Folic acid anemia in coho salmon. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 26(1):111-114.
Smith, C. E. 1968. Hematological changes in coho salmon fed a folic acid deficient diet. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25(1):1515-1516.
Benville, P. E., Jr., C. E. Smith, and W. E. Shanks. 1968. Some toxic effects of dimethylsulfoxide on salmon and trout. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 12:156-178.
Technology Center Transfer Series; Bozeman Information Leaflets (BIL) 1975 - Present
BIL #
89. Bart, A. N., G. A. Kindschi, H. Ahmed, J. Clark, J. Young, and Y. Zohar. 1999. Enhanced diffusion of calcein into rainbow trout larvae using cavitation level ultrasound.
88. Welch, E. B., E. L. Anderson, J. M. Jacoby, B.F. Biggs, J. M. Quinn, and G. A. Kindschi. 1998. Invertebrate grazing of filamentous green algae in outdoor channels.
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87. Bowker, J. D., and L. Telles. 1997. Results from a Chloramine-T clinical efficacy trial to control mortality among fall chum salmon caused by bacterial gill disease.
86. Barrows, F. T., and W. A. Lellis. 1997. Prevention of fin erosion in rainbow trout, Onchorynchus mykiss, by dietary modification.
85. Bowker, J. D., and D. A. Erdahl. August, 1997. Observations on the efficacy of chloramine-T treatment to control mortality in a variety of salmonids.
84. Winfree, R. A., G. A. Kindschi, and H. T. Shaw. August, 1997. Elevated water temperature, crowding, and food deprivation accelerate fin erosion in juvenile steelhead trout.
83. Shrable, J. B., W. H. Orr, and G. A. Kindschi. April, 1997. Use of supersaturated oxygen conditions as a means to prevent fungal growth on fish eggs.
82. Barrows, F. T. December, 1993. Annual progress report: year 1. Walleye research summary, 1993 season.
81. Dwyer, W. P., and D. A. Erdahl. May, 1993. Influence of electroshock voltage, wave form, and pulse rate on survival of cutthroat trout eggs.
80. Dwyer, W. P., and R. G. White. February, 1993. Influence of electroshock on juvenile Arctic grayling and cutthroat trout growth.
79. Barrows, F. T., and C. E. Smith. January, 1993. Comparison of the amino acid profile of the egg with the whole-body protein as a basis for balancing walleye diets.
78. Barrows, F. T., C. E. Smith, W. Orr, B. Shrable, E. Holt, D. Noble, J. Gravning, and R. Hardy. January, 1993. Effect of source and quality of fish meal on the growth performance of rainbow trout.
77. Smith, C. E., and E. MacConnell. January, 1993. Kidney lesions in "egg-bound" rainbow trout.
76. MacConnell, E., F. T. Barrows, and G. A. Kindschi. June, 1992. Comparison of immune response of walleye fingerlings with and without inflated swim bladders.
75. MacConnell, E., and F. T. Barrows. March, 1992. Pathological changes associated with vitamin C deficient walleye.
74. Barrows, F. T., G. A. Kindschi, R. E. Zitzow, and C. E. Smith. June, 1992. Summary of walleye culture and diet development research conducted and coordinated by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Region 6) in 1993.
73. Kindschi, G. A., and F. T. Barrows. December, 1992. Survey of swim bladder inflation of walleye reared in hatchery production ponds.
72. Kindschi, G. A., and R. F. Koby, Jr. December, 1992. Performance and oxygen consumption of Snake River cutthroat trout reared at four densities with supplemental oxygen. 27
71. Dwyer, W. P., and W. H. Orr. March, 1992. Removal of radon gas liberated by aeration columns in fish hatcheries.
70. Dwyer, W. P., W. Fredenberg, and D. A. Erdahl. March, 1992. Influence of electroshock and mechanical shock on survival of trout eggs.
69. Dwyer, W. P., and J. E. Peterson. January, 1992. Evaluation of the low head oxygenator at the Giant Springs State Fish Hatchery, Great Falls, Montana.
68. Barrows, F. T., G. A. Kindschi, C. E. Smith, and R. E. Zitzow. October, 1991. Annual Progress Report: Year 2, Walleye Research Summary, 1990 Season, conducted at the Bozeman Fish Technology Center.
67. Hanna, T. D., W. P. Dwyer, and C. E. Smith. October, 1991. The effect of oxygen supplementation on the toxicity of ammonia in rainbow trout.
66. Kindschi, G. A., and B. Kirkpatrick. June, 1991. A small electric grid for preventing escapement of fish.
65. Kindschi, G. A., H. T. Shaw, and D. S. Bruhn. October, 1990. Effects of baffles and isolation on dorsal fin erosion in steelhead trout.
64. Dwyer, W. P., P. E. Bigelow, and R. Skates. October, 1990. Growth of Snake River and Yellowstone cutthroat trout in small lakes.
63. Edsall, D. A., and D. A. Erdahl. August, 1990. Comparison of two fry diets fed to greenback and Bear Lake cutthroat, and golden trout.
62. Barrows, F. T., G. A. Kindschi, and C. E. Smith. June, 1990. Summary of walleye culture and diet development research conducted and coordinated by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1989.
61. Kindschi, G. A., C. E. Smith, and R. F. Koby, Jr. June, 1990. Effects of supplemental oxygen on the performance of two strains of rainbow trout reared at four densities.
60. Kindschi, G. A., C. E. Smith, and R. F. Koby, Jr. June, 1990. Oxygen consumption of two strains of rainbow trout reared at four densities with supplemental oxygen.
59. Doulos, S. K., and G. A. Kindschi. April, 1990. Effects of oxygen supplementation on lake trout broodstock and egg quality.
58. Dwyer, W. P., J. Colt, and D. E. Owsley. January, 1990. Efficiency of injecting pure oxygen into sealed columns.
57. Kindschi, G. A., and F. T. Barrows. January, 1990. Evaluation of an electronic walleye fry counter.
56. Barrows, F. T., and G. A. Kindschi. December, 1989. Methods for detection of swim bladder inflation in fingerling walleye. 28
55. Edsall, D. A., and F. T. Barrows. October, 1989. Performance of rainbow trout fed the new extruded Biosponge Trout Grower, Biodiet Grower, or Silver Cup Trout Feed.
54. Kindschi, G. A., R. G. Thompson, and A. P. Mendoza. September, 1989. Use of raceway baffles in rainbow trout culture.
53. Kindschi, G. A., and F. T. Barrows. September, 1989. Optimal screen mesh size for restraining walleye fry.
52. Kindschi, G. A., H. T. Shaw, and D. S. Bruhn. September, 1989. Effect of diet on performance, fin quality and dorsal skin lesions in steelhead.
51. Edsall, D. A., and C. E. Smith. April, 1989. A comparison of menhaden and herring oils in the diet of coho salmon and lake trout.
50. Doulos, S. K., and G. A. Kindschi. April, 1989. Effects of oxygen supersaturation on performance of cutthroat trout and rainbow trout.
49. Ketola, H. G., R. E. Zitzow, and D. A. Edsall. January, 1989. Random sample diet test: starter diets for lake trout.
48. Viola, A. E. January, 1989. A comparison of the Big Redd and Heath incubation systems.
47. Kindschi, G. A., and F. T. Barrows. January, 1989. Diets for the intensive culture of Arctic grayling
in Montana.
46. Dwyer, W. P., C. E. Smith, and W. P. Connor. September, 1988. Supersaturation bioassays with lake trout fry.
45. Kindschi, G. A., C. E. Smith, and J. Boyce. August, 1988. Effects of feeding diets supplemented with herring and menhaden oil on dorsal skin lesions, fin erosion and performance of the McConaughy strain of rainbow trout.
44. Kindschi, G. A., C. E. Smith, and S. K. Doulos. August, 1988. Use of the Aquatector oxygenation system for improving the quality of fish rearing water.
43. MacConnell, E. November, 1987. The effect of water reuse on coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch.
42. Schutte, A. R. December, 1986. Evaluation of the Aquatector: an oxygenation system for intensive fish culture.
41. Kindschi, G. A. October, 1987. Efforts to prevent early mortality of walleye fry reared intensively.
40. Cross, V. K. (Leadville, CO NFH). October, 1987. Instructions for lot history production and hatchery production summary database.
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39. Ketola, H. G. (Tunnison Lab Fish Nutrition, USFWS, Cortland, NY). October, 1987. Random sample diet test: starter diets for Atlantic salmon.
38. Edsall, D. A., and C. E. Smith. August, 1987. Comparison of two semi-moist starter diets for coho salmon.
37. Ketola, H. G., C. E. Smith, and G. A. Kindschi. May, 1987. Random sample diet test: starter diets for coho salmon.
36. Viola, A. E., and C. E. Smith. February, 1987. Performance of bull trout Salvelinus confluentus fed three starter diets.
35. Smith, C. E. January, 1987. Histopathology of gas bubble disease in juvenile rainbow trout.
34. MacConnell, E., and R. G. Piper. June, 1986. The effect of water reuse on lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush.
33. Dwyer, W. P. March, 1986. Effect of lowering water temperature on hatching time and survival of lake trout eggs.
32. Morrison, J. K., and R. G. Piper. July, 1985. The effect of water reuse on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar.
31. Smit, T. April, 1984. Control of growth in hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, by manipulation of feeding rates.
30. Dwyer, W. P., and R. G. Piper. February, 1984. Atlantic salmon growth efficiency as affected by temperature.
29. Morrison, J. K. March, 1983. The effect of 50F water vs. 54F on the egg quality of rainbow trout.
28. Morrison, J. K., and R. G. Piper. January, 1983. The effect of water reuse on steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri.
27. Dwyer, W. P., R. G. Piper, and C. E. Smith. September, 1982. Steelhead trout growth efficiency as affected by temperature.
26. Roem, A. J. July, 1982. Reduction of zeolite bed clogging in water reconditioning systems used for aquaculture.
25. Morrison, J. K., and R. G. Piper. April, 1982. The effect of water reuse on brown trout Salmo trutta.
24. Orr, W., J. Call, J. Brooks, E. Holt, and J. Mainwaring. April, 1982. Effects of feeding rates on spawning performance of two-year old rainbow trout broodstock.
23. Smith, C. E., W. P. Dwyer, and R. G. Piper. January, 1982. Effect of water temperature on egg quality of west slope cutthroat trout.
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22. Dwyer, W. P., C. E. Smith, and R. G. Piper. November, 1981. Salvelinus namaycush, growth efficiency as affected by temperature.
21. Morrison, J. K., and C. E. Smith. September, 1981. The fixation and handling of fish tissues intended for histological examination.
20. Smith, C. E., R. G. Piper, and H. R. Tisher. July, 1981. The use of clinoptilolite and ion exchange as a method of ammonia removal in fish cultural systems.
19. Morrison, J. K., and C. E. Smith. June, 1981. The effect of dietary carotenoid supplementation on egg quality of brook trout.
18. Dwyer, W. P., C. E. Smith, and R. G. Piper. June, 1981. Rainbow trout growth efficiency as affected by temperature.
17. Morrison, J. K. March, 1981. The effect of water temperature on the sexual development and egg quality of brook trout broodstock.
16. Dwyer, W. P., R. G. Piper, and C. E. Smith. March, 1981. Brook trout growth efficiency as affected by temperature.
15. Dwyer, W. P. January, 1981. The use of egg-sorting devices: a survey.
14. Morrison, J. K., and C. E. Smith. June, 1980. The effect of water temperature on the sexual development and egg quality of rainbow trout broodstock.
13. Smith, C. E., and W. P. Dwyer. May, 1980. PhotozoneR toxicity in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri.
12. Dwyer, W. P. March, 1980. Three year hatchery and field evaluation of four strains of rainbow trout.
11. Dwyer, W. P., and C. E. Smith. January, 1980. Effect of rapidly changing temperature on plasma chloride and glucose levels of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri.
10. Dolan, J. J., and R. G. Piper. October, 1979. Hatchery and field evaluation of four strains of rainbow trout.
9. Dwyer, W. P., and C. E. Smith. August, 1979. Toxic effects in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri exposed to treatment levels of potassium permanganate at various water temperatures.
8. Smith, C. E., M. D. Osborne, R. G. Piper, and W. P. Dwyer. April, 1979. The effect of diet composition on the performance of rainbow trout broodstock during a 3-year period.
7. Smith, C. E., and J. K. Morrison. September, 1978. The effects of soybean products on growth and mortality of west slope cutthroat trout.
6. Pitman, R. W. March, 1978. Effects of female age and egg size on growth and mortality in rainbow trout.
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5. Dwyer, W. P., and H. R. Tisher. June, 1976. A method for settleable solids removal in fish hatcheries.
4. Smith, C. E., and R. G. Piper. June, 1975. Effects of metabolic products on the quality of rainbow trout.
3. Smith, C. E., R. G. Piper, and W. P. Dwyer. June, 1975. Observed effects of recycled hatchery water on rainbow trout.
2. Smith, C. E. June, 1974. A comparison of Silver Cup Salmon, SD-6 and W-7 diets for rearing west slope cutthroat trout.
1. Piper, R. G. June, 1975. A review of carrying capacity calculations for fish hatchery rearing units.
Miscellaneous Reports
Bowker, J. D., D. Free, R. Shudes, A. Mendoza, and D. Oviedo. 1999. Results from clinical field efficacy trials with chloramine-T and oxytetracycline medicated feed. Proceedings of Aquaculture 99, Tampa, Florida, January 27-30, 1999.
Bowker, J. D., L. Telles, B. David and D. Erdahl. 1998. Clinical field efficacy trials of chloramine-T to control mortality caused by bacterial gill disease. Proceedings of Aquaculture 98, Las Vegas, Nevada, February 15-19, 1998.
Guthrie, K. M., M. B. Rust, C. J. Langdon, and F. T. Barrows. 1998. Acceptability of various microparticulate diets to first-feeding walleye, Stizostedion vitreum, larvae. Proceedings of Aquaculture 98, Las Vegas, Nevada, February 15-19, 1998.
Dwyer, W. P. 1997. The history and status of Arctic grayling propagation in Montana. Proceedings of the American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting, Monterey, California, August 25-29, 1997.
Barton, B. A., and W. P. Dwyer. 1996. Physiological stress responses of rainbow trout and bull trout to electroshock. In Applied Environmental Physiology of Fishes Symposium Proceedings, Editors: C. Swanson, P. Young and D. MacKinlay. Pages 151-160. International Congress on the Biology of Fishes July 14-18, 1996, San Francisco State University, Physiology Section American Fisheries Society.
Dwyer, W. P., and R. F. Leary. 1995. Broodstock development plan for the fluvial Arctic grayling in Montana. Proceedings of the American Fisheries Society Symposium 15:570.
Dwyer, W. P., C. E. Smith, and B. D. Rosenlund. 1994. Recovery of the Greenback Cutthroat Trout, A Success Story. In Wild Trout V:Wild Trout in the 21st Century, Yellowstone National Park.
Tyus, H., W. P. Dwyer, and S. Whitemore. 1993. Feasibility of preventing further invasion of the zebra mussel into the western United States. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Erdahl, D. A. 1991. Field Guide to Broodstock Management. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, CO. 247 pp.
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Dwyer, W. P. 1990. Performance comparison of the low head oxygenator and the 24-inch sealed column. Proceedings of the Western Division American Fisheries Society Conference, Sun Valley, Idaho.
Cvitanich, J., O. Garate, and C. E. Smith. 1990. Etiological agent in Chilean Coho Disease isolated and confirmed by Koch's postulates. Fish Health Section Newsletter, AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY, Spring, 1990.
Colt, J., W. Dwyer, and D. Owsley. 1989. Injecting pure oxygen into sealed columns - mass transfer modeling. Proceedings of the Pacific Northwest Fish Culture Conference, Glenden Beach, Oregon December 7, 1989.
Dwyer, W. P., J. Colt, and D. Owsley. 1989. Injecting pure oxygen into sealed columns - performance. Proceedings of the Pacific Northwest Fish Culture Conference, Glenden Beach, Oregon December 7, 1989.
Dwyer, W. P. 1989. Sharing a common legacy. Presidents Address, Western Proceedings 69th Annual Conference of Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies and the Western Division American Fisheries Society, Seattle, Washington.
Edsall, D. A., and C. E. Smith. 1989. Performance of rainbow trout reared in oxygen-supersaturated water. Salmonid magazine, 13(1): 15-17.
Erdahl, D. A. 1989. The effect of handling and/or trauma on green fertilized eggs relative to time post fertilization. Proceedings 40th Annual Northwest Fish Culture Conference, Gleneden Beach, OR, December 5-7, 1989, p. 95-103.
Kindschi, G. A., and F. T. Barrows. 1989. Commercial diets studied. Catfish News, 3(8/9):13.
Ketola, H.G., R. Zitzow, and D. A. Edsall. 1989. Commercial diets for lake trout fry. Salmonid magazine, 13(1):12.
Smith, C. E., D. A. Edsall, R. R. Smith, and G. Raisanen. 1989. Improved diet for rainbow trout reared in 68 F. water at the Paige Springs, AZ State Fish Hatchery. Salmonid magazine, Vol. 13(2):22.
Smith, C. E. 1987. Bacterial infections and lesions associated with air spawning of rainbow trout. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Northwest Fish Culture Conference, Tacoma/Fife, WA, December 1-3, 1987.
Edsall, D. A., G. A. Kindschi, S. H. Severson, and R. A. Phillips. 1986. Semi-moist diets on top. Salmonid magazine, 10(2): 13-14.
Hedrick, R. P., M. L. Kent, and C. E. Smith. 1986. Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in salmonid fishes. USFWS, Fish Disease Leaflet No.74, Washington, D.C.
Hedrick, R. P., M. L. Kent, and C. E. Smith. 1986. Proliferative kidney disease-poorly understood protozoan to blame. Salmonid magazine, 10(2).
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Dwyer, W. P. 1982. Hatchery and field evaluation of rainbow trout strains. Proceedings of Great Plains Fishery Workers Association 31st Annual Workshop, February 8-10, 1982, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
Smith, C. E., J. K. Morrison, and H. Ramsey. 1981. Proliferative kidney disease (PKD): First outbreak in North America. Fish Health News 10(1):3-5.
Forstie M. D., H. L. Holloway, Jr., and C. E. Smith. 1978. Myofibrogranuloma in North Dakota walleye, (Stizostedion vitreum). Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science 31(1):44.
Piper, R. G. 1972. Managing hatcheries by the numbers. American Fishes and U.S. Trout News September-October.
Smith, C. E. 1972. Effects of metabolic products on the quality of rainbow trout. American Fisheries and U.S. Trout News 17(3):1-3.
Smith, C. E. 1971. Effects of nitrite on the blood and tissues of salmon and trout. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Northwest Fish Culture Conference.
Piper, R. G. 1970. Know the proper carrying capacities of your farm. American Fishes and U.S. Trout News May-June 4-7.
Smith, C. E. 1970. A preliminary report of the effects of metabolic products on the quality of rainbow trout. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Northwest Fish Culture Conference.
Halver, J. E., L. M. Ashley, and C. E. Smith. 1968. An ascorbic acid deficiency syndrome for coho salmon. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Northwest Regional Meeting of the American Chemists Society, Abstract No 32.
Ashley, L. M., J. E. Halver, C. E. Smith, and R. R. Smith. 1967. Ascorbic acid deficiency syndromes in coho salmon. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Northwest Fish Culture Conference.
Brin, M., C. E. Smith, and J. E. Halver. 1967. Tissue transaminase and hematology in pyridoxine deficient rainbow trout. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. Fed. Proceedings, 26:414.
Halver, J. E., L. M. Ashley, C. E. Smith, and G. N. Wogan. 1967. Early acute aflatoxicosis stimulates rainbow trout hepatomagenesis. Society of Toxicology, Atlanta, Georgia, March 23-25, 1967.
Smith, C. E., and J. E. Halver. 1967. Folic acid anemia in coho salmon. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Northwest Fish Culture Conference.
Smith, C. E. 1966. Aflatoxicosis in coho salmon and channel catfish. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Northwest Fish Culture Conference.
Publications of the Beulah Fish Technology Center (1976-1987)
The Beulah, Wyoming Fish Technology Center was closed in 1985 and all personnel, program 34
responsibilities, and property assigned to the Bozeman Fish Technology Center. For copies of the following publications please contact the Bozeman Fish Technology Center Director.
Reinitz, G. L. 1987. Performance of rainbow trout as affected by amount of dietary protein and feeding rate. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 49(2):81-86.
Reinitz, G. L. 1984. Protein dispersibility index (PDI) as a quality control measure for soy flour used in brown trout starter feed. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 46(3):161-164.
Reinitz, G. L. 1984. The effect of nutrient dilution with sodium bentonite in practical diets for rainbow trout. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 46(4):249-253.
Reinitz, G. L. 1983. Influence of diet and feeding rate on the performance and production cost of rainbow trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 112:830-833.
Reinitz, G. L. 1983. Relative effect of age, diet, and feeding rate on the body composition of young rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Aquaculture 35:19-27.
Reinitz, G. L. 1983. Evaluation of sodium bentonite in practical diets for rainbow trout. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 45(2):100-102.
Reinitz, G. L. 1983. Supplementation of starter diet for rainbow trout with proteolytic enzymes formulas. Feedstuffs 55:18.
Reinitz, G. L., and T. C. Yu. 1981. Effects of dietary lipids on growth and fatty acid composition of rainbow trout. Aquaculture 22:359-366.
Reinitz, G. L. 1980. Acceptability of animal fat in diets for rainbow trout at two environmental temperatures. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 42:218-222.
Reinitz, G. L., and F. N. Hitzel. 1980. Formulation of practical diets for rainbow trout based on desired performance and body composition. Aquaculture 19:243-252.
Reinitz, G. L., and R. Austin. 1980. Experimental diets for intensive culture of yellow perch. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 42:29-31.
Reinitz, G. L. 1980. Practical diets for intensive culture of walleyes. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 42:212-214.
Reinitz, G. L. 1980. Growth and survival of lake trout fed experimental starter diets. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 42:100-102.
Reinitz, G. L. 1980. Soybean meal as a substitute for herring meal in practical diets for rainbow trout. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 42:103-106.
Reinitz, G. L. 1979. Variations of body composition and growth among strains of rainbow trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 108:204-207.
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Reinitz, G. L., L. E. Orme, C.A. Lemm, and F. N. Hitzel. 1978. Evaluation of full-fat soybean meal in rainbow trout diets. Feedstuffs 50:23-24.
Reinitz, G. L. 1978. Differential performance of four strains of rainbow trout reared under standardized conditions. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 40:21-23.
Reinitz, G. L. 1978. Effects of different dietary calorie-to-protein ratios on fingerling rainbow trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107:751-754.
Reinitz, G. L., L. E. Orme, and F. N. Hitael. 1978. Phosphorus requirement for rainbow trout. Feedstuffs 50:17.
Reinitz, G. L., and J. Rix. 1977. Effect of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) on hematocrit values in rainbow trout. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 56C:115-116.
Reinitz, G. L. 1977. Inheritance of muscle and liver types of supernatant NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase in rainbow trout. Biochemical Genetics 15:445-454.
Reinitz, G. L. 1977. Electrophoretic distinction of rainbow trout, west-slope cutthroat trout, and their hybrids. Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34:1236-1239.
Reinitz, G. L. 1977. Tests for association of transferrin and lactate dehydrogenase-phenotypes with weight gain in rainbow trout. Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34:2333-2337.
Reinitz, G. L. 1976. Comparison of techniques for stabilizing hemaglobins of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) during frozen storage. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 55B:357-358.
Recent Activities
Restoration efforts for the fluvial (river-dwelling) Arctic grayling, a species of special concern, by holding the genetically diverse broodstock continues to be a prime function of the Center. This is a cooperative effort with the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, Trout Unlimited, and the Nature Conservancy. This fluvial population in the Big Hole River, Montana is the only one remaining in the lower 48 states.
Nutrition studies continue to test alternate sources of protein as replacements for fish meal for use in fish feeds. Fish meal is usually imported and is not only costly, but is in short supply as well. Larval and broodstock diets have been and continue to be developed for endangered species including pallid, lake, Atlantic, white, and Gulf sturgeons as well as delta smelt and bull trout.
There has been very little work done on the development of broodstock diets for trout species. Current studies are designed to test feeds differing in protein and energy content and ratios for various trout broodstock programs for less expensive feeds which maintain high gamete quality.
The Center is involved with the Department of Agriculture’s funded Western Regional Aquaculture Center by working cooperatively on sturgeon and low pollution diet projects. Staff members serve as Work Group chairmen and as members on the Research Technical Committee. 36
Feeds for early life stages of hard-to-raise larval threatened and endangered fishes such as Colorado squawfish and razorback suckers are currently being developed and tested.
Research on the susceptibility of various fish species to whirling disease continues, as well as, investigations on the tubificid worm life cycle, methods to sample the free floating stage (tams) in the wild, evaluating birds as possible vectors, and conducting research on fumagillin treatment to prevent infection.
Strides are being made in developing diets for the prevention of fin erosion in salmonids which is a serious problem at most trout production facilities.
The Service’s National INAD Office is located at the Center striving to obtain fisheries use registrations for a number of chemicals not currently cleared through the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use on fish. Currently this office is in the process of completing an INAD “piggy-backing” mechanism whereby state, tribal, and private aquaculture facilities can sign on to Service administered INADs.
Temperature requirement research for bull trout, brook trout, and west slope cutthroat trout is ongoing to provide valuable data to environmental agencies for establishing stream temperature criteria.
The non-indigenous species introduction program continues to be a part of the Center’s program through public outreach, agency advocacy, and working with the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks to be proactive in addressing this problem.
The Center has been designated as Region 6's fish passage representative in this national initiative to record in a database the locations of all waterway fish barriers.
Cavitation level ultrasound research is ongoing to develop equipment and protocols for the transdermal delivery of calcein for marking calcified tissue and vaccines for disease prevention in fish. This is a cooperative project with the University of Maryland and the U.S. Naval Surface Warfare Center.
Over the past 6 years over $5 million in construction projects have been completed at the Center. This includes replacing old underground steel piping, rehabilitating a mobile home for the INAD office, constructing a 5,500 sq. ft. feed development laboratory and 11,700 sq. ft. containment building, installing a 1500 gallons per minute raceway water reuse system and 400 sq. ft. pump house, installing a mini-water reuse system for Arctic grayling broodstock, and constructing a fish barrier at the cold spring water source.
Plans for the new 16,700 sq. ft. laboratory/administration building are being developed for possible construction in the years 2001 or 2002.
The Center currently hosts several community events throughout the year. The main event is the Annual Fishing Derby for kids 6 years old and younger who are allowed to catch 2 rainbow trout each. In June, 1998 769 kids registered for this popular event. Another annual event includes the Bridger Environmental Education Program (BEEP) a 3-day outdoor classroom that involves about 100 students in grades 6 through 8 from schools in areas surrounding Bozeman. Students study back country survival skills, orientation, aquatic invertebrates, fish, photography, soils and birds, just to name a few subjects. Emily Dickinson Days is hosted in October each year for area 5th graders interested in environmental education, the Community Watershed Festival is held the 3rd Saturday in May put on by the Bridger Outdoor Science School (BOSS) to educate young and old alike on how important watersheds are, and bowhunter education 37
classes are held during the summer on the Center’s grounds.
The Gallatin County Summer Fair is held in July and the Center staff sets up a booth each year in the display building. Staff members rotate their schedules during the 5 days of the Fair to answer questions by the public. Aquaria are set up and fishes such as shovelnose sturgeon, trout, grayling, sauger, catfish, walleye, and goldeyes are displayed. This is a real attraction and brochures, handouts, information leaflets, and photo albums from the old days, the 1992 Center Centennial Celebration, and from past Fishing Derbies are available for all to see. This is great exposure for the Center as thousands of people attend this Fair each year.
Past Activities
Development of a greenback cutthroat trout broodstock from Colorado was begun in 1976. Fry and fingerling trout were returned to their native streams in Colorado. The recovery goal for the greenback is 20 stable populations. The Center discontinued involvement in this program in 1993 but is credited with the success of this supplementation program.
Feed formulas for use in manufacturing fish feeds on a production scale were developed for trout and coolwater species, primarily walleye and musky. These feeds are used by many state, federal and private hatcheries throughout the United States.
A cooperative study for the development of water recirculation systems with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and a private engineering firm, resulted in system design data that is used in the development of water recycle systems in aquaculture facilities today.
Development of methods and formulas for determining the carrying capacities of fish hatcheries were completed at the Center. These formulas are used by many state, federal and private fishery facilities in determining the carrying capacities of their hatcheries, as well as aiding in the design of new hatcheries.
In cooperation with Montana State University's Fisheries Bioassay Laboratory, Center personnel assisted in conducting the only life cycle studies on rainbow trout ever completed to determine the minimum and maximum ammonia levels that trout are able to tolerate. These data, as well as acute toxicity data, resulted in the development of standard ammonia criteria currently being used by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Studies were conducted to determine efficient methods for injecting oxygen into hatchery water supplies and thus increase fish production or improve water quality at these facilities. Studies also tested the effect of excess oxygen levels on the health and well being of fish.
Evaluation of various strains of fish, both wild and domesticated, have been completed at the Center as well as in the wild in cooperation with the Montana Department of Fish Wildlife and Parks and the Montana Fish and Wildlife Management Assistance Office.
The Center took a leadership role in working cooperatively through the Federal Aid program with the States of Arkansas, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wisconsin in the development and testing of feeds and culture methods for coolwater species, primarily walleye. Due to this role quality walleye fingerlings are now successfully reared intensively. 38
Northeast Fishery Center
Lamar Fish Technology Center
Background
The Lamar Fish Technology Center, established in 1965, is part of the Northeast Fishery Center, which also includes the Lamar National Fish Hatchery and the Lamar Fish Health Unit. The Lamar Fish Technology Center provides fisheries information and technical assistance to Federal, State and Tribal agencies, private sector aquaculture, and foreign governments. Applied research at the Tech Center deals primarily with the development and improvement of culture techniques for Atlantic salmon, landlocked salmon, Atlantic sturgeon and American shad, with hatchery product evaluation and population assessments, and with trouble-shooting problems at federal field facilities. The Lamar Fish Technology Center also works to clear drugs and chemicals for use in fish husbandry and oversees quality control of fish feeds used in the region’s fish hatcheries. Areas of staff expertise include fish culture, population ecology, biometrics, and water chemistry.
Objectives/Emphasis
­Develop culture and management techniques for threatened, endangered, and other imperilled aquatic species and ensure functional and genetic compatibility of propagated species with existing wild populations.
­Develop and provide technological assistance for implementation of approved management plans for inter-jurisdictional fisheries, including development of methods to evaluate hatchery products through population dynamics, stock identification, and stock assessment.
­Develop and test alternative fish cultural and management techniques to improve the quality and quantity of fishes produced at federal hatcheries and to enhance field capability of fishery management assistance offices.
­Determine the cause of production problems occurring at federal hatcheries and recommend solutions.
Station Mission
The Center’s mission is to: 1) develop and test alternate methods of cultural and management techniques to improve the quality of hatchery products; 2) provide technical assistance to Federal, State, Tribal, and private entities in the areas of fish culture, hatchery product evaluation, and population assessment to promote recovery of depleted fish populations; 3) evaluate experimental techniques related to fish culture to determine suitability on a production scale; 4) develop culture techniques for threatened, endangered, and imperilled species; and 5) resolve cultural problems at Federal field stations in Region 5.
Peer Reviewed Publications
Mohler, J. W., and J. W. Fletcher. In Press. Induced spermiation in wild Atlantic sturgeons held captive up to six years. The Progressive Fish Culturist.
DiLauro, M. N., W.F. Kris, and M.A. Hendrix. In Press. Sperm cell ultrastructure of North American sturgeons: I. The Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 39
Hendrix, M.A. 1998. Culture techniques for Atlantic salmon in the Northeastern United States in Gary A. Wedemeyer, editor. Second U.S.-U.S.S.R. Symposium. Reproduction, rearing, and management of anadromous fishes. U.S. Printing Office:1998-693-322/42022. Region 10.
Ford, L. A., P. A. Barbash, and R. C. Cipriano. 1998. Control of furunculosis and enteric redmouth disease in sea-run Atlantic salmon broodstock in the Connecticut and Merrimack Rivers. The Progressive Fish Culturist 60(2): 88-94.
Mohler, J. W. 1997. Immersion of larval Atlantic salmon in calcein solutions to induce a non-lethally detectable mark. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17:751-756.
Mohler, J. W., K. Fynn-Aikins, and R. Barrows. 1996. Feeding trials with juvenile Atlantic sturgeons propagated from wild broodstock. The Progressive Fish Culturist 58:173-177.
Kris, W. F., M. A. Hendrix, W. A. Bonney, and S. A. Baker. 1995. Evaluation of sperm-activating solutions in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar fertilization tests. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 26(4): 384-389.
DiLauro, M. N., W.F. Kris, M.A. Hendrix, and S. E. Baker. 1994. Short-term cold storage of Atlantic sturgeon sperm. The Progressive Fish Culturist 56(2): 143-144.
King, M. K., and J. W. Fletcher. In preparation. LC50 determination for three therapeutic chemicals on Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhincus).
Mohler, J. W. In Preparation. Comparison of growth and mortality in first-feeding Atlantic sturgeon fry when offered live Artemia, frozen Artemia, or a formulated diet.
Mohler, J. W. In Preparation. Study of rearing density with fingerling-size hatchery produced Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhincus).
Jodun, W. A., and M. J. Millard. In Preparation. Evaluation of the toxicity of various means of iodophor disinfection to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) eggs.
Technology Center Transfer Series: 1983-1998
Farrell, P.R., and P.B. Gaston. 1998. Comparison of growth and fin condition in Atlantic salmon fed U.S. government contracted feeds manufactured with herring or menhaden oil (phase 1; fry to parr). Technical Information Leaflet L-96-02 . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, PA.
Mohler, J. W., and J. W. Fletcher. 1998. Induction of a temporary mark on glass eels (Anguilla rostrata) with the fluorescent compounds, calcein and DCAF. Technical Information Leaflet L-98-03. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, PA.
Jodun, W.A. 1997. Procedure for the international shipment of sturgeon from the Northeast Fishery Center. Technical Information Leaflet L-97-03. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, PA. 40
Mohler, J. W., J. W. Fletcher, F. Trasko, and C. Domina. 1996. Comparison of growth and fin condition in Atlantic salmon fed U.S. government contracted feeds manufactured with herring or menhaden oil (phase 2; parr to smolt). Technical Information Leaflet L-96-03. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, PA.
Mohler, J. W., J. W. Fletcher, and M. A. Hendrix. 1995. Observation of oocyte development in captive female Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhinchus) acquired when oocytes are in an early vitellogenic stage. Technical Information Leaflet L-95-05 (in progress). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, PA.
Mohler, J. W., and J. W. Fletcher. 1995. Location of mature Atlantic sturgeon as indication of potential spawning areas in the Delaware River. Technical Information Leaflet L-95-06. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, PA.
Carta, A.F. 1994. Emergency backup oxygen system for use in culture of aquatic species. Technical Information Leaflet L-94-05. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, PA.
Fletcher, J. W., and J. W. Mohler. 1994. Implantation and retention of half-length coded wire tags in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) sac-fry. Technical Information Leaflet L-94-02. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, PA.
King, M. K. 1994. Annotated bibliography on marking and tagging fry. Technical Information Leaflet L-94-09. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, PA.
Brown, B. A. 1988. A bibliography on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Lamar Information Leaflet, #88-11. 34 pp.
Gaston, P. B., and T. R. Kane. 1988. Atlantic salmon starter diet test- 1988. Lamar Information Leaflet, #89-01. 6 pp.
Kane, T. R. 1988. Back-calculation of smolt length from the scales of returning Connecticut River and Merrimack River Atlantic salmon, 1987. Lamar Information Leaflet, #88-09. 9 pp.
Kane, T. R. 1988. LENFREQ.Wki, a microcomputer worksheet to analyze length frequency distributions. Lamar Information Leaflet, #88-08. 10 pp.
Kane, T. R., B. A. Dennison, and M. A. Hendrix. 1988. Effects of summer holding temperature, diet, and density on freshwater raised Atlantic salmon broodstock. Lamar Information Leaflet, #88-10. 10 pp.
Buck, K. W. 1987. Some applications of commercial plastics in fish culture. Lamar Information Leaflet, #88-01. 11 pp.
Gaston, P. B. 1987. Evaluation of a pumped raceway reuse system with packed column aeration. Lamar Information Leaflet, #88-07. 10 pp.
Gaston, P. B., and T. R. Gaston. 1987. Atlantic salmon starter diet test. Lamar Information Leaflet, 41
#88-05. 10 pp.
Kane, T. R. 1987. ATSINCUB.Wkl, a microcomputer worksheet to monitor the development of Atlantic salmon from fertilization to initial feeding. Lamar Information Leaflet, #88-04. 10 pp.
Kane, T. R. 1987. Monitoring development of Atlantic salmon from fertilization through yolk sac absorption. Lamar Information Leaflet, #88-02. 11 pp.
Kane, T. R. 1987. Seasonal dynamics of the condition factor of hatchery raised Atlantic salmon. Lamar Information Leaflet, #88-06.8 pp.
Kane, T. R., and P. B. Gaston. 1987. Lot naming guidelines for Atlantic salmon. Lamar Information Leaflet, #88-03.9 pp.
Howey, R. G. 1983. Collection, artificial fertilization and transport of American shad eggs. Lamar Information Leaflet, #83-01. Spp.
Howey, R. G. 1983. Incubation and hatching of artificially fertilized American shad eggs. Lamar Information Leaflet, #83-02. 8pp.
Miscellaneous Reports
Ford, L. A., and P. A. Barbash. 1996. Health management: Atlantic salmon restoration effort. Women in Natural Resources 17(3):27-33.
Barbash, P.A., and R. J. Van Nostrand. 1995. Prevalence and distribution of bacteria in the mucus of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during the 1994 spawning migration on the Connecticut River. AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY/Fish Health Section Newsletter 23(2).
Barbash, P.A. 1993. Control of furunculosis in Connecticut and Merrimack River sea-run Atlantic salmon broodstock. Proceedings of the Atlantic Salmon Workshop, 1993, Rockport, Maine. 139-141.
Hendrix, M.A., W. E. Kris, S. E. Baker, and W. A. Bonney. 1993. Update on the use of LHRHa implants in male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Proceedings of the Atlantic Salmon Workshop, 1993, Rockport, Maine. Page 13.
Hendrix, M. A., W. E. Kris, S. E. Baker, and W. A. Bonney. 1993. Evaluation of the toxicity of Iodophor to eggs of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Proceedings of the Atlantic Salmon Workshop, 1993, Rockport, Maine. Page 15.
Mohler, J. W., J. W. Fletcher, B. J. Watten, and A. C. Carta. 1993. Design and application of a saltwater recirculation system for anadromous fish management. Proceedings of the Atlantic Salmon Workshop, 1993 Rockport, Maine. Page 17.
Barbash, P.A. 1992. Control of furunculosis in Connecticut and Merrimack River sea-run Atlantic salmon broodstock. Proceedings of the Atlantic Salmon Workshop, 1992, Rockport, Maine. 123-134. 42
Barbash, P.A. 1992. Spore-forming bacteria isolated from fish feed found positive in direct fluorescent antibody test with Renibacterium salmoninarum antisera. AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY/Fish Health Section Newsletter 20(2).
Hendrix, M. A., and S. E. Baker. 1992. Evaluation of the toxicity of iodophor to eggs of Atlantic salmon. Proceedings of the Atlantic Salmon Workshop, 1992, Rockport, Maine. 199-200.
Hendrix, M. A., W. F. Kris, S. E. Baker, and W. A. Bonney. 1992. The effect of hatchery location on egg viability of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Proceedings of the Atlantic Salmon Workshop, 1992, Rockport, Maine. 195-196.
Hendrix, M. A., W. F. Kris, S. E. Baker, and W. A. Bonney. 1992. Evaluation of the use of LHRHa implants to increase sperm count and improve fertilization rate in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Proceedings of the Atlantic Salmon Workshop, 1992, Rockport, Maine. 197-198.
Kris, W. F., M. A. Hendrix, S. A. Baker, and W. A. Bonney. 1992. Effects of sperm: egg ratio on fertilization of Atlantic salmon eggs. Proceedings of the Atlantic Salmon Workshop, 1992, Rockport, Maine. 189-194.
Hendrix, M. A., and S. E. Baker. 1991. Egg studies at Cronin National Salmon Station. Proceedings of the Atlantic Salmon Workshop, 1991, Rockport, Maine. 259-264.
Hendrix, M. A. 1990. Salmon and sturgeon culture in the Soviet Union. Trip Report. 76pp
Gaston, P. B. 1988. Atlantic Salmon Culture for Restoration. Lamar Information Manual. 146pp.
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1993. Proceedings of the Atlantic salmon workshop. Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, PA. 183 pp.
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992. Proceedings of the Atlantic Salmon Workshop. Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, PA. 222pp.
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1991. Proceedings of the Atlantic Salmon Workshop. Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, PA. 266pp.
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Proceedings of the Atlantic Salmon Workshop. Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, PA. 176pp.
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. Proceedings of the New England Atlantic Salmon Workshop. Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, PA.167 pp.
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Proceedings of the New England Atlantic Salmon Workshop. Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, PA. 100 pp.
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Proceedings of the Atlantic Salmon Culture Workshop. Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, PA. 95pp.
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Proceedings of the 1985 Atlantic Salmon Culture Workshop. 43
Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, PA. 98pp.
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Proceedings of the 1984 Atlantic Salmon Broodstock Meeting. Northeast Fishery Center, Lamar, PA. 40 pp.
Recent Activities
Fish Feed Inspections: The Technology Center is responsible for quality control of all production fish diets in Region 5. The quality of the open formula feed manufactured by a commercial mill was very poor in 1997 and 1998, resulting in instances of rancid feed and generally poor growth and condition of hatchery fish. Feed problems were addressed by the Technology Center and solutions to the problem reached by consensus of Project Leaders at a meeting lead by the Technology Center.
Atlantic Sturgeon Status Review: A member of the Technology Center staff served on the Status Review Team to determine if Atlantic sturgeon should be listed as a threatened or endangered species under the Endangered Species Act. Technology Center staff wrote three sections of the Endangered Species Act Status Review document - culture, disease, contaminants and interspecific competition. The Review Team recommended that the Atlantic sturgeon not be listed as endangered and the two agencies involved (Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service) agreed and published their decision in the Federal Register.
Atlantic Sturgeon Culture: The Technology Center continued to develop culture technology for this species, concluding studies on rearing densities for fry and fingerlings and diet trials. Results of the density studies are expected to be published in 1999. The Technology Center also continued to monitor adult and juvenile sturgeon captured in the wild for sexual maturation. Juvenile sturgeon captured in 1991 were successfully brought to spermiation using hormones. This is the first time wild juvenile Atlantic sturgeon have been held in captivity and reared to sexual maturity. Technology Center staff were also successful in capturing, tagging and releasing over 90 adult sturgeon in the Hudson River in 1998.
LC50 Determinations for Atlantic Sturgeon: Studies have been initiated to determine LC50 levels for three therapeutic chemicals. The chemicals being tested are chloramine-T, formalin, and sodium chloride.
Atlantic Sturgeon Genetics: The Technology Center cooperated with commercial fishermen, the States of New York, New Jersey, Delaware and Pennsylvania to obtain tissue samples from Hudson and Delaware River Atlantic sturgeon for use in genetic characterization of these stocks. The Technology Center cooperated with U. S. Geological Survey, Biological Research Division to develop a Quick Response research proposal to fund this genetics project. Genetic sampling has since been extended to the Chesapeake Bay and the James River.
Atlantic Salmon Hatchery product Evaluation: A study will be conducted in cooperation with the office of the Maine Anadromous Fisheries Coordinator to assess mortality rates of Atlantic salmon fry stocked in the Pleasant River, Penobscot drainage, Maine. The objective will be to estimate the survival, through the pre-smolt life stages, of hatchery-origin Atlantic salmon fry stocked into the Pleasant River, and to evaluate gross movement patterns of stocked fish. Field work will begin in May, 1999.
Egg Quality: The Technology Center was asked by Project Leaders to determine the cause of poor egg survival in Atlantic salmon, landlocked salmon, and rainbow trout (national broodstock station). Nutritional, disease, and density studies were performed at six federal fish hatcheries, and additional 44
studies were conducted at Lamar. As a result, changes in transport techniques were recommended, as were egg loading densities in incubation units. Nutritional studies were inconclusive, and disease studies continue.
Evaluation of the Toxicity of Iodophor to Eggs of Atlantic Salmon: The recommended rate for water hardening Atlantic salmon eggs in polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine compound is 100 mg/L of active iodine for 30-60 minutes at a Ph of 7.0 or above. Many Project Leaders believed that the toxicity of water hardening Atlantic salmon eggs in 100 mg/L iodophor had not been adequately tested. A study was conducted at Lamar where salmon eggs were water hardened in 50, 100, and 150 mg/L iodine for 30, 60, and 90 minutes. Results showed no difference in egg survival among any of the treatments, so it was concluded that water hardening eggs in iodophor at recommended rates was safe.
American Shad: The recovery of American shad populations in the Susquehanna River is a major restoration effort involving the Fish and Wildlife Service and the States of Pennsylvania and Maryland. The recovery effort relies primarily on hatchery stockings. Stripping of shad eggs is normally done at night on the river banks, a time consuming and difficult task. Pennsylvania provided $25,000 to the Technology Center to develop tank spawning technology for this species. The Technology Center developed a system which included four large spawning tanks, water recirculation and heating, ultraviolet light treatment, and degassing. Hormones were used to induce spawning and the first year of operating the system was a moderate success.
Chemical Marking of Salmon and Eels: The number one research need identified by Atlantic salmon biologists is a mark for non-feeding fry that can be non-lethally detected in parr, smolts, or adults. The Technology Center used a chemical, calcein, to create a fluorescent mark in fin tissue that can be easily detected by clipping a piece of fin and placing it under a fluorescing microscope. This same chemical was used to mark glass eels at the request of Law Enforcement personnel who needed a mark, undetectable by human eye, to help them stem the illegal trade in elvers. The Technology Center also cooperated with U. S. Geological Survey, Biological Research Division in the development of a highly promising immuno-mark using bovine albumin.
Dissolved Gas System: The Electrical Power Research Institute provided the Technology Center with $90,000 to design and build a system that would allow researchers to control oxygen and nitrogen levels and temperature levels in a closed system, and then to assess the impact of fluctuating oxygen levels on the growth and mortality of salmonid fishes. These experimental conditions would simulate environmental changes experienced by fish below hydroelectric dams. The system is operational and the first test with rainbow trout has been completed.
Horseshoe Crabs: A major issue involving several mid-Atlantic states is the perceived decline in horseshoe crab populations. These crabs are a major food source for migratory birds, are important in human medicine, and are used for bait by commercial fishermen. The Technology Center is involved in advising the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission Technical Committee and Management Board of the current status of the horseshoe crab population. Whether to close the crab season is highly controversial politically and information to make that decision is scant. A member of the Technology Center staff is co-chair of a workshop designed to develop scientifically valid crab surveys for presentation to the Management Board in the hope that future population assessments will be based on sound scientific method. 45
San Marcos National Fish Hatchery and Fish Technology Center
Background
The original San Marcos National Fish Hatchery, the first warmwater hatchery west of the Mississippi River, began operations around 1900 and was located near the headwaters of the San Marcos River. During the 1960's, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service donated the aging hatchery to Southwest Texas State University which, in turn, donated 116 acres south of the city of San Marcos to the Service for the development of a new National Fish Hatchery and Cultural Development Center. The Center, located at the intersection of Interstate Highway 35 and McCarty Lane, was dedicated in 1976 and the name was changed in 1983 to the National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center.
Historically, the Center developed and demonstrated practical techniques for fish propagation, management, and monitoring; formulated solutions to hatchery and management problems; produced fishes to meet high priority needs; and developed strategies for monitoring, protecting, and managing high priority aquatic species, with emphasis on threatened, endangered, and inter-jurisdictional species.
Objectives/Emphasis
­Collecting, maintaining, and propagating Texas wild rice, salamanders, and fishes as outlined in the Service’s San Marcos/Comal/Edwards Aquifer Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Species Contingency Plan
­Conducting research on life history, ecological requirements, genetics, and culture of Edwards Aquifer organisms
­Conducting research on restocking refugium species
­Collecting biological information on the region's aquatic biological resources
­Troubleshooting problems at other hatcheries
­Training hatchery personnel
Station Mission
The primary mission of the Center is to provide refugia for Texas wild rice, Texas blind salamanders, San Marcos salamanders, fountain darters, and, if found, San Marcos gambusia. Culture-related activities for these species are inherent to this mission. Major consideration is placed on assessment of biological issues related to the Edwards Aquifer and San Marcos and Comal springs. The Center also provides genetically diverse largemouth bass broodstock to several national fish hatcheries.
Peer Reviewed Publications
Fries, J. N., and P. Power. In Press. Occurrence of an aquatic lepidopteran (Parapoynx obsculralis, Pyralidae) on cultured Texas wild rice (Zizania texana, Poaceae). Southwestern Naturalist.
Bonner, T. H., T. M. Brandt, J. N. Fries, and B. G. Whiteside. 1999. The effects of temperature on egg production and early life stages of the fountain darter. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 127:971-978.
Anderson, K. A., P. M. Rosenblum, B. G. Whiteside, R. W. Standage, and T. M. Brandt. 1998. Controlled spawning of longnose darters. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 60:137-145. 46
Berkhouse, C. S., and J. N. Fries, 1995. Critical thermal maxima of juvenile and adult San Marcos salamanders. The Southwestern Naturalist 40(4):430-434.
Simon, T. P., T. M. Brandt, K. G. Graves, and B. G. Whiteside. 1995. Ontogeny and description of eggs, larvae, and early juveniles of the fountain darter, Etheostoma fonticola. The Southwestern Naturalist 40(2):208-215.
Ramos, K. T., L. T. Fries, C. S. Berkhouse, and J. N. Fries. 1994. Apparent sunburn of juvenile paddlefish. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 56:214-216.
Whiteside, B. G., and C. Berkhouse. 1992. Some new collection locations for six species. The Texas Journal of Science 44(4):494.
Rosenblum, P. M., T. M. Brandt, K. B. Mayes, and P. Hutson. 1994. Annual cycles of growth and reproduction in hatchery-reared Florida largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides floridanus, raised on forage or pelleted diets. Journal of Fish Biology 44:1045-1059.
Labay, A. A., and T. M. Brandt. 1994. Predation by Cyclops vernalis on Florida largemouth bass and fountain darter larvae. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 56:37-39.
Fries, J. N. 1994. SAMCALC: A computer program for fish culturists. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 56:62-62.
Barkoh, A., R. O. Anderson, and C. F. Rabeni. 1993. Effects of pond volume manipulation on production of fingerling largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 2(3/4):151-170.
Anderson, R. O. 1993. Effects of organic and chemical fertilizers and biological control of problem organisms on production of fingerling striped bass, Morone saxatilis. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 2(3/4):119-149.
Anderson, R. O. 1993. Apparent problems and potential solutions for production of fingerling striped bass, Morone saxatilis. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 2(3/4):101-118.
Anderson, R. O. 1993. New approaches for management of fertilized hatchery ponds. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 2(3/4):1-8.
Fries, J. N., C. S. Berkhouse, J. C. Morrow, and G. J. Carmichael. 1993. Evaluation of an aeration system in a loaded fish-hauling tank. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 55:187-190.
Brandt, T. M., K. G. Graves, C. S. Berkhouse, T. P. Simon, and B. G. Whiteside. 1993. Laboratory spawning and rearing of the endangered fountain darter. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 55:149-156.
Mayes, K. B., P. M. Rosenblum, and T. M. Brandt. 1993. Raceway spawning of florida largemouth bass: Effects of acclimation time and hormone treatment on spawning success. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 55:1-8. 47
Carmichael, G. J., R. M. Jones, and J. C. Morrow. 1992. Comparative efficacy of oxygen diffusers in a fish-hauling Tank. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 54:35-40.
Springer, T. A., B. R. Murphy, S. Gutreuter, R. O. Anderson, L. E. Miranda, D. C. Jackson, and R. S. Cone. 1990. Properties of relative weight and other condition indices. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119:1048-1058.
Williamson, J. H., and G. J. Carmichael. 1990. An aquacultural evaluation of Florida, northern, and hybrid largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Aquaculture 85:247-257.
Graves, K. G., and J. C. Morrow. 1988. Tube sampler for zooplankton. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 50:182-183.
Carmichael, G. J., and J. R. Tomasso. 1988. Survey of fish transportation equipment and techniques. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 50:155-159.
Carmichael, G. J., J. H. Williamson, C. A. Caldwell-Woodward, and J. R. Tomasso. 1988. Responses of northern, Florida, and hybrid largemouth bass to low temperature and low dissolved oxygen. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 50:225-231.
Graves, K. G., and J. C. Morrow. 1988. Method for harvesting large quantities of zooplankton from hatchery ponds. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 50:184-186.
Wise, David J., and J. R. Tomasso, and T. M. Brandt. 1988. Ascorbic acid inhibition of nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia in channel catfish. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 50:77-80.
Brandt, T. M., and S. A. Flickinger. 1987. Feeding largemouth bass during cool and cold weather. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 49:286-290.
Brandt, T. M., R. M. Jones, Jr., and R. J. Anderson. 1987. Evaluation of prepared feeds and attractants for largemouth bass fry. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 49:198-203.
Mazik, P. M., T. M. Brandt, and J. R. Tomasso. 1987. Effects of dietary Vitamin C on growth, caudal fin development, and tolerance of aquaculture-related stressors in channel catfish. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 49:13-16.
Brandt, T. M. and J. C. Morrow. 1987. Drain modification and crowding net for circular tanks. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 49:73-75.
Williamson, J. H. 1987. Evaluation of wire nose tags for marking largemouth bass. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 49:156-158.
Carmichael, G. J., and J. H. Williamson. 1986. Intensive production of Guadalupe bass. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 48:133-136.
Tomasso, J. R., and G. J. Carmichael. 1986. Acute toxicity of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate to Guadalupe bass Micropterus treculi. Bulletin of Environmental Contaminants and Toxicology 36:866-870. 48
Williamson, J. H., G. J. Carmichael, M. E. Schmidt, and D. C. Morizot. 1986. New biochemical genetic markers for largemouth bass. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115:460-465.
Carmichael, G. J., J. H. Williamson, M. E. Schmidt, and D. C. Morizot. 1986. Genetic marker identification in largemouth bass with electrophoresis of low risk tissues. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115:455-459.
Brandt, T. M., R. M. Jones, Jr., and J. R. Koke. 1986. Corneal cloudiness in transported largemouth bass. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 48:199-201.
Williamson, J. H., and G. J. Carmichael. 1986. Differential response to handling stress by Florida, northern, and hybrid largemouth bass. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115:756-761.
Brandt, T. M., C. W. Deyoe, and P. A. Seib. 1985. Alternate sources of Vitamin C for channel catfish. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 47:55-59.
Carmichael, G. J. 1984. Long distance truck transport of intensively-reared largemouth bass. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 46:111-115.
Carmichael, G. J., and J. R. Tomasso. 1984. Swim bladder stress syndrome in largemouth bass. Texas Journal Science 35(4):315-321.
Carmichael, G. J., J. R. Tomasso, B. A. Simco, and K. B. Davis. 1984. Confinement and water quality induced stress in largemouth bass. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 113:767-77.
Carmichael, G. J., J. R. Tomasso, B. A. Simco, and K. B. Davis. 1984. Characterization and alleviation of stress associated with hauling largemouth bass. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 113:778-785.
Carmichael, G. J., G. A. Wedemeyer, J. P. McCraren, and J. L. Millard. 1983. Physiological effects of handling and transportation stress on smallmouth bass. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 45(2)110-113.
Carmichael, G. J., and J. R. Tomasso. 1983. Use of formalin to separate tadpoles from largemouth bass fingerlings after harvest. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 45(2):105-106.
Carmichael, G. J. 1983. Scale number differences of stonerollers incubated and reared at different temperatures. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 112:441-444.
Williamson, J. H. 1983. Comparing training success of two strains of largemouth bass. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 45:3-7.
McCraren, J. P., and R. M. Jones. 1978. Suggested approach to computing and reporting loading densities for fish transport units. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 40(4):169.
McCraren, J. P., and T. R. Phillips. 1977. Effects of Masoten (Dylox) on plankton in earthen ponds. 49
Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association Game and Fish Commissioners 31:441-448.
McCraren, J. P., J. L. Millard, and A. M. Woolven. 1977. Masoten (Dylox) as a control for clam shrimp in hatchery production ponds. Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeast Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 31:329-331.
Inslee, T. D. 1977. Holding striped bass larvae in cages until swim-up. Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 31:422-424.
Inslee, T. D. 1977. A preliminary report on the control of pathogenic fungi in earthen culture ponds. Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners.
McCraren, J. P., M. L. Landolt, G. L. Hoffman, and F. P. Meyer. 1975. Variation in response of channel catfish to Henneguya sp. infections (Protozoa: Myxosporidia). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 11:2-7.
Major, R. D., J. P. McCraren, and C. E. Smith. 1975. Histopathological changes in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) experimentally and naturally infected with channel catfish virus disease. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32(4):563-567.
Brauhn, J. L., and J. P. McCraren. 1975. Ovary maturation in channel catfish. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 37(4):209-212.
McCraren, J. P., and R. M. Jones. 1974. Restoration of sock filters used to prevent entry of wild fish into ponds. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 36(4):222.
Millard, J. L., and J. P. McCraren. 1973. Use of softened water in fish culture. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 5(4):190.
McCraren, J. P. and R. M. Jones. 1973. Evaluation of a new spawning mat material. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 35(2):81.
McCraren, J. P. 1972. Channel catfish virus disease (CCV)--A current review. Proceedings of the Annual Conference Western Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 52:528-537.
Technology Center Transfer Series; 1991-1993
Seawell, W. M., M. Ulibarri, and L. Strobeck. 1993. Observations on use of a chemical pond sealant at Uvalde National Fish Hatchery, Texas. San Marcos Information Leaflet Number 93-02.
Seawell, W. M., M. Ulibarri, and L. Strobeck. 1993. Test of wire placement to exclude cormorants from ponds containing channel catfish over the winter at Uvalde National Fish Hatchery, Texas. San Marcos Information Leaflet Number 93-01.
Fries, J. N. 1992. SAMCALC: A computer program for fish culturists. San Marcos Information Leaflet Number 92-03. 50
Fries, J. N., and C. S. Berkhouse. 1992. The zebra mussel invasion: A summary for Region 2 field stations. San Marcos Information Leaflet Number 92-02.
Fries, J. N, C. S. Berkhouse, J. C. Morrow, and G. J. Carmichael. 1992. Aeration efficiency and water quality in a 2,650-L (700-gal) fish-hauling tank. San Marcos Information Leaflet Number 92-01.
Fries, J. N., A. H. Fanning, and C. A. Lemm. 1991. Length-weight tables for striped bass Morone saxatilis. San Marcos Information Leaflet Number 91-01.
Miscellaneous Publications
Morizot, D. C., S. Harville, B. B. McEntire, and T. M. Brandt. In Press. Genetic variability in the fountain darter, Etheostoma fonticola (Teleostei: Percidae). Southwestern Naturalist.
Berkhouse, C. S., and J. N. Fries, 1995. The critical thermal maximum of San Marcos salamanders. National Biological Service Information Bulletin No. 46.
Berkhouse, C. S., and J. N. Fries. 1994. Advanced fingerling production of largemouth bass on pelleted feed. Project Report.
Fries, J. N. 1992. The zebra mussel invasion: A Texas connection? Annual Proceedings of the Texas Chapter of the American Fisheries Society 15:14-25.
Anderson, R. O. , W. M. Seawell, J. N. Fries, and K. L. Davenport. 1989. Production of phase-I striped bass in ponds filled before and filled slowly after stocking. Project Report.
Anderson, R. O., J. N. Fries, W. M. Seawell, J. J. Maxwell, and T. A. Mayeux. 1989. Production of striped bass in aerated and conventionally managed ponds. Project Report.
Anderson, R. O., W. M. Seawell, J. N. Fries, L. D. Wright, M. Lake, G. L. Looney, J. S. Hawkinson, and P. Keys. 1989. Relationships between age stocked, swim-bladder inflation and survival of phase-I striped bass; management and production at McKinney Lake and Warm Springs National Fish Hatcheries. Project Report.
Anderson, R. O. 1989. Experimental methods to control problem organisms in pond culture. Anal Fin V12 N1.
Brandt, T. M. 1987. Feeding largemouth bass. Aquaculture Magazine 13(4):63-64.
Carmichael G. J., and J. R. Tomasso. 1985. Guidelines for handling and hauling largemouth bass. Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas Fish Farming Conference, College Station: 26-29.
Brandt, T. M. 1979. Use of heat treated full-fat soybeans in channel catfish and golden shiner feeds. Proceedings of the Fish