2011 national survey of fishing, hunting, and wildlife-associated recreation Tennessee

              Tennessee
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
2011 National Survey
of Fishing, Hunting,
and Wildlife-Associated Recreation
Bait
U.S. Department of the Interior
Sally Jewell,
Secretary
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Dan Ashe,
Director
U.S. Department of Commerce
Rebecca M. Blank,
Acting Secretary
Economics and Statistics Administration
Mark Doms,
Under Secretary for Economic Affairs
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
Thomas L. Mesenbourg,
Senior Adviser Performing the Duties
of the Director
FHW/11-TN
Issued May 2013
2011 National Survey of
Fishing, Hunting, and
Wildlife-Associated Recreation
Bait
Tennessee
The U.S. Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nation’s natural resources and cultural
heritage; provides scientific and other information about those resources; and honors its trust responsi-bilities
or special commitments to American Indians, Alaska Natives, and affiliated Island Communities.
The mission of the Department’s U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is working with others to conserve,
protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people.
The Service is responsible for national programs of vital importance to our natural resources, including
administration of the Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Programs. These two programs provide finan-cial
assistance to the States for projects to enhance and protect fish and wildlife resources and to assure
their availability to the public for recreational purposes. Multistate grants from these programs fund the
National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation.
Suggested Citation
U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Department of Commerce,
U.S. Census Bureau. 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Dan Ashe,
Director
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
Thomas L. Mesenbourg,
Senior Adviser Performing the Duties
of the Director
Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration
Hannibal Bolton,
Assistant Director
U.S. Department of the Interior
Sally Jewell,
Secretary
Economics and Statistics
Administration
Mark Doms,
Under Secretary for
Economic Affairs
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee iii
Contents
List of Tables. . iv
Foreword. . vi
Survey Background and Method . vii
Highlights
Introduction. . 2
Summary. . 4
Wildlife-Related Recreation. . 5
Sportspersons . 6
Anglers. . 7
Hunters. . 9
Wildlife Watchers. . 11
2001–2011 Comparison . 13
Tables
Guide to Statistical Tables. . 16
Fishing and Hunting Tables . 17
Wildlife-Watching Tables. . 33
Appendixes
A. Definitions. . 44
B. 2010 Participation of 6- to 15-Year-Olds: Data From Screening Interviews. . 48
C. Significant Methodological Changes From Previous Surveys and Regional Trends. . 54
D. Sample Design and Statistical Accuracy. . 64
iv 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
List of Tables
Fishing and Hunting
1. Fishing and Hunting in Tennessee by Resident and Nonresident Sportspersons: 2011. . 17
2. Anglers and Hunters, Days of Participation, and Trips in Tennessee by Type of Fishing and Hunting: 2011. . 17
3. Anglers and Hunters, Trips, and Days of Participation: 2011 . 18
4. Tennessee Resident Anglers and Hunters by Place Fished or Hunted: 2011. . 18
5. Tennessee Resident Anglers and Hunters, Days of Participation, and Trips in the United States
by Type of Fishing and Hunting: 2011. . 18
6. Freshwater Anglers, Trips, Days of Fishing, and Type of Water Fished: 2011 . 19
7. Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing in Tennessee by Type of Fish: 2011 . 19
8. Great Lakes Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing in Tennessee: 2011. . 20
9. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing in Tennessee by Type of Fish: 2011 . 20
10. Saltwater Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing in Tennessee: 2011. . 21
11. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Fishing in Tennessee by Type of Fish: 2011. . 21
12. Hunters, Trips, and Days of Hunting in Tennessee by Type of Hunting: 2011 . 22
13. Hunters and Days of Hunting in Tennessee by Type of Game: 2011. . 22
14. Hunters and Days of Hunting in Tennessee by Type of Land: 2011 . 23
15. Selected Characteristics of Tennessee Resident Anglers and Hunters: 2011. . 24
16. Summary of Expenditures in Tennessee by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined
for Fishing and Hunting: 2011. . 25
17. Summary of Fishing Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Tennessee by State Residents and
Nonresidents Combined by Type of Fishing: 2011. . 26
18. Summary of Hunting Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Tennessee by State Residents and
Nonresidents Combined by Type of Hunting: 2011. . 27
19. Expenditures in Tennessee by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined for Fishing: 2011 . 28
20. Expenditures in Tennessee by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined for Hunting: 2011. . 29
21. Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Tennessee for Fishing and Hunting by Tennessee Residents
and Nonresidents: 2011. . 30
22. Summary of Tennessee Residents’ Fishing and Hunting Expenditures Both Inside and
Outside Tennessee: 2011. . 31
23. In-State and Out-of-State Expenditures by Tennessee Residents for Fishing and Hunting: 2011. . 32
Wildlife Watching
24. Wildlife Watching in Tennessee by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined: 2011. . 33
25. Participants, Trips, and Days of Participation in Away-From-Home Wildlife Watching in Tennessee: 2011. . 33
26. Away-From-Home Wildlife-Watching Participants by Wildlife Observed, Photographed,
or Fed in Tennessee: 2011. . 34
27. Participation in Wildlife-Watching Activities Around the Home in Tennessee: 2011. . 34
28. Tennessee Residents Participating in Wildlife Watching in the United States: 2011. . 35
29. Wild Bird Observers and Days of Observation in Tennessee by State Residents and Nonresidents: 2011. . 35
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee v
30. Selected Characteristics of Tennessee Residents Participating in Wildlife Watching: 2011 . 36
31. Expenditures in Tennessee by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined for Wildlife Watching: 2011. . 37
32. Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Tennessee for Wildlife Watching by
Tennessee Residents and Nonresidents: 2011. . 38
33. Wildlife-Watching Expenditures Both Inside and Outside Tennessee by Tennessee Residents: 2011.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 39
34. In-State and Out-of-State Expenditures by Tennessee Residents for Wildlife Watching: 2011. . 40
35. Participation of Tennessee Resident Wildlife-Watching Participants in Fishing and Hunting: 2011.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 40
36. Participation of Tennessee Resident Sportspersons in Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2011. . 41
vi 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
When I was growing up, it was taken
as a matter of faith that kids belonged
outside. I grew up with 4 brothers, and
during those long, hot Atlanta summers,
it was common for our mom to holler,
“You boys get outside, and don’t come
back ‘til it’s dark.” It never occurred
to me or my brothers to do anything
else in our spare time but explore the
world around us. The truth is, we had
little else to do. But those experiences
– waking up on frosty mornings and
starting the campfire, scanning trees
for a shot at a scampering gray squirrel
in the dawn light, scouring creek beds
for crawdads and other fishing bait,
or simply of the fun we had tramping
through the forest – shaped who I am,
and drew me to a career in conserva-tion.
That’s why I’m excited by this 2011
National Survey of Fishing, Hunting,
and Wildlife-Associated Recreation.
This report, the 12th in a series that
began in 1955, documents a significant
resurgence in the number of people
embracing America’s Great Outdoors.
Hunting participation has increased by
9 percent, while angling participation
grew by 11 percent. Nearly 38 percent
of Americans participated in wildlife-related
recreation, an increase of 2.6
million participants from the 2006
Survey.
In addition, wildlife-related recre-ation
is a major driver of the nation’s
economy. The 2011 Survey estimates
that Americans spent $145 billion on
related gear, trips, licenses, land acqui-sition
or leases, and other purchases,
representing about one percent of the
nation’s gross domestic product.
This spending creates thousands of
jobs, supports countless local commu-nities
and provides vital funding for
conservation.
This year marks the 75th anniversary
of the Wildlife and Sport Fish Restora-tion
Program, a cornerstone of wildlife
conservation in the United States.
Through excise taxes on firearms,
ammunition, archery and angling
equipment, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service has distributed over $14 billion
for State and territorial wildlife conser-vation
programs.
This report would not have been
possible without the combined efforts
of state wildlife agencies – which
provided financial support through
the Multi-State Conservation Grant
Programs – the Association of Fish
and Wildlife Agencies and a number of
major national conservation organiza-tions.
We also owe our gratitude to the
thousands of survey respondents from
households across America. Because
of you, this Survey is the nation’s
definitive wildlife-related recreation
database and information source
concerning participation and purchases
associated with hunting, fishing and
other forms of wildlife-associated
recreation nationwide.
The Fish and Wildlife Service is dedi-cated
to connecting people and families
with nature. We are proud to celebrate
the good news in this report, and we
look forward to continuing progress
as we work with the States, and all
our partners and the public to help
keep recreational fishing, hunting, and
wildlife watching growing and going
strong.
Dan Ashe
Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Foreword
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee vii
Survey Background and Method
The National Survey of Fishing,
Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated
Recreation (Survey) has been
conducted since 1955 and is one of
the oldest and most comprehensive
continuing recreation surveys. The
Survey collects information on the
number of anglers, hunters, and wild-life
watchers, how often they partici-pate,
and how much they spend on their
activities in the United States.
Preparations for the 2011 Survey
began in 2008 when the Association of
Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA)
asked the Fish and Wildlife Service to
coordinate the twelfth National Survey
of wildlife-related recreation. Funding
came from the Multistate Conservation
Grant Programs, authorized by Wildlife
and Sport Fish Restoration Acts, as
amended.
Four regional technical committees
were set up under the auspices of
AFWA to ensure that State fish and
wildlife agencies had an opportunity to
participate in all phases of survey plan-ning
and design. The committees were
made up of agency representatives.
We consulted with State and Federal
agencies and nongovernmental
organizations such as the American
Sportfishing Association and National
Shooting Sports Foundation to deter-mine
survey content. Other sportsper-sons’
organizations and conservation
groups, industry representatives, and
researchers also provided valuable
advice.
Data collection for the Survey was
carried out in two phases by the
U.S. Census Bureau. The first phase
was the screen which began in April
2011. During the screening phase, the
Census Bureau interviewed a sample
of 48,600 households nationwide, to
determine who in the household had
fished, hunted, or wildlife watched in
2010, and who had engaged or planned
to engage in those activities in 2011.
In most cases, one adult household
member provided information for all
members. The screen primarily covered
2010 activities while the next, more
in-depth phase covered 2011 activities.
For more information on the 2010 data,
refer to Appendix B.
The second phase of data collection
consisted of three detailed interview
waves. The first wave began in April
2011 concurrent with the screen, the
second in September 2011, and the
last in January 2012. Interviews were
conducted with samples of likely
anglers, hunters, and wildlife watchers
who were identified in the initial
screening phase. Interviews were
conducted primarily by telephone, with
in-person interviews for respondents
who could not be reached by phone.
Respondents in the second survey
phase were limited to those who were
at least 16 years old. Each respondent
provided information pertaining only
to his or her activities and expendi-tures.
Sample sizes were designed to
provide statistically reliable results at
the state level. Altogether, interviews
were completed for 11,330 anglers and
hunters and 9,329 wildlife watchers.
More detailed information on sampling
procedures and response rates is found
in Appendix D.
Comparability With
Previous Surveys
The 2011 Survey’s questions and
methodology were similar to those
used in the 2006, 2001, 1996, and 1991
Surveys. Therefore, the estimates are
comparable.
The methodology for these Surveys
differs significantly from the 1955
to 1985 Surveys, so these estimates
are not directly comparable to those
of earlier surveys. Changes in meth-odology
included reducing the recall
period over which respondents had to
report their activities and expenditures.
Previous Surveys used a 12-month
recall period which resulted in greater
reporting bias. Research found that the
amount of activity and expenditures
reported in 12-month recall surveys
was overestimated in comparison
with that reported using shorter recall
periods.
Highlights
2 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
The National Survey of Fishing,
Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated
Recreation reports results from inter-views
with U.S. residents about their
fishing, hunting, and wildlife watching.
This report focuses on 2011 participa-tion
and expenditures of persons 16
years of age and older.
The Survey is a snapshot of one year.
The information it collected tells us
how many people participated and
how much they spent on their activi-ties
in the State in 2011. It does not
tell us how many anglers, hunters, and
wildlife watchers there were because
many do not participate every year.
For example, based on information
collected in the Survey’s household
screen phase, we can estimate that
about 51 percent more anglers and
44 percent more hunters participated
nationally in at least 1 of the 5 years
prior to the screen survey year 2010.
In addition to 2011 estimates, we also
provide trend information in the High-lights
section and Appendix C of the
report. The 2011 numbers reported can
be compared with those in the 1991,
1996, 2001, and 2006 Survey reports
because they used similar methodolo-gies.
The 2011 estimates should not
be directly compared with results
from Surveys conducted prior to 1991
because of changes in methodology to
improve accuracy.
The report also provides information
on participation in wildlife recreation
in 2010, particularly of persons 6 to 15
years of age. The 2010 information is
provided in Appendix B. Information
about the Survey’s scope and coverage
is in Appendix D. The remainder of this
section defines important terms used in
the Survey.
This report does not provide infor-mation
about the State’s wildlife
resources. That, and additional infor-mation
on wildlife-related recreation,
may be obtained from State fish and
wildlife agencies. The Association of
Fish and Wildlife Agencies can provide
the addresses and telephone numbers
of those agencies. The Association’s
website is www.fishwildlife.org.
Additionally, this report does not
provide information about the State’s
number of licensed anglers and hunters.
Historical license data can be found at
wsfrprograms.fws.gov.
Wildlife-Related Recreation
Wildlife-related recreation is fishing,
hunting, and wildlife-watching activi-ties.
These categories are not mutually
exclusive because many individuals
participated in more than one activity.
Wildlife-related recreation is reported
in two major categories: (1) fishing
and hunting, and (2) wildlife watching,
which includes observing, photo-graphing,
and feeding fish or wildlife.
Fishing and Hunting
This Survey reports information about
residents of the United States who
fished or hunted in 2011, regardless of
whether they were licensed. The fishing
and hunting sections report information
for three groups: (1) sportspersons, (2)
anglers, and (3) hunters.
Sportspersons
Sportspersons are those who fished
or hunted. Individuals who fished
or hunted commercially in 2011 are
reported as sportspersons only if they
also fished or hunted for recreation. The
sportspersons group is composed of the
three subgroups shown in the diagram
below: (1) those that fished and hunted,
(2) those that only fished, and (3) those
that only hunted.
The total number of sportspersons is
equal to the sum of people who only
fished, only hunted, and both hunted
and fished. It is not the sum of all
anglers and all hunters because those
people who both fished and hunted are
included in both the angler and hunter
population and would be incorrectly
counted twice.
Anglers
Anglers are sportspersons who only
fished plus those who fished and
hunted. Anglers include not only
licensed hook and line anglers, but
also those who have no license and
those who use special methods such
as fishing with spears. Three types of
fishing are reported: (1) freshwater,
excluding the Great Lakes, (2) Great
Lakes, and (3) saltwater. Since many
anglers participated in more than one
type of fishing, the total number of
anglers is less than the sum of the three
types of fishing.
Sportspersons
Anglers Hunters
Fished
only
Fished
and
hunted
Hunted
only
Introduction
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 3
Hunters
Hunters are sportspersons who only
hunted plus those who hunted and
fished. Hunters include not only
licensed hunters using rifles and
shotguns, but also those who have
no license and those who engage
in hunting with archery equipment,
muzzleloaders, other primitive firearms,
or pistols or handguns.
Four types of hunting are reported:
(1) big game, (2) small game,
(3) migratory bird, and (4) other
animals. Since many hunters partici-pated
in more than one type of hunting,
the sum of hunters for big game,
small game, migratory bird, and other
animals exceeds the total number of
hunters.
Wildlife Watchers
Since 1980, the National Survey has
included information on wildlife-watching
activities in addition to
fishing and hunting. However, unlike
the 1980 and 1985 Surveys, the
National Surveys since 1991 have
collected data only for those activities
where the primary purpose was wildlife
watching (observing, photographing, or
feeding wildlife).
The 2011 Survey uses a strict definition
of wildlife watching. Participants must
either take a “special interest” in wild-life
around their homes or take a trip
for the “primary purpose” of wildlife
watching. Secondary wildlife watching,
such as incidentally observing wildlife
while pleasure driving, is not included.
Two types of wildlife-watching activity
are reported: (1) away-from-home
(formerly nonresidential) activities and
(2) around-the-home (formerly residen-tial)
activities. Because some people
participated in more than one type of
wildlife watching, the sum of partici-pants
in each type will be greater than
the total number of wildlife watchers.
Only those engaged in activities whose
primary purpose was wildlife watching
are included in the Survey. The two
types of wildlife-watching activity are
defined below.
Away-From-Home
This group includes persons who
took trips or outings of at least 1 mile
from home for the primary purpose of
observing, feeding, or photographing
fish and wildlife. Trips to fish or hunt or
scout and trips to zoos, circuses, aquar-iums,
and museums are not considered
wildlife-watching activities.
Around-The-Home
This group includes those who
participated within 1 mile of home and
involves one or more of the following:
(1) closely observing or trying to iden-tify
birds or other wildlife; (2) photo-graphing
wildlife; (3) feeding birds or
other wildlife; (4) maintaining natural
areas of at least 1/4 acre where benefit
to wildlife is the primary concern;
(5) maintaining plantings (shrubs,
agricultural crops, etc.) where benefit
to wildlife is the primary concern; or
(6) visiting parks and natural areas
within 1 mile of home for the primary
purpose of observing, feeding, or
photographing wildlife.
4 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Fishing
Anglers. .
Days of fishing .
Average days per angler. .
Total expenditures. .
Trip-related. .
Equipment and other. .
Average per angler .
Average trip expenditure per day. .
Hunting
Hunters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Days of hunting. .
Average days per hunter. .
Total expenditures. .
Trip-related. .
Equipment and other. .
Average per hunter. .
Average trip expenditure per day. .
Wildlife Watching
Total wildlife-watching participants.
Away-from-home participants. .
Around-the-home participants. .
Days of participation away from home.
Average days of participation
away from home .
Total expenditures. .
Trip-related. .
Equipment and other. .
Average per participant. .
Average trip expenditure per day. .
Fishing
Anglers. .
Days of fishing .
Average days per angler. .
Total expenditures. .
Trip-related. .
Equipment and other. .
Average per angler .
Average trip expenditure per day. .
Hunting
Hunters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Days of hunting. .
Average days per hunter. .
Total expenditures. .
Trip-related. .
Equipment and other. .
Average per hunter. .
Average trip expenditure per day. .
Wildlife Watching
Total wildlife-watching participants.
Away-from-home participants. .
Around-the-home participants. .
Days of participation away from home.
Average days of participation
away from home .
Total expenditures. .
Trip-related. .
Equipment and other. .
Average per participant. .
Average trip expenditure per day. .
Activities in Tennessee by Residents
and Nonresidents
Activities by Tennessee Residents Both Inside and
Outside Tennessee
2011 Tennessee Summary
826,000
16,957,000
21
$1,137,104,000
$283,024,000
$854,080,000
$1,364
$17
375,000
9,846,000
26
$494,005,000
$210,025,000
$283,980,000
$1,168
$21
1,955,000
787,000
1,584,000
6,424,000
8
$942,573,000
$498,440,000
$444,133,000
$467
$78
833,000
17,194,000
21
$1,393,250,000
$339,447,000
$1,053,803,000
$1,673
$20
286,000
9,595,000
33
$386,714,000
$184,883,000
$201,831,000
$1,350
$19
1,733,000
682,000
1,584,000
6,521,000
10
$733,867,000
$306,802,000
$427,065,000
$423
$47
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 5
Wildlife-Related Recreation
Participation in Tennessee
The 2011 Survey found that 2.6 million
Tennessee residents and nonresidents
16 years old and older fished, hunted,
or wildlife watched in Tennessee. Of
the total number of participants, 826
thousand fished, 375 thousand hunted,
and 2.0 million participated in wildlife-watching
activities, which includes
observing, feeding, and photographing
wildlife. The sum of anglers, hunters,
and wildlife watchers exceeds the total
number of participants in wildlife-related
recreation because many of the individ-uals
engaged in more than one wildlife-related
activity.
Participation in 2011 by 6- to
15-Year-Old Tennessee Residents
The focus of the National Survey is on
the activity of participants 16 years old
and older. However, the activity of 6- to
15-year-olds can be calculated using the
screening data covering the year 2010.
It is assumed for estimation purposes
that the proportion of 6- to 15-year-old
participants to participants 16 years old
and older remained the same in 2010 and
2011. Based on this assumption, in addi-tion
to the 833 thousand resident anglers
16 years old or older in Tennessee, there
were 223 thousand resident anglers 6
to 15 years old. Also, there were 286
thousand Tennesseans 16 years old and
older and 33 thousand Tennesseans 6
to 15 years old who hunted. Finally,
there were 1.7 million Tennesseans 16
years old and older and 242 thousand
Tennesseans 6 to 15 years old who
wildlife watched. Information on 2010
data for 6- to 15-year-olds is provided in
Appendix B.
Expenditures in Tennessee
In 2011, state residents and nonresidents
spent $2.9 billion on wildlife recreation
in Tennessee. Of that total, trip-related
expenditures were $991 million and
equipment expenditures totaled $1.7
billion. The remaining $175 million was
spent on licenses, contributions, land
ownership and leasing, and other items.
Participants in Wildlife-Related Recreation in Tennessee: 2011
(U.S. residents 16 years old and older)
	
Total. .
.
Sportspersons
Total. .
Anglers. .
Hunters. .
.
Wildlife Watchers
Total. .
Away from home. .
Around the home. .
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Source: Tables 1 and 24.
Percent of Total Participants
by Activity
(Total: 2.6 million participants)
Wildlife
Watching
Fishing Hunting
32%
15%
76%
Wildlife-Related
Recreation Expenditures in
Tennessee
(Total: $2.9 billion)
Trip-related
35%
Equipment
59%
Other
6%
Percent of Total Residential
Participants 6 to 15 Years Old
by Activity: 2010
(Total: 333 thousand participants)
Wildlife
Watching
Fishing Hunting
81%
15%
80%
2.6 million
994 thousand
826 thousand
375 thousand
2.0 million
787 thousand
1.6 million
6 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Sportspersons
In 2011, 994 thousand state resident
and nonresident sportspersons 16
years old and older fished or hunted in
Tennessee. This group was comprised
of 826 thousand anglers (83 percent
of all sportspersons) and 375 thousand
hunters (38 percent of all sportspersons).
Among the 994 thousand sportspersons
who fished or hunted in the state, 620
thousand (62 percent) fished but did not
hunt in Tennessee. Another 168 thousand
(17 percent) hunted but did not fish there.
The remaining 207 thousand (21 percent)
fished and hunted in Tennessee in 2011.
Sportspersons’ Participation in Tennessee
(State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older)
Sportspersons (fished or hunted). .
.
Anglers. .
Fished only. .
Fished and hunted .
.
Hunters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hunted only. .
Hunted and fished. .
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Source: Table 1.
994 thousand
826 thousand
620 thousand
207 thousand
375 thousand
168 thousand
207 thousand
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 7
Anglers
Participants and Days of Fishing
In 2011, 826 thousand state residents
and nonresidents 16 years old and older
fished in Tennessee. Of this total, 709
thousand anglers (86 percent) were state
residents and 117 thousand anglers (14
percent) were nonresidents. Anglers
fished a total of 17.0 million days in
Tennessee—an average of 21 days
per angler. State residents fished 16.0
million days—95 percent of all fishing
days in Tennessee. Nonresidents fished
916 thousand days in Tennessee—5
percent of all fishing days in the state.
A large majority of Tennessee residents
who fished anywhere in the United
States did so in their resident state. There
were 833 thousand Tennessee residents
16 years old and older who fished in the
United States in 2011 for a total of 17.2
million days. An estimated 85 percent
of all Tennessee residents who fished
did so in their home state. Of all fishing
days by Tennessee residents, 93 percent
or 16.0 million were in their home
state. For further details about fishing in
Tennessee, see Table 3.
Anglers in Tennessee
(State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older)
	
Anglers. .
Residents .
Nonresidents. .
.
Days of fishing. .
Residents .
Nonresidents. .
Source: Table 3.
In State/Out of State
(State residents 16 years old and older)
	
Tennessee anglers .
In Tennessee. .
In other states. .
.
Days of fishing. .
In Tennessee. .
In other states. .
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Source: Table 3.
826 thousand
709 thousand
117 thousand
17.0 million
16.0 million
916 thousand
833 thousand
709 thousand
274 thousand
17.2 million
16.0 million
1.8 million
8 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Fishing Expenditures in Tennessee
(State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older)
	
Total. .
Trip-related. .
Equipment .
Fishing. .
Auxiliary and special. .
Other. .
Source: Table 19.
Fishing Expenditures in Tennessee
All fishing-related expenditures in
Tennessee totaled $1.1 billion in 2011.
Trip-related expenditures, including
food and lodging, transportation,
and other expenses totaled $283
million—25 percent of all fishing
expenditures. Expenditures for food
and lodging were $78 million and
transportation expenditures were $112
million. Other trip expenses, such as
equipment rental, bait, and cooking
fuel, totaled $92 million. Each angler
spent an average of $343 on trip-related
costs during 2011.
Anglers spent $803 million on equip-ment
in Tennessee in 2011, 71 percent
of all fishing expenditures. Fishing
equipment (rods, reels, lines, etc.)
spending totaled $210 million—26
percent of the equipment total.
Auxiliary equipment expenditures
(tents, special fishing clothing, etc.)
and special equipment expenditures
(boats, vans, etc.) amounted to $593
million—74 percent of the equipment
total. Expenditures classified as special
and auxiliary equipment are on items
that were purchased for fishing but
could be used in activities other than
fishing.
The purchase of other items, such as
magazines, membership dues, licenses,
permits, stamps, and land leasing and
ownership, amounted to $51 million—4
percent of all fishing expenditures. For
more details about fishing expenditures
in Tennessee, see Tables 19 and 21
through 23.
Fishing Expenditures in Tennessee
(Total: $1.1 billion)
Equipment
71%
Trip-related
25%
Other
4%
$1.1 billion
$283 million
$803 million
$210 million
$593 million
$51 million
Percent of Anglers by Residence
(Total: 826 thousand participants)
Residents Nonresidents
86%
14%
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 9
Hunters
Participants and Days of Hunting
In 2011, there were 375 thousand
residents and nonresidents 16 years old
and older who hunted in Tennessee.
Resident hunters numbered 276 thou-sand,
accounting for 74 percent of the
hunters in Tennessee. Residents and
nonresidents hunted 9.8 million days in
2011, an average of 26 days per hunter.
Residents hunted 9.5 million days in
Tennessee or 97 percent of all hunting
days.
There were 286 thousand Tennessee
residents 16 years old and older who
hunted in the United States in 2011
for a total of 9.6 million days. An
estimated 96 percent of all Tennessee
residents who hunted did so in their
home state. Of all hunting days by
Tennessee residents, 99 percent or 9.5
million were spent pursuing game in
their home state. For further informa-tion
on hunting activities by Tennessee
residents, see Table 3.
Hunters in Tennessee
(State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older)
	
Hunters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residents .
Nonresidents. .
.
Days of hunting. .
Residents .
Nonresidents. .
… Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
Source: Table 3.
375 thousand
276 thousand
...
9.8 million
9.5 million
...
In State/Out of State
(State residents 16 years old and older)
	
Tennessee hunters.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . .
In Tennessee. .
In other states. .
.
Days of hunting. .
In Tennessee. .
In other states. .
… Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
Source: Table 3.
286 thousand
276 thousand
...
9.6 million
9.5 million
...
10 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Hunting Expenditures in Tennessee
(State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older)
	
Total. .
Trip-related. .
Equipment .
Hunting. .
Auxiliary and special. .
Other. .
Source: Table 20.
Hunting Expenditures in
Tennessee
All hunting-related expenditures in
Tennessee totaled $494 million in
2011. Trip-related expenses, such
as food and lodging, transporta-tion,
and other trip expenses, totaled
$210 million—43 percent of total
expenditures. Expenditures for food
and lodging were $95 million and
transportation expenditures were $99
million. Other trip expenses, such as
equipment rental, totaled $15 million
for the year. The average trip-related
expenditure per hunter was $561.
Hunters spent $216 million on equip-ment—
44 percent of all hunting
expenditures. Hunting equipment
(guns, ammunition, etc.) totaled $158
million and made up 73 percent of all
equipment costs. Hunters spent $58
million on auxiliary equipment (tents,
special hunting clothes, etc.) and
special equipment (boats, vans, etc.),
accounting for 27 percent of total
equipment expenditures for hunting.
Expenditures classified as special
and auxiliary equipment are on items
that were purchased for hunting but
could be used in activities other than
hunting.
The purchase of other items, such
as magazines, membership dues,
licenses, permits, and land leasing,
and ownership, cost hunters $68
million—14 percent of all hunting
expenditures. For more details on
hunting expenditures in Tennessee,
see Tables 20 through 23.
Hunting Expenditures in
Tennessee
(Total: $494 million)
Equipment
44%
Trip-related
43%
Other
14%
Comparative Hunting Expenditures by Type of Hunting
All hunting
Big game
Small game
Migratory birds
Other animals
$561
$437
$329
$183
$13
$35
...
$21 $19
Trip expenditures per hunter:
... Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
Trip expenditures per day:
...
$494 million
$210 million
$216 million
$158 million
$58 million
$68 million
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 11
Participants and Days of Activity
In 2011, 2.0 million U.S. residents 16
years old and older fed, observed, or
photographed wildlife in Tennessee.
Most of them, 81 percent (1.6 million),
enjoyed their activities close to home
and are called “around-the-home”
participants. Those persons who
enjoyed wildlife at least one mile
from home are called “away-from-home”
participants. People partici-pating
in away-from-home activities
in Tennessee in 2011 numbered 787
thousand—40 percent of all wildlife
watchers in Tennessee. Of the 787
thousand, 485 thousand were state resi-dents
and 303 thousand were nonresi-dents.
Tennesseans 16 years old and older
who enjoyed away-from-home wildlife
watching within their state totaled 485
thousand. Of this group, 411 thousand
participants observed wildlife and 216
thousand photographed wildlife. Since
some individuals engaged in more than
one of the away-from-home activities
during the year, the sum of wildlife
observers, feeders, and photographers
exceeds the total number away-from-home
participants.
Tennesseans spent 4.4 million days
engaged in away-from-home wildlife-watching
activities in their state. They
spent 4.1 million days observing and
874 thousand days photographing
wildlife. For further details about away-from-
home activities, see Table 25.
Tennessee residents also took an active
interest in wildlife around their homes.
In 2011, 1.6 million state residents
enjoyed observing, feeding, and photo-graphing
wildlife within one mile of
their homes. Among this around-the-home
group, 1.3 million fed, 1.1 million
observed, and 480 thousand photo-graphed
wildlife around their homes.
Another 169 thousand participants
maintained natural areas of one-quarter
acre or more for wildlife; 219 thousand
participants maintained plantings for the
benefit of wildlife; and 320 thousand
participants visited parks or natural areas
within a mile of home because of the
wildlife. Summing the number of partic-ipants
in these six activities results in an
estimate that exceeds the total number
of around-the-home participants because
many people participated in more than
one type of around-the-home activity.
In addition, 34 percent of Tennessean
around-the-home wildlife watchers also
enjoyed wildlife away from home. For
further details about Tennessee residents
participating in around-the-home wild-life-
watching activities, see Table 27.
Away-From-Home Wildlife-Watching Participation in Tennessee
(State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older)
	
Participants, total. .
Observe wildlife. .
Photograph wildlife. .
Feed wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Days, total .
Observe wildlife. .
Photograph wildlife. .
Feed wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
… Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Source: Table 25.
787 thousand
709 thousand
491 thousand
...
6.4 million
5.4 million
2.1 million
...
Wildlife Watchers
Wildlife-Watching Participants in Tennessee
(State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older)
	
Total. .
Around the home. .
Away from home. .
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Source: Table 24.
Around-The-Home Wildlife-Watching Participation in Tennessee
(State residents 16 years old and older)
	
Total. .
Feed wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Observe wildlife. .
Photograph wildlife. .
Maintain natural areas. .
Maintain plantings. .
Visit parks and natural areas .
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Source: Table 27.
2.0 million
1.6 million
787 thousand
1.6 million
1.3 million
1.1 million
480 thousand
169 thousand
219 thousand
320 thousand
12 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Wild Bird Observers in Tennessee
(State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older)
	
Participants, total. .
Around the home. .
Away from home. .
.
Days, total .
Around the home. .
Away from home. .
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Source: Table 29.
Wild Bird Observers
Bird watching attracted many wildlife
enthusiasts in Tennessee. In 2011, 1.4
million people observed birds around
the home and on trips in the state. A
majority, 72 percent (990 thousand),
observed wild birds around the home
while 46 percent (639 thousand) took
trips away from home to watch birds.
Wildlife-Watching Expenditures in
Tennessee
Wildlife watchers spent $943 million
on wildlife-watching activities in
Tennessee in 2011. Trip-related
expenditures, including food and
lodging ($398 million), transportation
($86 million), and other trip expenses
($15 million), such as equipment
rental, amounted to $498 million. This
summation comprised 53 percent of
all wildlife-watching expenditures by
participants. The average of the trip-related
expenditures for away-from-home
participants was $633 per person
in 2011.
Wildlife-watching participants spent
nearly $391 million on equipment—41
percent of all their expenditures.
Specifically, wildlife-watching equip-ment
(binoculars, special clothing,
etc.) expenditures totaled $225 million,
58 percent of the equipment total.
Auxiliary equipment expenditures
(tents, backpacking equipment, etc.)
and special equipment expenditures
(campers, trucks, etc.) amounted to
$165 million—42 percent of all equip-ment
costs. Expenditures classified
as special and auxiliary equipment
are on items that were purchased for
wildlife-watching recreation but could
be used in activities other than wildlife
watching.
Other items purchased by wildlife-watching
participants, such as maga-zines,
membership dues and contribu-tions,
land leasing and ownership,
and plantings, totaled $53 million—6
percent of all wildlife-watching expen-ditures.
For more details about wildlife-watching
expenditures in Tennessee,
see Table 31.
Wildlife-Watching
Expenditures in Tennessee
(Total: $943 million)
Equipment
41%
Trip-related
53%
Other
6%
Away-From-Home Activity
by Around-The-Home Participants
(Total: 1.6 million participants)
Both around
the home
and away
from home
Around the
home only
66%
34%
1.4 million
990 thousand
639 thousand
140.6 million
135.4 million
5.2 million
Wildlife-Watching Expenditures in Tennessee
(State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older)
	
Total. .
Trip-related. .
Equipment .
Wildlife watching. .
Auxiliary and special. .
Other. .
Source: Table 31.
$943 million
$498 million
$391 million
$225 million
$165 million
$53 million
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 13
Comparing the estimates from the
2001, 2006, and 2011 Surveys gives
a perspective on the state of wildlife-related
recreation in the early twenty-first
century in Tennessee. Only the
most general recreation comparisons
are presented here.
The best way to compare estimates
from surveys is not to compare the
estimates themselves but to compare
the confidence intervals around the esti-mates.
A 90-percent confidence interval
around the estimate gives the range of
estimates that 90 percent of all possible
representative samples would supply. If
the 90-percent confidence intervals of
the two surveys’ estimates overlap, it
is not possible to say the two estimates
are statistically different.
The state resident estimates cover the
participation and expenditure activity
of Tennessee residents anywhere in
the United States. The in-state esti-mates
cover the participation, day, and
expenditure activity if U.S. residents in
Tennessee.
The expenditure estimates were made
comparable by adjusting the estimates
for inflation—all estimates are in 2011
dollars.
2001–2011 Comparison
Tennessee 2001 and 2011 Comparison
(Numbers in thousands. Expenditures in 2011 dollars)
2001 2011 Percent change
.
Fishing.
Anglers in state. .
Days in state. .
In-state expenditures by U.S. anglers. .
State resident anglers .
Total expenditures by state residents .
Hunting
	
	
Hunters in state. .
Days in state. .
In-state expenditures by U.S. hunters. .
State resident hunters .
Total expenditures by state residents .
Away-From-Home Wildlife Watching
	
	
Participants in state.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
Days in state. .
State resident participants. .
Around-The-Home Wildlife Watching
	
	
Total participants. .
Observers .
Feeders .
Wildlife-Watching Expenditures
	
In-state expenditures by U.S. wildlife watchers. .
Total expenditures by state residents .
NS Not different from zero at the 10 percent level of significance
903 826 NS–9
15,035 16,957 NS13
$609,940 $1,137,104 86
803 833 NS4
$595,486 $1,393,250 134
359 375 NS4
6,651 9,846 NS48
$747,711 $494,005 NS–34
320 286 NS–11
$837,092 $386,714 –54
683 787 NS15
6,144 6,424 NS5
375 682 82
1,655 1,584 NS–4
1,059 1,054 0
1,570 1,302 –17
$569,705 $942,573 NS65
$429,129 $733,867 NS71
14 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Number of People Who Hunted
and Fished in Tennessee:
2001–2011
(In thousands)
903 871
359 329
826
375
Number of People Who Wildlife
Watched in Tennessee:
2001–2011
(In thousands)
Around the home
Away from home
2001 2006 2011 2001 2006 2011
1,655
683
1,853
1,007
1,584
787
Total Expenditures by
Participants in Tennessee
(In millions of 2011 dollars)
Anglers
Hunters
Wildlife Watchers
2001 2006 2011
610
748
570
669
545
1,107 1,137
494
943
Anglers
Hunters
Tennessee 2006 and 2011 Comparison
(Numbers in thousands. Expenditures in 2011 dollars)
2006 2011 Percent change
.
Fishing.
Anglers in state. .
Days in state. .
In-state expenditures by U.S. anglers. .
State resident anglers .
Total expenditures by state residents .
Hunting
	
	
Hunters in state. .
Days in state. .
In-state expenditures by U.S. hunters. .
State resident hunters .
Total expenditures by state residents .
Away-From-Home Wildlife Watching
	
	
Participants in state.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
Days in state. .
State resident participants. .
Around-The-Home Wildlife Watching
	
	
Total participants. .
Observers .
Feeders .
Wildlife-Watching Expenditures
	
In-state expenditures by U.S. wildlife watchers. .
Total expenditures by state residents .
NS Not different from zero at the 10 percent level of significance
871 826 NS–5
15,103 16,957 NS12
$669,108 $1,137,104 NS70
708 833 NS18
$643,427 $1,393,250 117
329 375 NS14
5,729 9,846 NS72
$544,964 $494,005 NS–9
284 286 NS1
$537,541 $386,714 NS–28
1,007 787 NS–22
15,486 6,424 –59
725 682 NS–6
1,853 1,584 NS–15
1,353 1,054 –22
1,589 1,302 NS–18
$1,107,250 $942,573 NS–15
$910,317 $733,867 NS–19
Tables
16 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Guide to Statistical Tables
Purpose and Coverage of Tables
The statistical tables of this report were
designed to meet a wide range of needs
for those interested in wildlife-related
recreation. Special terms used in these
tables are defined in Appendix A.
The tables are based on responses to
the 2011 Survey, which was designed
to collect data about participation in
wi­ldlife-
related recreation. To have
taken part in the Survey, a respondent
must have been a U.S. resident (a
resident of one of the 50 states or the
District of Columbia). No one residing
outside the United States (including
U.S. citizens) was eligible for inter-viewing.
Therefore, reported state and
national totals do not include partici-pation
by those who were not U.S.
residents or who were U.S. citizens
residing outside the United States.
Comparability With Previous
Surveys
The numbers reported can be compared
with those in the 1991, 1996, 2001, and
2006 Survey Reports. The methodology
used in 2011 was similar to that used in
those Surveys. These results should not
be directly compared to results from
Surveys earlier than 1991 since there
were major changes in methodology.
These changes were made to improve
accuracy in the information provided.
Coverage of an Individual Table
Since the Survey covers many activi-ties
in various places by participants
of different ages, all table titles,
headnotes, stubs, and footnotes are
designed to identify and articulate each
item being reported in the table. For
example, the title of Table 2 shows that
data about anglers and hunters, their
days of participation, and their number
of trips are reported by type of activity.
By contrast, the title of Table 7 indi-cates
that it contains data on freshwater
anglers and the days they fished for
different species.
Percentages Reported in the Tables
Percentages are reported in the tables
for the convenience of the user. When
exclusive groups are being reported, the
base of a percentage is apparent from
its context because the percents add to
100 percent (plus or minus a rounding
error). For example, Table 2 reports
the number of trips taken by big game
hunters, those taken by small game
hunters, those taken by migratory bird
hunters, and those taken by hunters
pursuing other animals. These comprise
100 percent because they are exclusive
categories.
Percents should not add to 100
when nonexclusive groups are being
reported. Using Table 2 as an example
again, note that adding the percentages
associated with the total number of big
game hunters, total small game hunters,
total migratory bird hunters, and total
hunters of other animals will not yield
total hunters because respondents could
hunt for more than one type of game.
When the base of the percentage is not
apparent in context, it is identified in a
footnote. For example, Table 15 reports
two percentages with different bases:
one base being the number of total
participants at the head of the column
and the other base being the total popu-lation
who are described by the row
category. Footnotes are used to clarify
the bases of the reported percentages.
Footnotes to the Tables
Footnotes are used to clarify the infor-mation
or items that are being reported
in a table. Symbols in the body of a
table indicate important footnotes.
The following symbols are used in the
tables to refer to the same footnote each
time they appear:
* Estimate based on a sample size
of 10–29.
... Sample size too small to report
data reliably.
Z Less than 0.5 percent.
X Not applicable.
NA Not available.
Estimates based upon fewer than ten
responses are regarded as being based
on a sample size that is too small for
reliable reporting. An estimate based
upon at least 10 but fewer than 30
responses is treated as an estimate
based on a small sample size. Other
footnotes appear, as necessary, to
qualify or clarify the estimates reported
in the tables. In addition, these two
important footnotes appear frequently:
• Detail does not add to total because
of multiple responses.
• Detail does not add to total
because of multiple responses and
no­nresponse.
“Multiple responses” is a term used to
reflect the fact that individuals or their
characteristics fall into more than one
category. Using Table 5 as an example,
those who fished in saltwater and fresh-water
appear in both of these totals. Yet
each angler is represented only once
in the “Total, all fishing” row. Simi-larly,
in Table 12, those who hunt for
big game and small game are counted
only once as a hunter in the “Total, all
hunting” row. Therefore, totals will be
smaller than the sum of subcategories
when multiple responses exist.
“Nonresponse” exists because the
Survey questions were answered volun-tarily,
and some respondents did not or
could not answer all the questions.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 17
Table 1. Fishing and Hunting in Tennessee by Resident and Nonresident Sportspersons: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Sportspersons
Total, state residents
and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents
Number
Percent of
sportspersons Number
Percent of
resident
sportspersons Number
Percent of
nonresident
sportspersons
Total sportspersons (fished or hunted). . 994 100 805 100 *190 *100
Total anglers . 826 83 709 88 *117 *62
Fished only. . 620 62 529 66 *91 *48
  Fished and hunted.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 207 21 181 22 ... ...
Total hunters. . 375 38 276 34 ... ...
Hunted only. . *168 *17 *95 *12 ... ...
  Hunted and fished.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 207 21 181 22 ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Table 2. Anglers and Hunters, Days of Participation, and Trips in Tennessee by Type of Fishing and
Hunting: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Type of fishing and hunting
Participants Days of participation Trips
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
FISHING
Total, all fishing. . 826 100 16,957 100 16,652 100
Total, all freshwater. . 826 100 16,957 100 16,652 100
  Freshwater, except Great Lakes . 826 100 16,957 100 16,652 100
  Great Lakes. . (X) (X) (X) (X) (X) (X)
Saltwater. . (X) (X) (X) (X) (X) (X)
HUNTING
Total, all hunting. . 375 100 9,846 100 10,559 100
Big game. . 337 90 7,622 77 5,729 54
Small game. . *122 *33 *3,061 *31 *3,779 *36
Migratory birds. . *114 *30 *593 *6 *695 *7
Other animals. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.     (X) Not applicable.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
18 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 3. Anglers and Hunters, Trips, and Days of Participation: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Anglers and hunters, trips and
days of participation
Activity in Tennessee Activity by Tennessee residents in United States
Total, state
residents and
nonresidents
State residents Nonresidents
Total, in state of
residence and in
other states
In state of
residence In other states
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
FISHING
Total anglers. . 826 100 709 86 *117 *14 833 100 709 85 *274 *33
Total trips . 16,652 100 15,873 95 *779 *5 17,295 100 15,873 92 *1,422 *8
Total days of fishing. . 16,957 100 16,041 95 *916 *5 17,194 100 16,041 93 *1,793 *10
Average days of fishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 (X) 23 (X) *8 (X) 21 (X) 23 (X) *7 (X)
HUNTING
Total hunters. . 375 100 276 74 ... ... 286 100 276 96 ... ...
Total trips . 10,559 100 10,350 98 ... ... 10,374 100 10,350 100 ... ...
Total days of hunting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,846 100 9,507 97 ... ... 9,595 100 9,507 99 ... ...
Average days of hunting. . 26 (X) 34 (X) ... (X) 33 (X) 34 (X) ... (X)
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably     (X) Not applicable.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Table 4. Tennessee Resident Anglers and Hunters by Place Fished or Hunted: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Place fished or hunted
Anglers Hunters
Number Percent Number Percent
Total, all places . 833 100 286 100
In-state only . 558 67 259 90
In-state and other states. . *151 *18 ... ...
In other states only. . ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
Table 5. Tennessee Resident Anglers and Hunters, Days of Participation, and Trips in the United States
by Type of Fishing and Hunting: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Type of fishing and hunting
Participants Days of participation Trips
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
FISHING
Total, all fishing. . 833 100 17,194 100 17,295 100
Total, all freshwater. . 775 93 16,933 98 17,049 99
  Freshwater, except Great Lakes . 775 93 16,933 98 17,049 99
  Great Lakes. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
Saltwater. . *109 *13 *321 *2 *246 *1
HUNTING
Total, all hunting. . 286 100 9,595 100 10,374 100
Big game. . 261 91 7,429 77 5,669 55
Small game. . *118 *41 *3,062 *32 *3,765 *36
Migratory birds. . *43 *15 *482 *5 *584 *6
Other animals. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 19
Table 6. Freshwater Anglers, Trips, Days of Fishing, and Type of Water Fished: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Anglers, trips, and days of fishing
Activity in Tennessee
Total, state residents
and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Total anglers . 826 100 709 86 *117 *14
Total trips. . 16,652 100 15,873 95 *779 *5
Total days of fishing . 16,957 100 16,041 95 *916 *5
Average days of fishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 (X) 23 (X) *8 (X)
ANGLERS
Total, all types of water. . 826 100 709 86 *117 *14
Ponds, lakes, or reservoirs . 708 100 626 88 *82 *12
Rivers or streams.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 389 100 316 81 *73 *19
DAYS
Total, all types of water. . 16,957 100 16,041 95 *916 *5
Ponds, lakes, or reservoirs . 11,278 100 10,648 94 *630 *6
Rivers or streams.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 6,955 100 6,296 91 *660 *9
… Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.    (X) Not applicable.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Table 7. Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing in Tennessee by Type of Fish: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Anglers and days of fishing
Activity in Tennessee
Total, state residents and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents
Number
Percent of
total types
Percent of
anglers/days Number
Percent of
anglers/days Number
Percent of
anglers/days
ANGLERS
Total, all types of fish . 826 100 100 709 86 *117 *14
Crappie. . 168 20 100 *142 *85 ... ...
Panfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 25 100 *190 *90 ... ...
White bass, striped bass, striped bass hybrids . *139 *17 *100 *122 *87 ... ...
Black bass. . 351 42 100 299 85 ... ...
Catfish, bullheads. . 287 35 100 *274 *95 ... ...
Walleye, sauger. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Northern pike, pickerel, muskie, muskie hybrids. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Steelhead. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Trout. . *105 *13 *100 *62 *59 ... ...
Salmon . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Anything1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *122 *15 *100 *106 *87 ... ...
Other freshwater fish. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
DAYS
Total, all types of fish . 16,957 100 100 16,041 95 *916 *5
Crappie. . 3,608 21 100 *3,393 *94 ... ...
Panfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,663 16 100 *2,577 *97 ... ...
White bass, striped bass, striped bass hybrids . *4,124 *24 *100 *4,027 *98 ... ...
Black bass. . 6,035 36 100 5,724 95 ... ...
Catfish, bullheads. . 4,936 29 100 *4,756 *96 ... ...
Walleye, sauger. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Northern pike, pickerel, muskie, muskie hybrids. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Steelhead. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Trout. . *1,394 *8 *100 *1,256 *90 ... ...
Salmon . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Anything1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1,584 *9 *100 *1,204 *76 ... ...
Other freshwater fish. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Respondent fished for no specific species and identified “Anything” from a list of categories of fish.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
20 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 8. Great Lakes Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing in Tennessee: 2011
This table does not apply to this state.
Table 9. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing in Tennessee by Type of Fish: 2011
This table does not apply to this state.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 21
Table 10. Saltwater Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing in Tennessee: 2011
This table does not apply to this state.
Table 11. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Fishing in Tennessee by Type of Fish: 2011
This table does not apply to this state.
22 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 12. Hunters, Trips, and Days of Hunting in Tennessee by Type of Hunting: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Hunters, trips, and days of hunting
Activity in Tennessee
Total, state residents
and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
HUNTERS
Total, all hunting. . 375 100 276 74 ... ...
Big game. . 337 100 251 75 ... ...
Small game. . *122 *100 *113 *93 ... ...
Migratory birds. . *114 *100 *43 *38 ... ...
Other animals. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
TRIPS
Total, all hunting. . 10,559 100 10,350 98 ... ...
Big game. . 5,729 100 5,649 99 ... ...
Small game. . *3,779 *100 *3,760 *100 ... ...
Migratory birds. . *695 *100 *584 *84 ... ...
Other animals. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
DAYS
Total, all hunting. . 9,846 100 9,507 97 ... ...
Big game. . 7,622 100 7,361 97 ... ...
Small game. . *3,061 *100 *3,043 *99 ... ...
Migratory birds. . *593 *100 *482 *81 ... ...
Other animals. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
 
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Table 13. Hunters and Days of Hunting in Tennessee by Type of Game: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Type of game
Hunters, state residents and nonresidents Days of hunting
Number Percent Number Percent
Total, all types of game. . 375 100 9,846 100
Big game, total.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 337 90 7,622 77
Deer. . 332 89 5,594 57
  Elk. . ... ... ... ...
  Bear. . ... ... ... ...
  Wild turkey. . *138 *37 *1,550 *16
  Other big game. . ... ... ... ...
Small game, total.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . *122 *33 *3,061 *31
  Rabbit, hare. . ... ... ... ...
Quail. . ... ... ... ...
  Grouse/prairie chicken. . ... ... ... ...
Squirrel. . *114 *31 *2,876 *29
Pheasant . ... ... ... ...
  Other small game . ... ... ... ...
Migratory birds, total. . *114 *30 *593 *6
  Waterfowl. . ... ... ... ...
Geese. . ... ... ... ...
   Ducks . ... ... ... ...
Doves . ... ... ... ...
  Other migratory birds. . ... ... ... ...
Other animals, total1. . ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Includes groundhog, raccoon, fox, coyote, crow, prairie dog, etc.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 23
Table 14. Hunters and Days of Hunting in Tennessee by Type of Land: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Hunters and days of hunting
Total, state residents
and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
HUNTERS
Total, all types of land. . 375 100 276 100 ... ...
Public land, total. . *87 *23 *85 *31 ... ...
  Public land only . ... ... ... ... ... ...
  Public and private land. . *78 *21 *78 *28 ... ...
Private land, total. . 366 98 269 97 ... ...
  Private land only. . 288 77 191 69 ... ...
  Private and public land. . *78 *21 *78 *28 ... ...
DAYS
Total, all types of land. . 9,846 100 9,507 100 ... ...
Public land1. . *1,237 *13 *1,234 *13 ... ...
Private land2 . 10,027 102 9,685 102 ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Days of hunting on public land includes both days spent solely on public land and those spent on public and private land.
2 Days of hunting on private land includes both days spent solely on private land and those spent on private and public land.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
24 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 15. Selected Characteristics of Tennessee Resident Anglers and Hunters: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Population Sportspersons
(fished or hunted) Anglers Hunters
Number Percent Number
Percent
who par-ticipated
Percent
of
sports-persons
Number
Percent
who par-ticipated
Percent of
anglers Number
Percent
who par-ticipated
Percent of
hunters
Total persons. . 4,945 100 923 19 100 833 17 100 286 6 100
Population Density of Residence
Urban. . 2,904 59 435 15 47 *377 *13 *45 ... ... ...
Rural. . 2,041 41 488 24 53 456 22 55 214 10 75
Population Size of Residence
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). . 4,548 92 856 19 93 772 17 93 249 5 87
  1,000,000 or more. . 1,994 40 *223 *11 *24 *205 *10 *25 ... ... ...
  250,000 to 999,999. . 660 13 *149 *23 *16 *110 *17 *13 ... ... ...
  50,000 to 249,999. . 1,894 38 484 26 52 457 24 55 *181 *10 *63
Outside MSA. . 397 8 *68 *17 *7 *61 *15 *7 *38 *10 *13
Sex
Male . 2,375 48 664 28 72 578 24 69 272 11 95
Female. . 2,570 52 *259 *10 *28 *255 *10 *31 ... ... ...
Age
16 to 17 years. . *148 *3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
18 to 24 years. . 520 11 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
25 to 34 years. . 856 17 *171 *20 *19 *171 *20 *21 ... ... ...
35 to 44 years. . 1,064 22 *202 *19 *22 *202 *19 *24 ... ... ...
45 to 54 years. . 828 17 *194 *23 *21 *182 *22 *22 *83 *10 *29
55 to 64 years. . 762 15 *147 *19 *16 *138 *18 *17 ... ... ...
65 years and older. . 767 16 *97 *13 *10 *73 *10 *9 ... ... ...
  65 to 74 years. . 444 9 *83 *19 *9 *60 *13 *7 ... ... ...
  75 and older.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 322 7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Ethnicity
Hispanic . *337 *7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Non-Hispanic . 4,608 93 836 18 91 745 16 90 286 6 100
Race
White. . 3,965 80 808 20 88 718 18 86 282 7 98
African American. . 583 12 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
All others.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 397 8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Annual Household Income
Less than $20,000. . 626 13 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
$20,000 to $29,999. . 596 12 *165 *28 *18 *159 *27 *19 ... ... ...
$30,000 to $39,999. . 465 9 *96 *21 *10 *91 *20 *11 ... ... ...
$40,000 to $49,999. . 341 7 *60 *18 *6 ... ... ... ... ... ...
$50,000 to $74,999. . 839 17 *170 *20 *18 *111 *13 *13 ... ... ...
$75,000 to $99,999. . 506 10 *94 *19 *10 *94 *19 *11 ... ... ...
$100,000 to $149,999. . 339 7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
$150,000 or more. . 225 5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Not reported . 1,010 20 *149 *15 *16 *142 *14 *17 ... ... ...
Education
11 years or less. . 928 19 *272 *29 *29 *263 *28 *32 *102 *11 *36
12 years. . 1,759 36 246 14 27 *211 *12 *25 *64 *4 *22
1 to 3 years of college. . 1,063 21 *159 *15 *17 *112 *11 *14 *96 *9 *34
4 years or more of college. . 1,195 24 *246 *21 *27 *246 *21 *30 ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
 
 
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row’s population who participated in the activity
named by the column (the percent of those living in urban areas who fished, etc.). Remaining percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are
described by the row heading (the percent of anglers who lived in urban areas, etc.).
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 25
Table 16. Summary of Expenditures in Tennessee by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined for
Fishing and Hunting: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item Amount
(thousands of dollars)
Spenders
(thousands)
Average
per spender
(dollars)1
Average
per sportsperson
(dollars)1
FISHING AND HUNTING
Total. . 1,925,532 1,147 1,679 1,870
Food and lodging . 173,748 821 212 175
Transportation. . 211,475 782 270 213
Other trip costs2. . 107,826 696 155 108
Equipment (fishing, hunting). . 392,335 719 546 361
Auxiliary equipment3 . 94,814 345 275 65
Special equipment4. . *823,618 *144 *5,700 *828
Magazines, books, and DVDs. . *5,138 *101 *51 *5
Membership dues and contributions. . *7,286 *59 *123 *5
Other5 . 109,292 655 167 110
FISHING
Total. . 1,137,104 848 1,341 1,364
Food and lodging . 78,345 644 122 95
Transportation. . 112,279 677 166 136
Other trip costs2. . 92,401 678 136 112
Fishing equipment. . 210,219 536 392 248
Auxiliary equipment3 . *20,154 *110 *184 *24
Special equipment4. . ... ... ... ...
Magazines, books, and DVDs. . ... ... ... ...
Membership dues and contributions. . ... ... ... ...
Other5 . 47,208 413 114 57
HUNTING
Total. . 494,005 466 1,060 1,168
Food and lodging . 95,404 332 287 255
Transportation. . 99,196 263 377 265
Other trip costs2. . *15,425 *116 *133 *41
Hunting equipment. . 158,388 300 527 341
Auxiliary equipment3 . *57,918 *153 *378 *92
Special equipment4. . ... ... ... ...
Magazines, books, and DVDs. . ... ... ... ...
Membership dues and contributions. . ... ... ... ...
Other5 . 62,085 268 231 166
UNSPECIFIED6
Total. . *269,250 *178 *1,512 *264
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Includes boating costs, equipment rental, guide fees, access fees, heating and cooking fuel, and ice and bait (for fishing only).
3 Includes sleeping bags, packs, duffel bags, tents, binoculars and field glasses, special fishing and hunting clothing, foul weather gear, boots and waders, maintenance and repair
of equipment, processing and taxidermy costs, and electronic equipment such as a GPS device.
4 Includes big-ticket items bought primarily for hunting and fishing including boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles,
pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.
5 Includes land leasing and ownership, licenses, stamps, tags, permits, and plantings (for hunting only).
6 Respondent could not specify whether expenditure was primarily for either fishing or hunting.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
26 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 17. Summary of Fishing Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Tennessee by State Residents and
Nonresidents Combined by Type of Fishing: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item Amount
(thousands of dollars)
Spenders
(thousands)
Average per
spender (dollars)1
Average per
angler (dollars)1
ALL FISHING
Total. . 1,086,496 822 1,322 1,304
Food and lodging . 78,345 644 122 95
Transportation. . 112,279 677 166 136
Other trip costs. . 92,401 678 136 112
Equipment. . 803,472 557 1,443 961
ALL FRESHWATER
Total. . 1,084,278 822 1,319 1,301
Food and lodging . 78,345 644 122 95
Transportation. . 112,279 677 166 136
Other trip costs. . 92,401 678 136 112
Equipment. . 801,254 557 1,439 959
FRESHWATER, EXCEPT GREAT LAKES
Total. . 1,084,278 822 1,319 1,301
Food and lodging . 78,345 644 122 95
Transportation. . 112,279 677 166 136
Other trip costs. . 92,401 678 136 112
Equipment. . 801,254 557 1,439 959
GREAT LAKES
Total. . ... ... ... ...
Food and lodging . ... ... ... ...
Transportation. . ... ... ... ...
Other trip costs. . ... ... ... ...
Equipment. . ... ... ... ...
SALTWATER
Total. . ... ... ... ...
Food and lodging . ... ... ... ...
Transportation. . ... ... ... ...
Other trip costs. . ... ... ... ...
Equipment. . ... ... ... ...
… Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. See Table 19 for detailed listing of expenditure items.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 27
Table 18. Summary of Hunting Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Tennessee by State Residents and
Nonresidents Combined by Type of Hunting: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item Amount
(thousands of dollars)
Spenders
(thousands)
Average
per spender
(dollars)1
Average per
type of hunter
(dollars)1
ALL HUNTING
Total. . 426,331 444 960 994
Food and lodging . 95,404 332 287 255
Transportation. . 99,196 263 377 265
Other trip costs. . *15,425 *116 *133 *41
Equipment. . 216,306 311 696 433
BIG GAME
Total. . 296,049 379 781 674
Food and lodging . 62,847 299 210 168
Transportation. . 71,651 228 314 191
Other trip costs. . *12,760 *95 *134 *34
Equipment. . 148,791 248 601 *281
SMALL GAME
Total. . *65,747 *98 *671 *281
Food and lodging . ... ... ... ...
Transportation. . ... ... ... ...
Other trip costs. . ... ... ... ...
Equipment. . ... ... ... ...
MIGRATORY BIRDS
Total. . *34,581 *104 *331 *273
Food and lodging . *14,802 *97 *153 *117
Transportation. . ... ... ... ...
Other trip costs. . ... ... ... ...
Equipment. . ... ... ... ...
OTHER ANIMALS
Total. . ... ... ... ...
Food and lodging . ... ... ... ...
Transportation. . ... ... ... ...
Other trip costs. . ... ... ... ...
Equipment. . ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. See Table 20 for detailed listing of expenditure items.
28 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 19. Expenditures in Tennessee by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined for Fishing: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item
Expenditures Spenders
Amount
(thousands
of dollars)
Average
per angler
(dollars)1
Number
(thousands)
Percent of
anglers
Average
per spender
(dollars)1
Total, all items.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 1,137,104 1,364 848 103 1,341
TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES
Total trip-related. . 283,024 343 751 91 377
Food and lodging, total. . 78,345 95 644 78 122
Food . 69,056 84 644 78 107
Lodging. . *9,289 *11 *69 *8 *135
Transportation. . 112,279 136 677 82 166
Other trip costs, total. . 92,401 112 678 82 136
Privilege and other fees2. . *2,424 *3 *68 *8 *36
Boating costs3. . *32,168 *39 *176 *21 *183
Bait. . 41,184 50 577 70 71
Ice. . 16,077 19 381 46 42
Heating and cooking fuel. . ... ... ... ... ...
EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENDITURES
PRIMARILY FOR FISHING
Fishing equipment, total. . 210,219 248 536 65 392
Reels, rods, and rod-making components. . 85,307 100 364 44 235
Lines, hooks, sinkers, etc.. . 27,883 33 474 57 59
Artificial lures and flies. . 46,227 53 420 51 110
Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing nets, and gaff hooks. . *4,101 *5 *168 *20 *24
Minnow seines, traps, and bait containers . *1,745 *2 *165 *20 *11
Other fishing equipment4 . *44,955 *54 *248 *30 *181
Auxiliary equipment5 . *20,154 *24 *110 *13 *184
Special equipment6. . ... ... ... ... ...
Other fishing costs7. . 50,608 61 453 55 112
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Includes boat or equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trip (party and charter boats, etc.), public land use, and private land use.
3 Includes boat launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel.
4 Includes electronic fishing devices (depth finders, fish finders, etc.), tackle boxes, ice fishing equipment, and other fishing equipment.
5 Includes sleeping bags, packs, duffel bags, tents, binoculars and field glasses, special fishing clothing, foul weather gear, boots and waders, maintenance and repair of equipment,
processing and taxidermy costs, and electronic equipment such as a GPS device.
6 Includes big-ticket items bought primarily for fishing including boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans,
travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.
7 Includes magazines, books, and DVDs, membership dues and contributions, land leasing and ownership, and licenses, stamps, tags, and permits.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Percent of anglers may be greater than 100 because spenders who did not fish in this state are
included.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 29
Table 20. Expenditures in Tennessee by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined for Hunting: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item
Expenditures Spenders
Amount
(thousands
of dollars)
Average
per hunter
(dollars)1
Number
(thousands)
Percent of
hunters
Average per
spender
(dollars)1
Total, all items.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 494,005 1,168 466 124 1,060
TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES
Total trip-related. . 210,025 561 356 95 589
Food and lodging, total. . 95,404 255 332 89 287
Food . 93,072 248 332 89 280
Lodging. . ... ... ... ... ...
Transportation. . 99,196 265 263 70 377
Other trip costs, total. . *15,425 *41 *116 *31 *133
Privilege and other fees2. . ... ... ... ... ...
Boating costs3. . ... ... ... ... ...
Heating and cooking fuel. . ... ... ... ... ...
EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENDITURES
PRIMARILY FOR HUNTING
Hunting equipment, total. . 158,388 341 300 80 527
Firearms . *54,938 *139 *145 *39 *378
Ammunition . 28,815 *74 151 40 191
Other hunting equipment4. . 74,635 *128 208 56 358
Auxiliary equipment5 . *57,918 *92 *153 *41 *378
Special equipment6. . ... ... ... ... ...
Other hunting costs7 . 67,674 174 282 75 240
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Includes guide fees, pack trip and package fees, public and private land use access fees, and rental of equipment such as boats and hunting or camping equipment.
3 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel.
4 Includes telescopic sights, decoys and game calls, handloading equipment and components, hunting dogs and associated costs, hunting knives, bows, arrows, archery
equipment, and other hunting equipment.
5 Includes sleeping bags, packs, duffel bags, tents, binoculars and field glasses, special hunting clothing, foul weather gear, boots and waders, maintenance and repair of
equipment, processing and taxidermy costs, and electronic equipment such as a GPS device.
6 Includes big-ticket items bought primarily for hunting including boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans,
travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.
7 Includes magazines, books, and DVDs, membership dues and contributions, land leasing and ownership, and licenses, stamps, tags, and permits.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Percent of hunters may be greater than 100 because spenders who did not hunt in this state are
included.
30 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 21. Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Tennessee for Fishing and Hunting by Tennessee
	
	
Residents and Nonresidents: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item
Amount
(thousands
of dollars)
Spenders
(thousands)
Average
per spender
(dollars)1
Average per
sportsperson
(dollars)1
STATE RESIDENTS AND NONRESIDENTS
Trip and equipment expenditures for fishing and hunting, total.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 1,803,816 1,116 1,616 4,815
Trip and equipment expenditures for fishing, total. . 1,086,496 822 1,322 1,304
Food and lodging . 78,345 644 122 95
Transportation. . 112,279 677 166 136
Boating costs2. . *32,168 *176 *183 *39
Other trip costs3. . 60,233 653 92 73
Equipment. . 803,472 557 1,443 961
Trip and equipment expenditures for hunting, total. . 451,503 480 942 994
Food and lodging . 95,404 332 287 255
Transportation. . 99,196 263 377 265
Boating costs2. . ... ... ... ...
Other trip costs3. . *8,774 *99 *89 *23
Equipment. . 241,478 346 698 433
Unspecified equipment4 . *265,817 *131 *2,032 ...
STATE RESIDENTS
Trip and equipment expenditures for fishing and hunting, total.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 1,669,962 834 2,001 6,044
Trip and equipment expenditures for fishing, total. . 1,042,675 690 1,510 1,461
Food and lodging . 61,984 561 111 87
Transportation. . 96,306 597 161 136
Boating costs2. . *29,577 *148 *200 *42
Other trip costs3. . 55,389 585 95 78
Equipment. . 799,419 511 1,565 1,118
Trip and equipment expenditures for hunting, total. . 365,734 293 1,247 1,233
Food and lodging . 75,213 241 312 272
Transportation. . 90,375 224 403 327
Boating costs2. . ... ... ... ...
Other trip costs3. . *8,750 *97 *90 *32
Equipment. . 184,745 249 742 578
Unspecified equipment4 . ... ... ... ...
NONRESIDENTS
Trip and equipment expenditures for fishing and hunting, total.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 133,854 282 475 *1,362
Trip and equipment expenditures for fishing, total. . *43,821 *132 *332 *351
Food and lodging . *16,361 *84 *196 *140
Transportation. . *15,973 *80 *200 *137
Boating costs2. . ... ... ... ...
Other trip costs3. . *4,844 *68 *71 *41
Equipment. . ... ... ... ...
Trip and equipment expenditures for hunting, total. . *85,769 *186 *460 ...
Food and lodging . ... ... ... ...
Transportation. . ... ... ... ...
Boating costs2. . ... ... ... ...
Other trip costs3. . ... ... ... ...
Equipment. . *56,734 *97 *584 ...
Unspecified equipment4 . ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Includes boat launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel.
3 Includes equipment rental, guide and access fees, ice and bait for fishing, and heating and cooking oil.
4 Respondent could not specify whether item was for hunting or fishing.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 31
Table 22. Summary of Tennessee Residents’ Fishing and Hunting Expenditures Both Inside and Outside
Tennessee: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item
Amount
(thousands
of dollars)
Spenders
(thousands)
Average
per spender
(dollars)1
Average
per sportsperson
(dollars)1
FISHING AND HUNTING
Total. . 2,071,598 906 2,286 2,244
Food and lodging . 176,409 776 227 191
Transportation. . 224,612 739 304 243
Other trip costs2. . 123,310 660 187 134
Equipment (fishing, hunting). . 377,528 684 552 409
Auxiliary equipment3 . 69,214 325 213 75
Special equipment4. . *1,001,663 *157 *6,394 *1,085
Magazines, books, and DVDs. . *5,359 *107 *50 *6
Membership dues and contributions. . *6,081 *57 *106 *7
Other5 . 87,422 600 146 95
FISHING
Total. . 1,393,250 799 1,745 1,673
Food and lodging . 99,946 671 149 120
Transportation. . 131,420 659 199 158
Other trip costs2. . 108,081 649 166 130
Fishing equipment. . 228,164 572 399 274
Auxiliary equipment3 . *20,806 *110 *190 *25
Special equipment4. . *751,144 *98 *7,652 *902
Magazines, books, and DVDs. . ... ... ... ...
Membership dues and contributions. . ... ... ... ...
Other5 . 49,148 393 125 59
HUNTING
Total. . 386,714 278 1,389 1,350
Food and lodging . 76,463 243 314 267
Transportation. . 93,192 226 412 325
Other trip costs2. . *15,228 *114 *133 *53
Hunting equipment. . 125,637 219 574 439
Auxiliary equipment3 . *34,631 *132 *262 *121
Special equipment4. . ... ... ... ...
Magazines, books, and DVDs. . ... ... ... ...
Membership dues and contributions. . ... ... ... ...
Other5 . 38,275 231 166 134
UNSPECIFIED6
Total. . *266,686 *185 *1,440 *289
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Includes boating costs, equipment rental, guide fees, access fees, heating and cooking fuel, and ice and bait (for fishing only).
3 Includes sleeping bags, packs, duffel bags, tents, binoculars and field glasses, special fishing and hunting clothing, foul weather gear, boots and waders, maintenance and
repair of equipment, processing and taxidermy costs, and electronic equipment such as a GPS device.
4 Includes big-ticket items bought primarily for hunting and fishing including boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles,
pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.
5 Includes land leasing and ownership, licenses, stamps, tags, and permits, and plantings (for hunting only).
6 Respondent could not specify whether expenditure was primarily for fishing or hunting.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. See Tables 19–20 for a detailed listing of expenditure items.
32 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 23. In-State and Out-of-State Expenditures by Tennessee Residents for Fishing and Hunting: 2011
(State population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item Amount
(thousands of dollars)
Spenders
(thousands)
Average per
spender (dollars)1
Average per
sportsperson
(dollars)1
IN TENNESSEE
Expenditures for fishing and hunting, total. . 1,760,659 843 2,089 1,771
Trip-related expenditures . 424,245 757 560 427
Equipment (fishing and hunting) . 355,059 602 590 357
Auxiliary equipment2 . 67,040 315 213 67
Special equipment3. . *823,618 *144 *5,700 *828
Other4 . 90,697 580 156 91
Expenditures for fishing, total. . 1,091,444 690 1,581 1,321
Trip-related expenditures . 243,256 655 371 294
Fishing equipment. . 206,166 490 421 250
Auxiliary equipment2 . *20,154 *110 *184 *24
Special equipment3. . ... ... ... ...
Other4 . 48,768 383 127 59
Expenditures for hunting, total. . 379,291 276 1,373 1,013
Trip-related expenditures . 180,989 258 701 483
Hunting equipment. . 125,165 219 572 334
Auxiliary equipment2 . *34,631 *132 *262 *92
Special equipment3. . ... ... ... ...
Other4 . 38,506 227 170 103
Unspecified expenditures for fishing and hunting, total5 . *264,975 *168 *1,581 *266
OUT OF STATE
Expenditures for fishing and hunting, total. . 377,082 765 493 379
Trip-related expenditures . *166,228 *279 *595 *167
Equipment (fishing and hunting) . *22,469 *684 *33 *23
Auxiliary equipment2 . ... ... ... ...
Special equipment3. . ... ... ... ...
Other4 . *8,166 *314 *26 *8
Expenditures for fishing, total. . 345,846 647 535 419
Trip-related expenditures . *140,231 *274 *511 *170
Fishing equipment. . *21,997 *572 *38 *27
Auxiliary equipment2 . ... ... ... ...
Special equipment3. . ... ... ... ...
Other4 . *4,921 *198 *25 *6
Expenditures for hunting, total. . ... ... ... ...
Trip-related expenditures . ... ... ... ...
Hunting equipment. . ... ... ... ...
Auxiliary equipment2 . ... ... ... ...
Special equipment3. . ... ... ... ...
Other4 . ... ... ... ...
Unspecified expenditures for fishing and hunting, total5 . ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Auxiliary equipment includes sleeping bags, packs, duffel bags, tents, binoculars and field glasses, special fishing and hunting clothing, foul weather gear, boots and waders,
maintenance and repair of equipment, processing and taxidermy costs, and electronic equipment such as a GPS device.
3 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes,
house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.
4 Other equipment includes expenditures for magazines, books, DVDs, membership dues and contributions, land leasing and ownership, licenses, stamps, tags, and permits, and
plantings.
5 Respondent could not specify whether expenditure was primarily for either fishing or hunting.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 33
Table 24. Wildlife Watching in Tennessee by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Participants Number Percent
Total participants . 1,955 100
Away from home. . 787 40
  Observe wildlife. . 709 36
Photograph wildlife. . 491 25
Feed wildlife. . ... ...
Around the home. . 1,584 81
  Observe wildlife. . 1,054 54
Photograph wildlife. . 480 25
Feed wildlife. . 1,302 67
  Visit parks or natural areas1. . *320 *16
  Maintain plantings or natural areas. . *304 *16
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Includes visits only to parks or natural areas within one mile of home.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Table 25. Participants, Trips, and Days of Participation in Away-From-Home Wildlife Watching in
Tennessee: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Participants, trips, and days of participation
Activity in Tennessee
Total, state residents
and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
PARTICIPANTS
Total participants . 787 100 485 100 *303 *100
Observe wildlife. . 709 90 411 85 *298 *98
Photograph wildlife. . 491 62 *216 *44 *275 *91
Feed wildlife. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
TRIPS
Total Trips. . 6,035 100 5,456 100 *578 *100
Average days per trip . 1 (X) 1 (X) *3 (X)
DAYS
Total days. . 6,424 100 4,443 100 *1,981 *100
Observing wildlife . 5,416 84 *4,083 *92 *1,333 *67
Photographing wildlife. . 2,098 33 *874 *20 *1,224 *62
Feeding wildlife . ... ... ... ... ... ...
Average days per participant. . 8 (X) 9 (X) *7 (X)
Observing wildlife . 8 (X) *10 (X) *4 (X)
Photographing wildlife. . 4 (X) *4 (X) *4 (X)
Feeding wildlife . ... (X) ... (X) ... (X)
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.    (X) Not applicable.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
34 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 26. Away-From-Home Wildlife-Watching Participants by Wildlife Observed, Photographed, or Fed in
Tennessee: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Wildlife observed, photographed, or fed
Total, state residents
and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Total all wildlife. . 787 100 485 62 *303 *38
Total birds. . 644 100 *389 *60 *255 *40
Songbirds (cardinals, robins, warblers, etc.). . 554 100 *342 *62 *211 *38
Birds of prey (hawks, owls, eagles, etc.) . 422 100 *222 *52 *201 *48
Waterfowl (ducks, geese, swans, etc.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *369 *100 *193 *52 ... ...
Other water birds (shorebirds, herons, cranes, etc.). . *200 *100 ... ... ... ...
Other birds (pheasants, turkeys, road runners, etc.). . *280 *100 *149 *53 *131 *47
Total land mammals. . 638 100 *373 *58 *265 *42
Large land mammals (bears, bison, elk, etc.). . 432 100 *231 *53 *201 *47
Small land mammals (prairie dogs, squirrels, etc.). . 549 100 *340 *62 *208 *38
Fish (salmon, sharks, etc.).  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . *194 *100 ... ... ... ...
Marine mammals (whales, dolphins, etc.) . ... ... ... ... ... ...
Other wildlife (butterflies, turtles, etc.) . 383 100 *246 *64 *137 *36
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Table 27. Participation in Wildlife-Watching Activities Around the Home in Tennessee: 2011
(State population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Around the home
Participants
Number Percent
Total around-the-home participants. . 1,584 100
Observe wildlife. . 1,054 67
Visit parks and natural areas1 . *320 *20
Photograph wildlife. . 480 30
Feed wildlife. . 1,302 82
Maintain natural areas. . *169 *11
Maintain plantings . *219 *14
Participants Observing Wildlife
Total, all wildlife. . 1,054 100
  Birds. . 990 94
Land mammals. . 862 82
Large mammals. . 418 40
Small mammals. . 823 78
  Amphibians or reptiles . *343 *33
  Insects or spiders. . 443 42
  Fish and other wildlife . *138 *13
Total, 1 day or more . 1,054 100
  1 to 10 days. . *148 *14
  11 to 50 days. . *230 *22
  51 to 200 days. . *299 *28
  201 days or more. . *369 *35
Participants Visiting Parks or Natural Areas1
Total, 1 day or more . *320 *100
  1 to 5 days. . ... ...
  6 to 10 days. . ... ...
  11 days or more. . ... ...
Participants Photographing Wildlife
Total, 1 day or more . 480 100
  1 to 3 days. . *182 *38
  4 to 10 days. . *122 *25
  11 or more days. . *146 *30
Participants Feeding Wildlife
Total, all wildlife. . 1,302 100
  Wild birds. . 1,298 100
  Other wildlife. . *355 *27
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Includes visits only to parks or natural areas within one mile of home.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 35
Table 28. Tennessee Residents Participating in Wildlife Watching in the United States: 2011
(State population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Participants Number Percent of participants Percent of population
Total participants . 1,733 100 35
Away from home. . 682 39 14
Around the home. . 1,584 91 32
  Observe wildlife. . 1,054 61 21
Photograph wildlife. . 480 28 10
  Feed wild birds or other wildlife. . 1,302 75 26
  Maintain plantings or natural areas. . *304 *18 *6
  Visit parks or natural areas1. . *320 *18 *6
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.
 
 
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. The column showing percent of participants is based on total participants. The column showing percent of
population is based on the state population 16 years old and older, including those who did not participate in wildlife watching.
Table 29. Wild Bird Observers and Days of Observation in Tennessee by State Residents and
	
Nonresidents: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Observers and days of observation
Total, state residents
and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
OBSERVERS
Total bird observers. . 1,382 100 1,132 100 *250 *100
Around-the-home observers. . 990 72 990 88 (X) (X)
Away-from-home observers. . 639 46 *389 *34 *250 *100
DAYS
Total days observing birds.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 140,636 100 138,866 100 *1,770 *100
Around the home. . 135,443 96 135,443 98 (X) (X)
Away from home. . 5,193 4 *3,423 *2 *1,770 *100
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    (X) Not applicable.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
36 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 30. Selected Characteristics of Tennessee Residents Participating in Wildlife Watching: 2011
(State population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Population
Participants
Total Away from home Around the home
Number Percent Number
Percent
who par-ticipated
Percent Number
Percent
who par-ticipated
Percent Number
Percent
who par-ticipated
Percent
Total persons. . 4,945 100 1,733 35 100 682 14 100 1,584 32 100
Population Density of Residence
Urban. . 2,904 59 1,025 35 59 *368 *13 *54 956 33 60
Rural. . 2,041 41 709 35 41 *314 *15 *46 628 31 40
Population Size of Residence
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). . 4,548 92 1,617 36 93 658 14 96 1,468 32 93
  1,000,000 or more. . 1,994 40 557 28 32 *120 *6 *18 548 27 35
  250,000 to 999,999. . 660 13 459 70 26 *192 *29 *28 *408 *62 *26
  50,000 to 249,999. . 1,894 38 601 32 35 *346 *18 *51 512 27 32
Outside MSA. . 397 8 *116 *29 *7 ... ... ... *116 *29 *7
Sex
Male . 2,375 48 828 35 48 *373 *16 *55 687 29 43
Female. . 2,570 52 906 35 52 *309 *12 *45 897 35 57
Age
16 to 17 years. . *148 *3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
18 to 24 years. . 520 11 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
25 to 34 years. . 856 17 *357 *42 *21 ... ... ... *339 *40 *21
35 to 44 years. . 1,064 22 *351 *33 *20 ... ... ... *241 *23 *15
45 to 54 years. . 828 17 *237 *29 *14 ... ... ... *237 *29 *15
55 to 64 years. . 762 15 *278 *36 *16 ... ... ... *268 *35 *17
65 years and older. . 767 16 403 53 23 ... ... ... 399 52 25
  65 to 74 years. . 444 9 *233 *53 *13 ... ... ... *230 *52 *14
  75 and older.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 322 7 *169 *52 *10 ... ... ... *169 *52 *11
Ethnicity
Hispanic . *337 *7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Non-Hispanic . 4,608 93 1,542 33 89 682 15 100 1,393 30 88
Race
White. . 3,965 80 1,600 40 92 667 17 98 1,454 37 92
African American. . 583 12 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
All others.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 397 8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Annual Household Income
Less than $20,000. . 626 13 *208 *33 *12 ... ... ... *208 *33 *13
$20,000 to $29,999. . 596 12 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
$30,000 to $39,999. . 465 9 *211 *46 *12 ... ... ... *204 *44 *13
$40,000 to $49,999. . 341 7 *118 *35 *7 ... ... ... *118 *35 *7
$50,000 to $74,999. . 839 17 *220 *26 *13 ... ... ... *143 *17 *9
$75,000 to $99,999. . 506 10 *128 *25 *7 ... ... ... *81 *16 *5
$100,000 to $149,999. . 339 7 *114 *34 *7 ... ... ... *114 *34 *7
$150,000 or more. . 225 5 *183 *82 *11 ... ... ... *183 *82 *12
Not reported . 1,010 20 386 38 22 ... ... ... 378 37 24
Education
11 years or less. . 928 19 *402 *43 *23 ... ... ... *392 *42 *25
12 years. . 1,759 36 410 23 24 *175 *10 *26 339 19 21
1 to 3 years of college. . 1,063 21 *274 *26 *16 *144 *14 *21 *262 *25 *17
4 years or more of college . 1,195 24 647 54 37 *258 *22 *38 591 49 37
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
 
 
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row’s population who participated in
the activity named by the column (the percent of those living in urban areas who participated, etc.). Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are
described by the row heading (the percent of those who participated who live in urban areas, etc.).
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 37
Table 31. Expenditures in Tennessee by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined for
	
	
	
Wildlife Watching: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item Expenditures
(thousands
of dollars)
Average per
participant
(dollars)1
Spenders
Number
(thousands)
Percent of
wildlife-watching
participants2
Average
per spender
(dollars)1
Total, all items.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 942,573 467 1,788 91 527
TRIP EXPENDITURES
Total, trip-related . 498,440 633 736 94 677
Food and lodging . 397,766 505 597 76 666
Food . 247,310 314 597 76 414
Lodging. . *150,456 *191 *239 *30 *628
Transportation. . 85,791 109 702 89 122
Other trip costs3. . *14,883 *19 *197 *25 *75
EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENDITURES
Total. . 444,133 212 1,489 76 298
Wildlife-watching equipment, total.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 225,364 105 1,398 72 161
Binoculars, spotting scopes. . ... ... ... ... ...
Film and photo processing. . ... ... ... ... ...
Cameras, special lenses, video cameras, and other photographic
equipment, including memory cards. . *42,376 *22 *178 *9 *238
Day packs, carrying cases, and special clothing. . ... ... ... ... ...
Bird food. . 109,377 56 1,077 55 102
Food for other wildlife. . *12,432 *6 *171 *9 *73
Nest boxes, bird houses, bird feeders, and bird baths. . 34,707 9 677 35 51
Other equipment (including field guides). . ... ... ... ... ...
Auxiliary equipment4 . *32,497 *15 *216 *11 *150
Special equipment5. . ... ... ... ... ...
Magazines, books, and DVDs. . *8,400 *4 *150 *8 *56
Membership dues and contributions. . ... ... ... ... ...
Land leasing and ownership. . ... ... ... ... ...
Plantings. . *15,145 *8 *219 *11 *69
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Percent of wildlife-watching participants column for trip-related expenditures is based on away-from-home participation. For equipment and other expenditures, the percent of
wildlife-watching participants column is based on total wildlife-watching participants.
3 Includes equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trips, public land use and private land use, boat fuel, other boating costs, and heating and cooking fuel.
4 Includes tents, tarps, frame packs and other backpacking equipment, other camping equipment, and other auxiliary equipment.
5 Includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers,
recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
38 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 32. Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Tennessee for Wildlife Watching by Tennessee Residents
and Nonresidents: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item Amount
(thousands of dollars)
Spenders
(thousands)
Average
per spender
(dollars)1
Average
per participant
(dollars)1
STATE RESIDENTS AND NONRESIDENTS
Total. . 889,183 1,766 503 443
Food and lodging . 397,766 597 666 505
Transportation. . 85,791 702 122 109
Other trip costs2. . *14,883 *197 *75 *19
Equipment3. . 390,744 1,458 268 188
STATE RESIDENTS
Total. . 471,610 1,335 353 285
Food and lodging . *73,583 *375 *196 *152
Transportation. . *30,925 *410 *76 *64
Other trip costs2. . ... ... ... ...
Equipment3. . 358,537 1,308 274 217
NONRESIDENTS
Total. . 417,574 431 968 *1,301
Food and lodging . *324,183 *223 *1,457 *1,071
Transportation. . *54,866 *293 *187 *181
Other trip costs2. . ... ... ... ...
Equipment3. . ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Includes equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trips, public land use, private land use, boat fuel, other boating costs, and heating and cooking fuel.
3 Includes wildlife-watching auxiliary and special equipment.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. See Table 33 for detailed listed of expenditure items.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 39
Table 33. Wildlife-Watching Expenditures Both Inside and Outside Tennessee by Tennessee Residents:
2011
(State population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item Expenditures
(thousands
of dollars)
Average per
participant
(dollars)1
Spenders
Number
(thousands)
Percent of
wildlife-watching
participants2
Average per
spender (dollars)1
Total, all items.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 733,867 423 1,416 82 518
TRIP EXPENDITURES
Total, trip-related . 306,802 450 630 92 487
Food and lodging . 172,054 252 566 83 304
Food . 116,412 171 561 82 208
Lodging. . *55,642 *82 *171 *25 *325
Transportation. . 103,086 151 596 87 173
Other trip costs3. . *31,662 *46 *298 *44 *106
EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENDITURES
Total. . 427,065 246 1,333 77 320
Wildlife-watching equipment, total.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 206,853 119 1,279 74 162
Binoculars, spotting scopes. . *19,258 *11 *116 *7 *166
Film and photo processing. . ... ... ... ... ...
Cameras, special lenses, video cameras, and other
photographic equipment, including memory cards. . *35,208 *20 *181 *10 *195
Day packs, carrying cases, and special clothing. . ... ... ... ... ...
Bird food. . 109,447 63 1,077 62 102
Food for other wildlife. . *12,432 *7 *171 *10 *73
Nest boxes, bird houses, bird feeders, and bird baths. . 18,407 11 582 34 32
Other equipment. . *1,867 *1 *137 *8 *14
Auxiliary equipment4 . *33,014 *19 *200 *12 *165
Special equipment5. . ... ... ... ... ...
Magazines, books, and DVDs. . *8,674 *5 *153 *9 *57
Membership dues and contributions. . *12,360 *7 *177 *10 *70
Land leasing and ownership. . ... ... ... ... ...
Plantings. . *15,145 *9 *219 *13 *69
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Percent of wildlife-watching participants column for trip-related expenditures is based on away-from-home participation. For equipment and other expenditures, the percent of
wildlife-watching participants column is based on total wildlife-watching participants.
3 Includes equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trips, public land use and private land use, boat fuel, other boating costs, and heating and cooking fuel.
4 Includes tents, tarps, frame packs and other backpacking equipment, other camping equipment, and other auxiliary equipment.
5 Includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers,
recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
40 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 34. In-State and Out-of-State Expenditures by Tennessee Residents for Wildlife Watching: 2011
(State population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure Item Amount
(thousands of dollars)
Spenders
(thousands)
Average
per spender
(dollars)1
Average
per participant
(dollars)1
IN TENNESSEE
Expenditures for wildlife watching, total2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519,709 1,335 389 314
Trip-related expenditures3.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 113,073 443 255 233
Wildlife-watching equipment4 . 197,169 1,269 155 119
Auxiliary equipment5 . *28,485 *195 *146 *17
Special equipment6. . ... ... ... ...
Other7 . *48,099 *315 *153 *29
OUT OF STATE
Expenditures for wildlife watching, total2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *207,788 *428 *486 *585
Trip-related expenditures3.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . *193,729 *342 *566 *566
Wildlife-watching equipment4 . ... ... ... ...
Auxiliary equipment5 . ... ... ... ...
Special equipment6. . ... ... ... ...
Other7 . ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Information on trip-related expenditures was collected for away-from-home participants only. Equipment and other expenditures are based on information collected from both
away-from-home and around-the-home participants.
3 Includes equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trips, public land use and private land use, boat fuel, other boating costs, and heating and cooking fuel.
4 Includes binoculars, spotting scopes, cameras, special lenses, videocameras, other photography equipment, memory cards, film and photo processing, commercially prepared and
packaged wild bird food, other bulk food used to feed wild birds, food used to feed other wildlife, nest boxes, bird houses, feeders, baths, and other wildife-watching equipment.
5 Includes tents, tarps, frame packs and other backpacking equipment, other camping equipment, and other auxiliary equipment.
6 Includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers,
recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.
7 Includes magazines, books, DVDs, membership dues and contributions, and land leasing and ownership.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
Table 35. Participation of Tennessee Resident Wildlife-Watching Participants in Fishing and Hunting:
2011
(State population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Participants
Total wildlife watchers
Wildife-watching activity
Away from home Around the home
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Total participants . 1,733 100 682 100 1,584 100
Wildlife-watching participants who:
Did not fish or hunt. . 1,198 69 *407 *60 1,086 69
Fished or hunted. . 536 31 *275 *40 498 31
Fished. . 514 30 *264 *39 477 30
Hunted. . *105 *6 *59 *9 *82 *5
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.
 
 
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 41
Table 36. Participation of Tennessee Resident Sportspersons in Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2011
(State population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Sportspersons
Sportspersons Anglers Hunters
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Total sportspersons. . 923 100 833 100 286 100
Sportspersons who:
Did not engage in wildlife-watching activities. . 388 42 318 38 *182 *63
Engaged in wildlife-watching activities. . 536 58 514 62 *105 *37
  Away from home. . *275 *30 *264 *32 *59 *21
  Around the home. . 498 54 477 57 *82 *29
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.
 
 
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
State reports for previous Surveys included tables that had estimates for all fifty states. In order to expedite release of the 2011 Tennessee State report, state
estimates have been deleted. To find state estimates other than Tennessee, go to http://wsfrprograms.fws.gov/Subpages/NationalSurvey/reports2011.html.
State reports are being released alphabetically, beginning in early 2013.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 43
Appendix A
44 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Annual household income—Total
2011 income of household members
before taxes and other deductions.
Around-the-home wildlife
watching—Activity within 1 mile of
home with one of six primary purposes:
(1) taking special interest in or trying
to identify birds or other wildlife; (2)
photographing wildlife; (3) feeding
birds or other wildlife; (4) maintaining
natural areas of at least one-quarter
acre for the benefit of wildlife; (5)
maintaining plantings (such as shrubs
and agricultural crops) for the benefit
of wildlife; and (6) visiting parks and
natural areas to observe, photograph, or
feed wildlife.
Auxiliary equipment—Equipment
owned primarily for wildlife-associated
recreation. For the sportspersons
section, these include sleeping bags,
packs, duffel bags, tents, binoculars
and field glasses, special fishing and
hunting clothing, foul weather gear,
boots and waders, maintenance and
repair of equipment, and processing
and taxidermy costs. For the wildlife-watching
section, these include tents,
tarps, frame packs, backpacking and
other camping equipment, and blinds.
For both sportspersons and wildlife
watchers, it also includes electronic
auxiliary equipment such as Global
Positioning Systems.
Away-from-home wildlife watching—
Trips or outings at least 1 mile from
home for the primary purpose of
observing, photographing, or feeding
wildlife. Trips to zoos, circuses, aquar-iums,
and museums are not included.
Big game—Bear, deer, elk, moose,
wild turkey, and similar large animals
that are hunted.
Census Divisions
East North Central
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
East South Central
Alabama
Kentucky
Mississippi
Tennessee
Middle Atlantic
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania
Mountain
Arizona
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
Utah
Wyoming
New England
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont
Pacific
Alaska
California
Hawaii
Oregon
Washington
South Atlantic
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Virginia
West Virginia
West North Central
Kansas
Iowa
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
West South Central
Arkansas
Louisiana
Oklahoma
Texas
Day—Any part of a day spent partici-pating
in a given activity. For example,
if someone hunted two hours one day
and three hours another day, it would
be reported as two days of hunting.
If someone hunted two hours in the
morning and three hours in the after-noon
of the same day, it would be
considered one day of hunting.
Education—The highest completed
grade of school or year of college.
Expenditures—Money spent in 2011
for wildlife-related recreation trips
in the United States, wildlife-related
recreational equipment purchased in
the United States, and other items. The
“other items” were books, magazines,
and DVDs; membership dues and
contributions, land leasing or owning;
hunting and fishing licenses; and plant-ings,
all for the purpose of wildlife-related
recreation. Expenditures
included both money spent by partici-pants
for themselves and the value of
gifts they received.
Appendix A.
Definitions
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee 45
Fishing—The sport of catching or
attempting to catch fish with a hook
and line, bow and arrow, or spear; it
also includes catching or gathering
shellfish (clams, crabs, etc.); and the
noncommercial seining or netting
of fish, unless the fish are for use as
bait. For example, seining for smelt is
fishing, but seining for bait minnows is
not included as fishing.
Fishing equipment—Items owned
primarily for fishing:
Rods, reels, poles, and rodmaking
components
Lines and leaders
Artificial lures, flies, baits, and
dressing for flies or lines
Hooks, sinkers, swivels, and other
items attached to a line, except lures
and baits
Tackle boxes
Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing
nets, and gaff hooks
Minnow traps, seines, and bait
containers
Depth finders, fish finders, and other
electronic fishing devices
Ice fishing equipment
Other fishing equipment
Freshwater—Reservoirs, lakes, ponds,
and the nontidal portions of rivers and
streams.
Great Lakes fishing—Fishing in Lakes
Superior, Michigan, Huron, St. Clair,
Erie, and Ontario, their connecting
waters such as the St. Mary’s River
system, Detroit River, St. Clair River,
and the Niagara River, and the St.
Lawrence River south of the bridge
at Cornwall, New York. Great Lakes
fishing includes fishing in tributaries of
the Great Lakes for smelt, steelhead,
and salmon.
Home—The starting point of a wild-life-
related recreational trip. It may be a
permanent residence or a temporary or
seasonal residence such as a cabin.
Hunting—The sport of shooting or
attempting to shoot wildlife with fire-arms
or archery equipment.
Hunting equipment—Items owned
primarily for hunting:
Rifles, shotguns, muzzleloaders, and
handguns
Archery equipment
Telescopic sights
Decoys and game calls
Ammunition
Hand loading equipment
Hunting dogs and associated costs
Other hunting equipment
Land leasing and owning—Leasing
or owning land either singly or in
cooperation with others for the primary
purpose of fishing, hunting, or wildlife
watching on it.
Maintain natural areas—To set aside
1/4 acre or more of natural environ-ment,
such as wood lots or open fields,
for the primary purpose of benefiting
wildlife.
Maintain plantings—To introduce
or encourage the growth of food and
cover plants for the primary purpose of
benefiting wildlife.
Metropolitan Statistical Area
(MSA)—A Metropolitan Statis-tical
Area is a grouping of one or more
counties or equivalent entities that
contain at least one urbanized area
of 50,000 or more inhabitants. The
“Outside MSA” classification include
census-defined Micropolitan Statistical
Areas (or Micro areas). A Micro area
is defined as a grouping of one or more
counties or equivalent entities that
contain at least one urban cluster of at
least 10,000 but less than 50,000 inhab-itants.
Refer to <www.census.gov
/population/metro/about/>, for a more
detailed definition of the Metropolitan
Statistical Area.
Migratory birds—Birds that regularly
migrate from one region or climate to
another such as ducks, geese, and doves
and other birds that may be hunted.
Multiple responses—The term used
to reflect the fact that individuals or
their characteristics fall into more than
one reporting category. An example
of a big game hunter who hunted for
deer and elk demonstrates the effect of
multiple responses. In this case, adding
the number of deer hunters (one) and
elk hunters (one) would overstate the
number of big game hunters (one)
because deer and elk hunters are not
mutually exclusive categories. In
contrast, for example, total participants
is the sum of male and female partici-pants,
because “male” and “female” are
mutually exclusive categories.
Nonresidents—Individuals who do
not live in the State being reported.
For example, a person living in Texas
who watches whales in California is
a nonresidential wildlife-watcher in
California.
Nonresponse—A term used to reflect
the fact that some Survey respondents
provide incomplete sets of informa-tion.
For example, a Survey respondent
may have been unable to identify the
primary type of hunting for which a
gun was bought. Total hunting expen-diture
estimates will include the gun
purchase, but it will not appear as
spending for big game or any other
type of hunting. Nonresponses result in
reported totals that are greater than the
sum of their parts.
Observe—To take special interest in
or try to identify birds, fish or other
wildlife.
Other animals—Coyotes, crows,
foxes, groundhogs, prairie dogs,
raccoons, alligators, and similar
animals that can be legally hunted and
are not classified as big game, small
game, or migratory birds. They may
be classified as unprotected or preda-tory
animals by the State in which they
are hunted. Feral pigs are classified
as “other animals” in all States except
Hawaii, where they are considered big
game.
Participants—Individuals who engage
in fishing, hunting, or a wildlife-watching
activity. Unless otherwise
stated, a person has to have hunted,
fished, or wildlife watched in 2011 to
be considered a participant.
Plantings—See “Maintain plantings.”
Primary purpose—The principal
motivation for an activity, trip, or
expenditure.
Private land—Land owned by a busi-ness,
nongovernmental organization,
private individual, or a group of indi-viduals
such as an association or club.
Public land—Land that is owned by
local governments (such as county
parks and municipal watersheds),
46 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Tennessee U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
State governments (such as State parks
and wildlife management areas), or the
federal government (such as National
Forests, Recreational Areas, and Wild-life
Refuges).
Residents—Individuals who lived in
the State being reported. For example,
a person who lives in California and
watches whales in California is a resi-dential
wildlife watcher in California.
Rural—All territory, population, and
housing units located outside of urban-ized
areas and urban clusters, as deter-mined
by the U.S. Census Bureau.
Saltwater—Oceans, tidal bays and
sounds, and the tidal portions of rivers
and streams.
Screening interviews—The first
Survey contact with a sample house-hold.
Screening interviews are
conducted with a household repre-sentative
to identify respondents who
are eligible for in-depth interviews.
Screening interviews gather data such
as age and sex about individuals in the
households. Further information on
screening interviews is available on
page vii in the “Survey Background
and Method” section of this report.
Small game—Grouse, pheasants, quail,
rabbits, squirrels, and similar small
animals for which States have small
game seasons and bag limits.
Special equipment—Big-ticket equip-ment
items that are owned primarily for
wildlife-related recreation:
Bass boats
Other types of motor boats
Canoes and other types of nonmotor
boats
Boat motors, boat trailer/hitches, and
other boat accessories
Pickups, campers, vans, travel or tent
trailers, motor homes, house trailers,
recreational vehicles (RVs)
Cabins
Off-the-road vehicles such as trail
bikes, all terrain vehicles (ATVs),
dune buggies, four-wheelers, 4x4
vehicles, and snowmobiles
Other special equipment
Spenders—Individuals who spent
money on fishing, hunting, or wildlife-watching
activities or equipment and
also participated in those activities.
Sportspersons—Individuals who
engaged in fishing, hunting, or both.
Trip—An outing involving fishing,
hunting, or wildlife watching. A trip
may begin from an individual’s prin-cipal
residence or from another place,
such as a vacation home or the home
of a relative. A trip may last an hour, a
day, or many days.
Type of fishing—There are three
types of fishing: (1) freshwater except
Great Lakes, (2) Great Lakes, and (3)
saltwater.
Type of hunting—There are four types
of hunting: (1) big game, (2) small
game, (3) migratory bird, and (4) other
animal.
Unspecified expenditure—An item
that was purchased for use in both
fishing and hunting, rather than
primarily one or the other. Auxiliary
equipment, special equipment, maga-zines
and books, and membership dues
and contributions are the items for
which a purchase could be categorized
as “unspecified.”
Urban—All territory, population, and
housing units located within boundaries
that encompass densely settled territory,
consisting of core census block groups
or blocks that have a population density
of at least 1,000 people per square mile
and surrounding census blocks that
have an overall density of at least 500
people per square mile. Under certain
conditions, less densely settled territory
may be included, as determined by the
Census Bureau.
Visit parks or natural areas—A visit
to places accessible to the public and
that are owned or leased by a govern-mental
entity, nongovernmental organi-zation,
business, or a private individual
or group such as an association or club.
Wildlife—Animals such as birds, fish,
insects, mammals, amphibians, and
reptiles that are living in natural or
wild environments. Wildlife does not
include animals living in aquariums,
zoos, and other artificial surround-ings
or domestic animals such as farm
animals or pets.
Wildl