2011 national survey of fishing, hunting, and wildlife-associated recreation Montana

              Montana
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
2011 National Survey
of Fishing, Hunting,
and Wildlife-Associated Recreation
Bait
U.S. Department of the Interior
Sally Jewell,
Secretary
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Dan Ashe,
Director
U.S. Department of Commerce
Rebecca M. Blank,
Acting Secretary
Economics and Statistics Administration
Mark Doms,
Under Secretary for Economic Affairs
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
Thomas L. Mesenbourg,
Senior Adviser Performing the Duties
of the Director
FHW/11-MT
Issued April 2013
2011 National Survey of
Fishing, Hunting, and
Wildlife-Associated Recreation
Bait
Montana
The U.S. Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nation’s natural resources and cultural
heritage; provides scientific and other information about those resources; and honors its trust responsi-bilities
or special commitments to American Indians, Alaska Natives, and affiliated Island Communities.
The mission of the Department’s U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is working with others to conserve,
protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people.
The Service is responsible for national programs of vital importance to our natural resources, including
administration of the Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Programs. These two programs provide finan-cial
assistance to the States for projects to enhance and protect fish and wildlife resources and to assure
their availability to the public for recreational purposes. Multistate grants from these programs fund the
National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation.
Suggested Citation
U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Department of Commerce,
U.S. Census Bureau. 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Dan Ashe,
Director
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
Thomas L. Mesenbourg,
Senior Adviser Performing the Duties
of the Director
Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration
Hannibal Bolton,
Assistant Director
U.S. Department of the Interior
Sally Jewell,
Secretary
Economics and Statistics
Administration
Mark Doms,
Under Secretary for
Economic Affairs
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana iii
Contents
List of Tables. . iv
Foreword. . vi
Survey Background and Method . vii
Highlights
Introduction. . 2
Summary. . 4
Wildlife-Related Recreation. . 5
Sportspersons . 6
Anglers. . 7
Hunters. . 9
Wildlife Watchers. . 11
2001–2011 Comparison . 13
Tables
Guide to Statistical Tables. . 16
Fishing and Hunting Tables . 17
Wildlife-Watching Tables. . 33
Appendixes
A. Definitions. . 44
B. 2010 Participation of 6- to 15-Year-Olds: Data From Screening Interviews. . 48
C. Significant Methodological Changes From Previous Surveys and Regional Trends. . 54
D. Sample Design and Statistical Accuracy. . 64
iv 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
List of Tables
Fishing and Hunting
1. Fishing and Hunting in Montana by Resident and Nonresident Sportspersons: 2011. . 17
2. Anglers and Hunters, Days of Participation, and Trips in Montana by Type of Fishing and Hunting: 2011. . 17
3. Anglers and Hunters, Trips, and Days of Participation: 2011 . 18
4. Montana Resident Anglers and Hunters by Place Fished or Hunted: 2011. . 18
5. Montana Resident Anglers and Hunters, Days of Participation, and Trips in the United States
by Type of Fishing and Hunting: 2011. . 18
6. Freshwater Anglers, Trips, Days of Fishing, and Type of Water Fished: 2011 . 19
7. Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing in Montana by Type of Fish: 2011 . 19
8. Great Lakes Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing in Montana: 2011. . 20
9. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing in Montana by Type of Fish: 2011. . 20
10. Saltwater Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing in Montana: 2011. . 21
11. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Fishing in Montana by Type of Fish: 2011. . 21
12. Hunters, Trips, and Days of Hunting in Montana by Type of Hunting: 2011 . 22
13. Hunters and Days of Hunting in Montana by Type of Game: 2011. . 22
14. Hunters and Days of Hunting in Montana by Type of Land: 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
15. Selected Characteristics of Montana Resident Anglers and Hunters: 2011. . 24
16. Summary of Expenditures in Montana by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined
for Fishing and Hunting: 2011. . 25
17. Summary of Fishing Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Montana by State Residents and
Nonresidents Combined by Type of Fishing: 2011. . 26
18. Summary of Hunting Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Montana by State Residents and
Nonresidents Combined by Type of Hunting: 2011. . 27
19. Expenditures in Montana by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined for Fishing: 2011 . 28
20. Expenditures in Montana by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined for Hunting: 2011. . 29
21. Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Montana for Fishing and Hunting by Montana Residents
and Nonresidents: 2011. . 30
22. Summary of Montana Residents’ Fishing and Hunting Expenditures Both Inside and
Outside Montana: 2011. . 31
23. In-State and Out-of-State Expenditures by Montana Residents for Fishing and Hunting: 2011. . 32
Wildlife Watching
24. Wildlife Watching in Montana by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined: 2011. . 33
25. Participants, Trips, and Days of Participation in Away-From-Home Wildlife Watching in Montana: 2011. . 33
26. Away-From-Home Wildlife-Watching Participants by Wildlife Observed, Photographed,
or Fed in Montana: 2011. . 34
27. Participation in Wildlife-Watching Activities Around the Home in Montana: 2011. . 34
28. Montana Residents Participating in Wildlife Watching in the United States: 2011. . 35
29. Wild Bird Observers and Days of Observation in Montana by State Residents and Nonresidents: 2011. . 35
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana v
30. Selected Characteristics of Montana Residents Participating in Wildlife Watching: 2011 . 36
31. Expenditures in Montana by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined for Wildlife Watching: 2011. . 37
32. Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Montana for Wildlife Watching by
Montana Residents and Nonresidents: 2011. . 38
33. Wildlife-Watching Expenditures Both Inside and Outside Montana by Montana Residents: 2011. . 39
34. In-State and Out-of-State Expenditures by Montana Residents for Wildlife Watching: 2011. . 40
35. Participation of Montana Resident Wildlife-Watching Participants in Fishing and Hunting: 2011.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 40
36. Participation of Montana Resident Sportspersons in Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2011. . 41
vi 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
When I was growing up, it was taken
as a matter of faith that kids belonged
outside. I grew up with 4 brothers, and
during those long, hot Atlanta summers,
it was common for our mom to holler,
“You boys get outside, and don’t come
back ‘til it’s dark.” It never occurred
to me or my brothers to do anything
else in our spare time but explore the
world around us. The truth is, we had
little else to do. But those experiences
– waking up on frosty mornings and
starting the campfire, scanning trees
for a shot at a scampering gray squirrel
in the dawn light, scouring creek beds
for crawdads and other fishing bait,
or simply of the fun we had tramping
through the forest – shaped who I am,
and drew me to a career in conserva-tion.
That’s why I’m excited by this 2011
National Survey of Fishing, Hunting,
and Wildlife-Associated Recreation.
This report, the 12th in a series that
began in 1955, documents a significant
resurgence in the number of people
embracing America’s Great Outdoors.
Hunting participation has increased by
9 percent, while angling participation
grew by 11 percent. Nearly 38 percent
of Americans participated in wildlife-related
recreation, an increase of 2.6
million participants from the 2006
Survey.
In addition, wildlife-related recre-ation
is a major driver of the nation’s
economy. The 2011 Survey estimates
that Americans spent $145 billion on
related gear, trips, licenses, land acqui-sition
or leases, and other purchases,
representing about one percent of the
nation’s gross domestic product.
This spending creates thousands of
jobs, supports countless local commu-nities
and provides vital funding for
conservation.
This year marks the 75th anniversary
of the Wildlife and Sport Fish Restora-tion
Program, a cornerstone of wildlife
conservation in the United States.
Through excise taxes on firearms,
ammunition, archery and angling
equipment, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service has distributed over $14 billion
for State and territorial wildlife conser-vation
programs.
This report would not have been
possible without the combined efforts
of state wildlife agencies – which
provided financial support through
the Multi-State Conservation Grant
Programs – the Association of Fish
and Wildlife Agencies and a number of
major national conservation organiza-tions.
We also owe our gratitude to the
thousands of survey respondents from
households across America. Because
of you, this Survey is the nation’s
definitive wildlife-related recreation
database and information source
concerning participation and purchases
associated with hunting, fishing and
other forms of wildlife-associated
recreation nationwide.
The Fish and Wildlife Service is dedi-cated
to connecting people and families
with nature. We are proud to celebrate
the good news in this report, and we
look forward to continuing progress
as we work with the States, and all
our partners and the public to help
keep recreational fishing, hunting, and
wildlife watching growing and going
strong.
Dan Ashe
Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Foreword
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana vii
Survey Background and Method
The National Survey of Fishing,
Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated
Recreation (Survey) has been
conducted since 1955 and is one of
the oldest and most comprehensive
continuing recreation surveys. The
Survey collects information on the
number of anglers, hunters, and wild-life
watchers, how often they partici-pate,
and how much they spend on their
activities in the United States.
Preparations for the 2011 Survey
began in 2008 when the Association of
Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA)
asked the Fish and Wildlife Service to
coordinate the twelfth National Survey
of wildlife-related recreation. Funding
came from the Multistate Conservation
Grant Programs, authorized by Wildlife
and Sport Fish Restoration Acts, as
amended.
Four regional technical committees
were set up under the auspices of
AFWA to ensure that State fish and
wildlife agencies had an opportunity to
participate in all phases of survey plan-ning
and design. The committees were
made up of agency representatives.
We consulted with State and Federal
agencies and nongovernmental
organizations such as the American
Sportfishing Association and National
Shooting Sports Foundation to deter-mine
survey content. Other sportsper-sons’
organizations and conservation
groups, industry representatives, and
researchers also provided valuable
advice.
Data collection for the Survey was
carried out in two phases by the
U.S. Census Bureau. The first phase
was the screen which began in April
2011. During the screening phase, the
Census Bureau interviewed a sample
of 48,600 households nationwide, to
determine who in the household had
fished, hunted, or wildlife watched in
2010, and who had engaged or planned
to engage in those activities in 2011.
In most cases, one adult household
member provided information for all
members. The screen primarily covered
2010 activities while the next, more
in-depth phase covered 2011 activities.
For more information on the 2010 data,
refer to Appendix B.
The second phase of data collection
consisted of three detailed interview
waves. The first wave began in April
2011 concurrent with the screen, the
second in September 2011, and the
last in January 2012. Interviews were
conducted with samples of likely
anglers, hunters, and wildlife watchers
who were identified in the initial
screening phase. Interviews were
conducted primarily by telephone, with
in-person interviews for respondents
who could not be reached by phone.
Respondents in the second survey
phase were limited to those who were
at least 16 years old. Each respondent
provided information pertaining only
to his or her activities and expendi-tures.
Sample sizes were designed to
provide statistically reliable results at
the state level. Altogether, interviews
were completed for 11,330 anglers and
hunters and 9,329 wildlife watchers.
More detailed information on sampling
procedures and response rates is found
in Appendix D.
Comparability With
Previous Surveys
The 2011 Survey’s questions and
methodology were similar to those
used in the 2006, 2001, 1996, and 1991
Surveys. Therefore, the estimates are
comparable.
The methodology for these Surveys
differs significantly from the 1955
to 1985 Surveys, so these estimates
are not directly comparable to those
of earlier surveys. Changes in meth-odology
included reducing the recall
period over which respondents had to
report their activities and expenditures.
Previous Surveys used a 12-month
recall period which resulted in greater
reporting bias. Research found that the
amount of activity and expenditures
reported in 12-month recall surveys
was overestimated in comparison
with that reported using shorter recall
periods.
Highlights
2 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
The National Survey of Fishing,
Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated
Recreation reports results from inter-views
with U.S. residents about their
fishing, hunting, and wildlife watching.
This report focuses on 2011 participa-tion
and expenditures of persons 16
years of age and older.
The Survey is a snapshot of one year.
The information it collected tells us
how many people participated and
how much they spent on their activi-ties
in the State in 2011. It does not
tell us how many anglers, hunters, and
wildlife watchers there were because
many do not participate every year.
For example, based on information
collected in the Survey’s household
screen phase, we can estimate that
about 51 percent more anglers and
44 percent more hunters participated
nationally in at least 1 of the 5 years
prior to the screen survey year 2010.
In addition to 2011 estimates, we also
provide trend information in the High-lights
section and Appendix C of the
report. The 2011 numbers reported can
be compared with those in the 1991,
1996, 2001, and 2006 Survey reports
because they used similar methodolo-gies.
The 2011 estimates should not
be directly compared with results
from Surveys conducted prior to 1991
because of changes in methodology to
improve accuracy.
The report also provides information
on participation in wildlife recreation
in 2010, particularly of persons 6 to 15
years of age. The 2010 information is
provided in Appendix B. Information
about the Survey’s scope and coverage
is in Appendix D. The remainder of this
section defines important terms used in
the Survey.
This report does not provide infor-mation
about the State’s wildlife
resources. That, and additional infor-mation
on wildlife-related recreation,
may be obtained from State fish and
wildlife agencies. The Association of
Fish and Wildlife Agencies can provide
the addresses and telephone numbers
of those agencies. The Association’s
website is www.fishwildlife.org.
Additionally, this report does not
provide information about the State’s
number of licensed anglers and hunters.
Historical license data can be found at
wsfrprograms.fws.gov.
Wildlife-Related Recreation
Wildlife-related recreation is fishing,
hunting, and wildlife-watching activi-ties.
These categories are not mutually
exclusive because many individuals
participated in more than one activity.
Wildlife-related recreation is reported
in two major categories: (1) fishing
and hunting, and (2) wildlife watching,
which includes observing, photo-graphing,
and feeding fish or wildlife.
Fishing and Hunting
This Survey reports information about
residents of the United States who
fished or hunted in 2011, regardless of
whether they were licensed. The fishing
and hunting sections report information
for three groups: (1) sportspersons, (2)
anglers, and (3) hunters.
Sportspersons
Sportspersons are those who fished
or hunted. Individuals who fished
or hunted commercially in 2011 are
reported as sportspersons only if they
also fished or hunted for recreation. The
sportspersons group is composed of the
three subgroups shown in the diagram
below: (1) those that fished and hunted,
(2) those that only fished, and (3) those
that only hunted.
The total number of sportspersons is
equal to the sum of people who only
fished, only hunted, and both hunted
and fished. It is not the sum of all
anglers and all hunters because those
people who both fished and hunted are
included in both the angler and hunter
population and would be incorrectly
counted twice.
Anglers
Anglers are sportspersons who only
fished plus those who fished and
hunted. Anglers include not only
licensed hook and line anglers, but
also those who have no license and
those who use special methods such
as fishing with spears. Three types of
fishing are reported: (1) freshwater,
excluding the Great Lakes, (2) Great
Lakes, and (3) saltwater. Since many
anglers participated in more than one
type of fishing, the total number of
anglers is less than the sum of the three
types of fishing.
Sportspersons
Anglers Hunters
Fished
only
Fished
and
hunted
Hunted
only
Introduction
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 3
Hunters
Hunters are sportspersons who only
hunted plus those who hunted and
fished. Hunters include not only
licensed hunters using rifles and
shotguns, but also those who have
no license and those who engage
in hunting with archery equipment,
muzzleloaders, other primitive firearms,
or pistols or handguns.
Four types of hunting are reported:
(1) big game, (2) small game,
(3) migratory bird, and (4) other
animals. Since many hunters partici-pated
in more than one type of hunting,
the sum of hunters for big game,
small game, migratory bird, and other
animals exceeds the total number of
hunters.
Wildlife Watchers
Since 1980, the National Survey has
included information on wildlife-watching
activities in addition to
fishing and hunting. However, unlike
the 1980 and 1985 Surveys, the
National Surveys since 1991 have
collected data only for those activities
where the primary purpose was wildlife
watching (observing, photographing, or
feeding wildlife).
The 2011 Survey uses a strict definition
of wildlife watching. Participants must
either take a “special interest” in wild-life
around their homes or take a trip
for the “primary purpose” of wildlife
watching. Secondary wildlife watching,
such as incidentally observing wildlife
while pleasure driving, is not included.
Two types of wildlife-watching activity
are reported: (1) away-from-home
(formerly nonresidential) activities and
(2) around-the-home (formerly residen-tial)
activities. Because some people
participated in more than one type of
wildlife watching, the sum of partici-pants
in each type will be greater than
the total number of wildlife watchers.
Only those engaged in activities whose
primary purpose was wildlife watching
are included in the Survey. The two
types of wildlife-watching activity are
defined below.
Away-From-Home
This group includes persons who
took trips or outings of at least 1 mile
from home for the primary purpose of
observing, feeding, or photographing
fish and wildlife. Trips to fish or hunt or
scout and trips to zoos, circuses, aquar-iums,
and museums are not considered
wildlife-watching activities.
Around-The-Home
This group includes those who
participated within 1 mile of home and
involves one or more of the following:
(1) closely observing or trying to iden-tify
birds or other wildlife; (2) photo-graphing
wildlife; (3) feeding birds or
other wildlife; (4) maintaining natural
areas of at least 1/4 acre where benefit
to wildlife is the primary concern;
(5) maintaining plantings (shrubs,
agricultural crops, etc.) where benefit
to wildlife is the primary concern; or
(6) visiting parks and natural areas
within 1 mile of home for the primary
purpose of observing, feeding, or
photographing wildlife.
4 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Fishing
Anglers. .
Days of fishing .
Average days per angler. .
Total expenditures. .
Trip-related. .
Equipment and other. .
Average per angler .
Average trip expenditure per day. .
Hunting
Hunters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Days of hunting. .
Average days per hunter. .
Total expenditures. .
Trip-related. .
Equipment and other. .
Average per hunter. .
Average trip expenditure per day. .
Wildlife Watching
Total wildlife-watching participants.
Away-from-home participants. .
Around-the-home participants. .
Days of participation away from home.
Average days of participation
away from home .
Total expenditures. .
Trip-related. .
Equipment and other. .
Average per participant. .
Average trip expenditure per day. .
Fishing
Anglers. .
Days of fishing .
Average days per angler. .
Total expenditures. .
Trip-related. .
Equipment and other. .
Average per angler .
Average trip expenditure per day. .
Hunting
Hunters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Days of hunting. .
Average days per hunter. .
Total expenditures. .
Trip-related. .
Equipment and other. .
Average per hunter. .
Average trip expenditure per day. .
Wildlife Watching
Total wildlife-watching participants.
Away-from-home participants. .
Around-the-home participants. .
Days of participation away from home.
Average days of participation
away from home .
Total expenditures. .
Trip-related. .
Equipment and other. .
Average per participant. .
Average trip expenditure per day. .
Activities in Montana by Residents and Nonresidents
Activities by Montana Residents Both Inside and
Outside Montana
2011 Montana Summary
267,000
2,450,000
9
$339,383,000
$141,885,000
$197,498,000
$1,230
$58
150,000
2,493,000
17
$627,298,000
$232,599,000
$394,699,000
$4,133
$93
402,000
230,000
235,000
1,395,000
6
$400,797,000
$291,910,000
$108,887,000
$933
$209
192,000
3,235,000
17
$385,305,000
$178,504,000
$206,801,000
$2,002
$55
108,000
2,158,000
20
$496,374,000
$125,473,000
$370,901,000
$4,578
$58
258,000
96,000
235,000
1,412,000
15
$226,300,000
$143,443,000
$82,857,000
$878
$102
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 5
Wildlife-Related Recreation
Participation in Montana
The 2011 Survey found that 570 thou-sand
Montana residents and nonresidents
16 years old and older fished, hunted,
or wildlife watched in Montana. Of the
total number of participants, 267 thou-sand
fished, 150 thousand hunted, and
402 thousand participated in wildlife-watching
activities, which includes
observing, feeding, and photographing
wildlife. The sum of anglers, hunters,
and wildlife watchers exceeds the total
number of participants in wildlife-related
recreation because many of the individ-uals
engaged in more than one wildlife-related
activity.
Participation in 2011 by 6- to
15-Year-Old Montana Residents
The focus of the National Survey is on
the activity of participants 16 years old
and older. However, the activity of 6- to
15-year-olds can be calculated using the
screening data covering the year 2010.
It is assumed for estimation purposes
that the proportion of 6- to 15-year-old
participants to participants 16 years old
and older remained the same in 2010
and 2011. Based on this assumption, in
addition to the 192 thousand resident
anglers 16 years old or older in Montana,
there were 57 thousand resident anglers
6 to 15 years old. Also, there were 108
thousand Montanans 16 years old and
older and 23 thousand Montanans 6
to 15 years old who hunted. Finally,
there were 258 thousand Montanans
16 years old and older and 46 thou-sand
Montanans 6 to 15 years old who
wildlife watched. Information on 2010
data for 6- to 15-year-olds is provided in
Appendix B.
Expenditures in Montana
In 2011, state residents and nonresidents
spent $1.4 billion on wildlife recreation
in Montana. Of that total, trip-related
expenditures were $666 million and
equipment expenditures totaled $569
million. The remaining $173 million was
spent on licenses, contributions, land
ownership and leasing, and other items.
Participants in Wildlife-Related Recreation in Montana: 2011
(U.S. residents 16 years old and older)
	
Total. .
.
Sportspersons
Total. .
Anglers. .
Hunters. .
.
Wildlife Watchers
Total. .
Away from home. .
Around the home. .
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Source: Tables 1 and 24.
Percent of Total Participants
by Activity
(Total: 570 thousand participants)
Wildlife
Watching
Fishing Hunting
47%
26%
71%
Wildlife-Related
Recreation Expenditures in Montana
(Total: $1.4 billion)
Trip-related
47%
Equipment
40%
Other
12%
Percent of Total Residential
Participants 6 to 15 Years Old
by Activity: 2010
(Total: 90 thousand participants)
Wildlife
Watching
Fishing Hunting
87%
... Sample size too small (less than 10)
to report data reliably.
...
72%
570 thousand
335 thousand
267 thousand
150 thousand
402 thousand
230 thousand
235 thousand
6 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Sportspersons
In 2011, 335 thousand state resident
and nonresident sportspersons 16
years old and older fished or hunted in
Montana. This group was comprised
of 267 thousand anglers (80 percent
of all sportspersons) and 150 thousand
hunters (45 percent of all sportspersons).
Among the 335 thousand sportspersons
who fished or hunted in the state, 185
thousand (55 percent) fished but did not
hunt in Montana. Another 68 thousand
(20 percent) hunted but did not fish there.
The remaining 82 thousand (25 percent)
fished and hunted in Montana in 2011.
Sportspersons’ Participation in Montana
(State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older)
Sportspersons (fished or hunted). .
.
Anglers. .
Fished only. .
Fished and hunted .
.
Hunters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hunted only. .
Hunted and fished. .
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Source: Table 1.
335 thousand
267 thousand
185 thousand
82 thousand
150 thousand
68 thousand
82 thousand
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 7
Anglers
Participants and Days of Fishing
In 2011, 267 thousand state residents
and nonresidents 16 years old and older
fished in Montana. Of this total, 185
thousand anglers (69 percent) were state
residents and 82 thousand anglers (31
percent) were nonresidents. Anglers
fished a total of 2.5 million days in
Montana—an average of 9 days per
angler. State residents fished 2.1 million
days—85 percent of all fishing days in
Montana. Nonresidents fished 358 thou-sand
days in Montana—15 percent of all
fishing days in the state.
A large majority of Montana residents
who fished anywhere in the United
States did so in their resident state. There
were 192 thousand Montana residents
16 years old and older who fished in the
United States in 2011 for a total of 3.2
million days. An estimated 96 percent of
all Montana residents who fished did so
in their home state. Of all fishing days
by Montana residents, 65 percent or 2.1
million were in their home state. For
further details about fishing in Montana,
see Table 3.
Anglers in Montana
(State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older)
	
Anglers. .
Residents .
Nonresidents. .
.
Days of fishing. .
Residents .
Nonresidents. .
Source: Table 3.
In State/Out of State
(State residents 16 years old and older)
	
Montana anglers. .
In Montana. .
In other states. .
.
Days of fishing. .
In Montana. .
In other states. .
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Source: Table 3.
267 thousand
185 thousand
82 thousand
2.5 million
2.1 million
358 thousand
192 thousand
185 thousand
38 thousand
3.2 million
2.1 million
1.2 million
8 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Fishing Expenditures in Montana
(State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older)
	
Total. .
Trip-related. .
Equipment .
Fishing. .
Auxiliary and special. .
Other. .
Source: Table 19.
Fishing Expenditures in Montana
All fishing-related expenditures in
Montana totaled $339 million in 2011.
Trip-related expenditures, including
food and lodging, transportation,
and other expenses totaled $142
million—42 percent of all fishing
expenditures. Expenditures for food
and lodging were $55 million and
transportation expenditures were $58
million. Other trip expenses, such as
equipment rental, bait, and cooking
fuel, totaled $29 million. Each angler
spent an average of $531 on trip-related
costs during 2011.
Anglers spent $141 million on equip-ment
in Montana in 2011, 41 percent of
all fishing expenditures. Fishing equip-ment
(rods, reels, lines, etc.) spending
totaled $83 million—59 percent of the
equipment total. Auxiliary equipment
expenditures (tents, special fishing
clothing, etc.) and special equip-ment
expenditures (boats, vans, etc.)
amounted to $57 million—41 percent
of the equipment total. Expenditures
classified as special and auxiliary
equipment are on items that were
purchased for fishing but could be used
in activities other than fishing.
The purchase of other items, such
as magazines, membership dues,
licenses, permits, stamps, and land
leasing and ownership, amounted to
$57 million—17 percent of all fishing
expenditures. For more details about
fishing expenditures in Montana, see
Tables 19 and 21 through 23.
Fishing Expenditures in Montana
(Total: $339 million)
Equipment
41%
Trip-related
42%
Other
17%
Percent of Anglers by Residence
(Total: 267 thousand participants)
Residents Nonresidents
69%
31%
$339 million
$142 million
$141 million
$83 million
$57 million
$57 million
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 9
Hunters
Participants and Days of Hunting
In 2011, there were 150 thousand
residents and nonresidents 16 years
old and older who hunted in Montana.
Resident hunters numbered 104
thousand, accounting for 70 percent
of the hunters in Montana. There
were 46 thousand nonresidents who
hunted in Montana—30 percent of
the State’s hunters. Residents and
nonresidents hunted 2.5 million days
in 2011, an average of 17 days per
hunter. Residents hunted 2.0 million
days in Montana or 80 percent of all
hunting days, while nonresidents spent
491 thousand days in Montana or 20
percent of all hunting days.
There were 108 thousand Montana
residents 16 years old and older who
hunted in the United States in 2011 for
a total of 2.2 million days. An estimated
96 percent of all Montana residents
who hunted did so in their home
state. Of all hunting days by Montana
residents, 93 percent or 2.0 million
were spent pursuing game in their
home state. For further information on
hunting activities by Montana residents,
see Table 3.
Hunters in Montana
(State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older)
	
Hunters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residents .
Nonresidents. .
.
Days of hunting. .
Residents .
Nonresidents. .
Source: Table 3.
150 thousand
104 thousand
46 thousand
2.5 million
2.0 million
491 thousand
In State/Out of State
(State residents 16 years old and older)
	
Montana hunters.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
In Montana. .
In other states. .
.
Days of hunting. .
In Montana. .
In other states. .
… Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
Source: Table 3.
108 thousand
104 thousand
...
2.2 million
2.0 million
...
10 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Hunting Expenditures in Montana
(State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older)
	
Total. .
Trip-related. .
Equipment .
Hunting. .
Auxiliary and special. .
Other. .
Source: Table 20.
Hunting Expenditures in Montana
All hunting-related expenditures
in Montana totaled $627 million in
2011. Trip-related expenses, such
as food and lodging, transporta-tion,
and other trip expenses, totaled
$233 million—37 percent of total
expenditures. Expenditures for food
and lodging were $91 million and
transportation expenditures were $132
million. Other trip expenses, such as
equipment rental, totaled $9 million
for the year. The average trip-related
expenditure per hunter was $1,548.
Hunters spent $285 million on equip-ment—
45 percent of all hunting
expenditures. Hunting equipment
(guns, ammunition, etc.) totaled $165
million and made up 58 percent of all
equipment costs. Hunters spent $120
million on auxiliary equipment (tents,
special hunting clothes, etc.) and
special equipment (boats, vans, etc.),
accounting for 42 percent of total
equipment expenditures for hunting.
Expenditures classified as special
and auxiliary equipment are on items
that were purchased for hunting but
could be used in activities other than
hunting.
The purchase of other items, such
as magazines, membership dues,
licenses, permits, and land leasing,
and ownership, cost hunters $110
million—18 percent of all hunting
expenditures. For more details on
hunting expenditures in Montana, see
Tables 20 through 23.
Hunting Expenditures in Montana
(Total: $627 million)
Equipment
45%
Trip-related
37%
Other
18%
Comparative Hunting Expenditures by Type of Hunting
All hunting
Big game
Small game
Migratory birds
Other animals
$1,548 $1,509
$449
... ... ...
$93 $95
$36
Trip expenditures per hunter:
... Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
Trip expenditures per day:
...
$627 million
$233 million
$285 million
$165 million
$120 million
$110 million
Percent of Hunters by Residence
(Total: 150 thousand participants)
Residents Nonresidents
70%
30%
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 11
Participants and Days of Activity
In 2011, 402 thousand U.S. residents
16 years old and older fed, observed,
or photographed wildlife in Montana.
Most of them, 58 percent (235 thou-sand),
enjoyed their activities close
to home and are called “around-the-home”
participants. Those persons who
enjoyed wildlife at least one mile from
home are called “away-from-home”
participants. People participating in
away-from-home activities in Montana
in 2011 numbered 230 thousand—57
percent of all wildlife watchers in
Montana. Of the 230 thousand, 71
thousand were state residents and 160
thousand were nonresidents.
Montanans 16 years old and older who
enjoyed away-from-home wildlife
watching within their state totaled 71
thousand. Of this group, 64 thousand
participants observed wildlife and 42
thousand photographed wildlife. Since
some individuals engaged in more than
one of the away-from-home activities
during the year, the sum of wildlife
observers, feeders, and photographers
exceeds the total number away-from-home
participants.
Montanans spent 625 thousand days
engaged in away-from-home wildlife-watching
activities in their state. They
spent 420 thousand days observing
and 279 thousand days photographing
wildlife. For further details about away-from-
home activities, see Table 25.
Montana residents also took an
active interest in wildlife around their
homes. In 2011, 235 thousand state
residents enjoyed observing, feeding,
and photographing wildlife within
one mile of their homes. Among this
around-the-home group, 129 thousand
fed, 171 thousand observed, and 89
thousand photographed wildlife around
their homes. Summing the number of
participants in these activities results
in an estimate that exceeds the total
number of around-the-home partici-pants
because many people participated
in more than one type of around-the-home
activity. In addition, 31 percent
of Montanan around-the-home wildlife
watchers also enjoyed wildlife away
from home. For further details about
Montana residents participating in
around-the-home wildlife-watching
activities, see Table 27.
Away-From-Home Wildlife-Watching Participation in Montana
(State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older)
	
Participants, total. .
Observe wildlife. .
Photograph wildlife. .
Feed wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Days, total .
Observe wildlife. .
Photograph wildlife. .
Feed wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
… Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Source: Table 25.
230 thousand
223 thousand
159 thousand
...
1.4 million
946 thousand
687 thousand
...
Wildlife Watchers
Wildlife-Watching Participants in Montana
(State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older)
	
Total. .
Around the home. .
Away from home. .
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Source: Table 24.
Around-The-Home Wildlife-Watching Participation in Montana
(State residents 16 years old and older)
	
Total. .
Feed wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Observe wildlife. .
Photograph wildlife. .
Maintain natural areas. .
Maintain plantings. .
Visit parks and natural areas .
… Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Source: Table 27.
402 thousand
235 thousand
230 thousand
235 thousand
129 thousand
171 thousand
89 thousand
...
...
...
12 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Wild Bird Observers in Montana
(State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older)
	
Participants, total. .
Around the home. .
Away from home. .
.
Days, total .
Around the home. .
Away from home. .
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Source: Table 29.
Wild Bird Observers
Bird watching attracted many wildlife
enthusiasts in Montana. In 2011, 291
thousand people observed birds around
the home and on trips in the state. A
majority, 55 percent (160 thousand),
observed wild birds around the home
while 59 percent (172 thousand) took
trips away from home to watch birds.
Wildlife-Watching Expenditures in
Montana
Wildlife watchers spent $401 million
on wildlife-watching activities in
Montana in 2011. Trip-related expendi-tures,
including food and lodging ($78
million), transportation ($72 million),
and other trip expenses ($141 million),
such as equipment rental, amounted
to $292 million. This summation
comprised 73 percent of all wildlife-watching
expenditures by participants.
The average of the trip-related expendi-tures
for away-from-home participants
was $1,267 per person in 2011.
Wildlife-watching participants spent
nearly $104 million on equipment—26
percent of all their expenditures.
Specifically, wildlife-watching equip-ment
(binoculars, special clothing,
etc.) expenditures totaled $57 million,
55 percent of the equipment total.
Auxiliary equipment expenditures
(tents, backpacking equipment, etc.)
and special equipment expenditures
(campers, trucks, etc.) amounted to
$47 million—45 percent of all equip-ment
costs. Expenditures classified
as special and auxiliary equipment
are on items that were purchased for
wildlife-watching recreation but could
be used in activities other than wildlife
watching.
Other items purchased by wildlife-watching
participants, such as maga-zines,
membership dues and contribu-tions,
land leasing and ownership,
and plantings, totaled $5 million—1
percent of all wildlife-watching expen-ditures.
For more details about wildlife-watching
expenditures in Montana, see
Table 31.
Wildlife-Watching
Expenditures in Montana
(Total: $401 million)
Equipment
26%
Trip-related
73%
Other
1%
Away-From-Home Activity
by Around-The-Home Participants
(Total: 235 thousand participants)
Both around
the home
and away
from home
Around the
home only
69%
31%
291 thousand
160 thousand
172 thousand
21.4 million
20.7 million
636 thousand
Wildlife-Watching Expenditures in Montana
(State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older)
	
Total. .
Trip-related. .
Equipment .
Wildlife watching. .
Auxiliary and special. .
Other. .
Source: Table 31.
$401 million
$292 million
$104 million
$57 million
$47 million
$5 million
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 13
Comparing the estimates from the
2001, 2006, and 2011 Surveys gives
a perspective on the state of wildlife-related
recreation in the early twenty-first
century in Montana. Only the most
general recreation comparisons are
presented here.
The best way to compare estimates
from surveys is not to compare the
estimates themselves but to compare
the confidence intervals around the esti-mates.
A 90-percent confidence interval
around the estimate gives the range of
estimates that 90 percent of all possible
representative samples would supply. If
the 90-percent confidence intervals of
the two surveys’ estimates overlap, it
is not possible to say the two estimates
are statistically different.
The state resident estimates cover the
participation and expenditure activity
of Montana residents anywhere in
the United States. The in-state esti-mates
cover the participation, day, and
expenditure activity if U.S. residents in
Montana.
The expenditure estimates were made
comparable by adjusting the estimates
for inflation—all estimates are in 2011
dollars.
2001–2011 Comparison
Montana 2001 and 2011 Comparison
(Numbers in thousands. Expenditures in 2011 dollars)
2001 2011 Percent change
.
Fishing.
Anglers in state. .
Days in state. .
In-state expenditures by U.S. anglers. .
State resident anglers .
Total expenditures by state residents .
Hunting
	
	
Hunters in state. .
Days in state. .
In-state expenditures by U.S. hunters. .
State resident hunters .
Total expenditures by state residents .
Away-From-Home Wildlife Watching
	
	
Participants in state.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
Days in state. .
State resident participants. .
Around-The-Home Wildlife Watching
	
	
Total participants. .
Observers .
Feeders .
Wildlife-Watching Expenditures
	
In-state expenditures by U.S. wildlife watchers. .
Total expenditures by state residents .
NS Not different from zero at the 10 percent level of significance
349 267 NS–23
4,068 2,450 NS–40
$370,940 $339,383 NS–9
221 192 NS–13
$257,519 $385,305 NS50
229 150 NS–34
2,442 2,493 NS2
$301,788 $627,298 NS108
171 108 –37
$204,794 $496,374 NS142
511 230 –55
4,612 1,395 NS–70
195 96 –51
341 235 –31
282 171 –39
246 129 –48
$444,969 $400,797 NS–10
$286,169 $226,300 NS–21
14 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Number of People Who Hunted
and Fished in Montana:
2001–2011
(In thousands)
349
291
229
197
267
150
Number of People Who Wildlife
Watched in Montana:
2001–2011
(In thousands)
Around the home
Away from home
2001 2006 2011 2001 2006 2011
341
511
389
512
235 230
Total Expenditures by
Participants in Montana
(In millions of 2011 dollars)
Anglers
Hunters
Wildlife Watchers
2001 2006 2011
371
302
445
253
346
420
339
627
401
Anglers
Hunters
Montana 2006 and 2011 Comparison
(Numbers in thousands. Expenditures in 2011 dollars)
2006 2011 Percent change
.
Fishing.
Anglers in state. .
Days in state. .
In-state expenditures by U.S. anglers. .
State resident anglers .
Total expenditures by state residents .
Hunting
	
	
Hunters in state. .
Days in state. .
In-state expenditures by U.S. hunters. .
State resident hunters .
Total expenditures by state residents .
Away-From-Home Wildlife Watching
	
	
Participants in state.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
Days in state. .
State resident participants. .
Around-The-Home Wildlife Watching
	
	
Total participants. .
Observers .
Feeders .
Wildlife-Watching Expenditures
	
In-state expenditures by U.S. wildlife watchers. .
Total expenditures by state residents .
NS Not different from zero at the 10 percent level of significance
291 267 NS–8
2,927 2,450 NS–16
$252,553 $339,383 NS34
179 192 NS7
$157,206 $385,305 NS145
197 150 NS–24
2,142 2,493 NS16
$346,491 $627,298 NS81
145 108 NS–26
$244,872 $496,374 NS103
512 230 –55
3,081 1,395 NS–55
184 96 –48
389 235 –40
285 171 –40
248 129 –48
$420,032 $400,797 NS–5
$146,305 $226,300 NS55
Tables
16 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Guide to Statistical Tables
Purpose and Coverage of Tables
The statistical tables of this report were
designed to meet a wide range of needs
for those interested in wildlife-related
recreation. Special terms used in these
tables are defined in Appendix A.
The tables are based on responses to
the 2011 Survey, which was designed
to collect data about participation in
wi­ldlife-
related recreation. To have
taken part in the Survey, a respondent
must have been a U.S. resident (a
resident of one of the 50 states or the
District of Columbia). No one residing
outside the United States (including
U.S. citizens) was eligible for inter-viewing.
Therefore, reported state and
national totals do not include partici-pation
by those who were not U.S.
residents or who were U.S. citizens
residing outside the United States.
Comparability With Previous
Surveys
The numbers reported can be compared
with those in the 1991, 1996, 2001, and
2006 Survey Reports. The methodology
used in 2011 was similar to that used in
those Surveys. These results should not
be directly compared to results from
Surveys earlier than 1991 since there
were major changes in methodology.
These changes were made to improve
accuracy in the information provided.
Coverage of an Individual Table
Since the Survey covers many activi-ties
in various places by participants
of different ages, all table titles,
headnotes, stubs, and footnotes are
designed to identify and articulate each
item being reported in the table. For
example, the title of Table 2 shows that
data about anglers and hunters, their
days of participation, and their number
of trips are reported by type of activity.
By contrast, the title of Table 7 indi-cates
that it contains data on freshwater
anglers and the days they fished for
different species.
Percentages Reported in the Tables
Percentages are reported in the tables
for the convenience of the user. When
exclusive groups are being reported, the
base of a percentage is apparent from
its context because the percents add to
100 percent (plus or minus a rounding
error). For example, Table 2 reports
the number of trips taken by big game
hunters, those taken by small game
hunters, those taken by migratory bird
hunters, and those taken by hunters
pursuing other animals. These comprise
100 percent because they are exclusive
categories.
Percents should not add to 100
when nonexclusive groups are being
reported. Using Table 2 as an example
again, note that adding the percentages
associated with the total number of big
game hunters, total small game hunters,
total migratory bird hunters, and total
hunters of other animals will not yield
total hunters because respondents could
hunt for more than one type of game.
When the base of the percentage is not
apparent in context, it is identified in a
footnote. For example, Table 15 reports
two percentages with different bases:
one base being the number of total
participants at the head of the column
and the other base being the total popu-lation
who are described by the row
category. Footnotes are used to clarify
the bases of the reported percentages.
Footnotes to the Tables
Footnotes are used to clarify the infor-mation
or items that are being reported
in a table. Symbols in the body of a
table indicate important footnotes.
The following symbols are used in the
tables to refer to the same footnote each
time they appear:
* Estimate based on a sample size
of 10–29.
... Sample size too small to report
data reliably.
Z Less than 0.5 percent.
X Not applicable.
NA Not available.
Estimates based upon fewer than ten
responses are regarded as being based
on a sample size that is too small for
reliable reporting. An estimate based
upon at least 10 but fewer than 30
responses is treated as an estimate
based on a small sample size. Other
footnotes appear, as necessary, to
qualify or clarify the estimates reported
in the tables. In addition, these two
important footnotes appear frequently:
• Detail does not add to total because
of multiple responses.
• Detail does not add to total
because of multiple responses and
no­nresponse.
“Multiple responses” is a term used to
reflect the fact that individuals or their
characteristics fall into more than one
category. Using Table 5 as an example,
those who fished in saltwater and fresh-water
appear in both of these totals. Yet
each angler is represented only once
in the “Total, all fishing” row. Simi-larly,
in Table 12, those who hunt for
big game and small game are counted
only once as a hunter in the “Total, all
hunting” row. Therefore, totals will be
smaller than the sum of subcategories
when multiple responses exist.
“Nonresponse” exists because the
Survey questions were answered volun-tarily,
and some respondents did not or
could not answer all the questions.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 17
Table 1. Fishing and Hunting in Montana by Resident and Nonresident Sportspersons: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Sportspersons
Total, state residents
and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents
Number
Percent of
sportspersons Number
Percent of
resident
sportspersons Number
Percent of
nonresident
sportspersons
Total sportspersons (fished or hunted). . 335 100 215 100 119 100
Total anglers . 267 80 185 86 82 69
Fished only. . 185 55 111 51 *74 *62
  Fished and hunted.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 82 25 74 34 ... ...
Total hunters. . 150 45 104 49 *46 *38
Hunted only. . *68 *20 *30 *14 *37 *31
  Hunted and fished.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 82 25 74 34 ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Table 2. Anglers and Hunters, Days of Participation, and Trips in Montana by Type of Fishing and
	
Hunting: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Type of fishing and hunting
Participants Days of participation Trips
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
FISHING
Total, all fishing. . 267 100 2,450 100 2,043 100
Total, all freshwater. . 267 100 2,450 100 2,043 100
  Freshwater, except Great Lakes . 267 100 2,450 100 2,043 100
  Great Lakes. . (X) (X) (X) (X) (X) (X)
Saltwater. . (X) (X) (X) (X) (X) (X)
HUNTING
Total, all hunting. . 150 100 2,493 100 2,728 100
Big game. . 128 86 2,040 82 1,437 53
Small game. . *55 *36 *678 *27 *557 *20
Migratory birds. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
Other animals. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.     (X) Not applicable.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
18 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 3. Anglers and Hunters, Trips, and Days of Participation: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Anglers and hunters, trips and
days of participation
Activity in Montana Activity by Montana residents in United States
Total, state
residents and
nonresidents
State residents Nonresidents
Total, in state of
residence and in
other states
In state of
residence In other states
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
FISHING
Total anglers. . 267 100 185 69 82 31 192 100 185 96 *38 *20
Total trips . 2,043 100 1,840 90 204 10 2,127 100 1,840 86 *288 *14
Total days of fishing. . 2,450 100 2,091 85 358 15 3,235 100 2,091 65 *1,172 *36
Average days of fishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 (X) 11 (X) 4 (X) 17 (X) 11 (X) *31 (X)
HUNTING
Total hunters. . 150 100 104 70 *46 *30 108 100 104 96 ... ...
Total trips . 2,728 100 2,194 80 *534 *20 2,231 100 2,194 98 ... ...
Total days of hunting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,493 100 2,002 80 *491 *20 2,158 100 2,002 93 ... ...
Average days of hunting. . 17 (X) 19 (X) *11 (X) 20 (X) 19 (X) ... (X)
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably     (X) Not applicable.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Table 4. Montana Resident Anglers and Hunters by Place Fished or Hunted: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Place fished or hunted
Anglers Hunters
Number Percent Number Percent
Total, all places . 192 100 108 100
In-state only . 155 80 100 92
In-state and other states. . *31 *16 ... ...
In other states only. . ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
Table 5. Montana Resident Anglers and Hunters, Days of Participation, and Trips in the United States
by Type of Fishing and Hunting: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Type of fishing and hunting
Participants Days of participation Trips
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
FISHING
Total, all fishing. . 192 100 3,235 100 2,127 100
Total, all freshwater. . 192 100 2,803 87 2,095 98
  Freshwater, except Great Lakes . 192 100 2,803 87 2,095 98
  Great Lakes. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
Saltwater. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
HUNTING
Total, all hunting. . 108 100 2,158 100 2,231 100
Big game. . 95 88 1,756 81 1,160 52
Small game. . *33 *30 *457 *21 *351 *16
Migratory birds. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
Other animals. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 19
Table 6. Freshwater Anglers, Trips, Days of Fishing, and Type of Water Fished: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Anglers, trips, and days of fishing
Activity in Montana
Total, state residents
and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Total anglers . 267 100 185 69 82 31
Total trips. . 2,043 100 1,840 90 204 10
Total days of fishing . 2,450 100 2,091 85 358 15
Average days of fishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 (X) 11 (X) 4 (X)
ANGLERS
Total, all types of water. . 267 100 185 69 82 31
Ponds, lakes, or reservoirs . 152 100 119 78 *33 *22
Rivers or streams.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 183 100 121 66 *62 *34
DAYS
Total, all types of water. . 2,450 100 2,091 85 358 15
Ponds, lakes, or reservoirs . 1,271 100 1,055 83 *216 *17
Rivers or streams.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 1,497 100 1,288 86 *209 *14
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    (X) Not applicable.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Table 7. Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing in Montana by Type of Fish: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Anglers and days of fishing
Activity in Montana
Total, state residents and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents
Number
Percent of
total types
Percent of
anglers/days Number
Percent of
anglers/days Number
Percent of
anglers/days
ANGLERS
Total, all types of fish . 267 100 100 185 69 82 31
Crappie. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Panfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
White bass, striped bass, striped bass hybrids . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Black bass. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Catfish, bullheads. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Walleye, sauger. . *24 *9 *100 *22 *93 ... ...
Northern pike, pickerel, muskie, muskie hybrids. . *35 *13 *100 ... ... ... ...
Steelhead. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Trout. . 243 91 100 174 72 *69 *28
Salmon . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Anything1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Other freshwater fish. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
DAYS
Total, all types of fish . 2,450 100 100 2,091 85 358 15
Crappie. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Panfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
White bass, striped bass, striped bass hybrids . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Black bass. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Catfish, bullheads. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Walleye, sauger. . *240 *10 *100 *235 *98 ... ...
Northern pike, pickerel, muskie, muskie hybrids. . *297 *12 *100 ... ... ... ...
Steelhead. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Trout. . 2,264 92 100 1,993 88 *271 *12
Salmon . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Anything1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Other freshwater fish. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Respondent fished for no specific species and identified “Anything” from a list of categories of fish.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
20 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 8. Great Lakes Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing in Montana: 2011
This table does not apply to this state.
Table 9. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing in Montana by Type of Fish: 2011
This table does not apply to this state.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 21
Table 10. Saltwater Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing in Montana: 2011
This table does not apply to this state.
Table 11. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Fishing in Montana by Type of Fish: 2011
This table does not apply to this state.
22 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 12. Hunters, Trips, and Days of Hunting in Montana by Type of Hunting: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Hunters, trips, and days of hunting
Activity in Montana
Total, state residents
and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
HUNTERS
Total, all hunting. . 150 100 104 70 *46 *30
Big game. . 128 100 91 71 *37 *29
Small game. . *55 *100 *32 *58 ... ...
Migratory birds. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
Other animals. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
TRIPS
Total, all hunting. . 2,728 100 2,194 80 *534 *20
Big game. . 1,437 100 1,126 78 *312 *22
Small game. . *557 *100 *350 *63 ... ...
Migratory birds. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
Other animals. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
DAYS
Total, all hunting. . 2,493 100 2,002 80 *491 *20
Big game. . 2,040 100 1,609 79 *431 *21
Small game. . *678 *100 *453 *67 ... ...
Migratory birds. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
Other animals. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
 
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Table 13. Hunters and Days of Hunting in Montana by Type of Game: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Type of game
Hunters, state residents and nonresidents Days of hunting
Number Percent Number Percent
Total, all types of game. . 150 100 2,493 100
Big game, total.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 128 86 2,040 82
Deer. . 102 68 1,232 49
  Elk. . 102 68 1,436 58
  Bear. . *18 *12 *339 *14
  Wild turkey. . ... ... ... ...
  Other big game. . ... ... ... ...
Small game, total.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . *55 *36 *678 *27
  Rabbit, hare. . ... ... ... ...
Quail. . ... ... ... ...
  Grouse/prairie chicken. . *40 *27 *342 *14
Squirrel. . ... ... ... ...
Pheasant . *42 *28 *488 *20
  Other small game . ... ... ... ...
Migratory birds, total. . ... ... ... ...
  Waterfowl. . ... ... ... ...
Geese. . ... ... ... ...
   Ducks . ... ... ... ...
Doves . ... ... ... ...
  Other migratory birds. . ... ... ... ...
Other animals, total1. . ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Includes groundhog, raccoon, fox, coyote, crow, prairie dog, etc.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 23
Table 14. Hunters and Days of Hunting in Montana by Type of Land: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Hunters and days of hunting
Total, state residents
and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
HUNTERS
Total, all types of land. . 150 100 104 100 *46 *100
Public land, total. . 122 81 89 85 *33 *73
  Public land only . 61 41 *36 *35 ... ...
  Public and private land. . *61 *41 *52 *50 ... ...
Private land, total. . 89 59 *68 *65 *21 *46
  Private land only. . *28 *19 *16 *15 ... ...
  Private and public land. . *61 *41 *52 *50 ... ...
DAYS
Total, all types of land. . 2,493 100 2,002 100 *491 *100
Public land1. . 2,638 106 2,112 105 *526 *107
Private land2 . 1,142 46 *942 *47 *199 *41
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Days of hunting on public land includes both days spent solely on public land and those spent on public and private land.
2 Days of hunting on private land includes both days spent solely on private land and those spent on private and public land.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
24 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 15. Selected Characteristics of Montana Resident Anglers and Hunters: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Population Sportspersons
(fished or hunted) Anglers Hunters
Number Percent Number
Percent
who par-ticipated
Percent
of
sports-persons
Number
Percent
who par-ticipated
Percent of
anglers Number
Percent
who par-ticipated
Percent of
hunters
Total persons. . 777 100 223 29 100 192 25 100 108 14 100
Population Density of Residence
Urban. . 344 44 *47 *14 *21 *45 *13 *23 *18 *5 *17
Rural. . 433 56 175 40 79 148 34 77 90 21 83
Population Size of Residence
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). . 465 60 105 23 47 94 20 49 *37 *8 *34
  1,000,000 or more. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
  250,000 to 999,999. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
  50,000 to 249,999. . 465 60 105 23 47 94 20 49 *37 *8 *34
Outside MSA. . 313 40 117 38 53 99 32 51 72 23 66
Sex
Male . 384 49 187 49 84 162 42 84 95 25 87
Female. . 393 51 *36 *9 *16 *31 *8 *16 ... ... ...
Age
16 to 17 years. . *25 *3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
18 to 24 years. . 77 10 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
25 to 34 years. . 133 17 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
35 to 44 years. . 147 19 *34 *23 *15 *33 *23 *17 ... ... ...
45 to 54 years. . 140 18 *59 *42 *26 *48 *34 *25 *30 *22 *28
55 to 64 years. . 113 14 *38 *33 *17 *29 *26 *15 *28 *25 *25
65 years and older. . 143 18 *28 *19 *12 *23 *16 *12 ... ... ...
  65 to 74 years. . 89 11 *19 *22 *9 ... ... ... ... ... ...
  75 and older.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 54 7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Ethnicity
Hispanic . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Non-Hispanic . 771 99 223 29 100 192 25 100 108 14 100
Race
White. . 749 96 212 28 95 182 24 94 105 14 97
African American. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
All others.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . *25 *3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Annual Household Income
Less than $20,000. . 105 14 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
$20,000 to $29,999. . 97 13 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
$30,000 to $39,999. . 68 9 *21 *30 *9 ... ... ... ... ... ...
$40,000 to $49,999. . 84 11 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
$50,000 to $74,999. . 99 13 *27 *27 *12 *26 *26 *13 ... ... ...
$75,000 to $99,999. . 104 13 *53 *51 *24 *48 *46 *25 ... ... ...
$100,000 to $149,999. . 58 7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
$150,000 or more. . *32 *4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Not reported . 130 17 *23 *18 *10 *19 *15 *10 ... ... ...
Education
11 years or less. . 83 11 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
12 years. . 240 31 86 36 38 *69 *29 *36 *37 *16 *34
1 to 3 years of college. . 244 31 *46 *19 *21 *41 *17 *21 *23 *9 *21
4 years or more of college. . 210 27 *73 *35 *33 *66 *31 *34 *37 *18 *34
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
 
 
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row’s population who participated in the activity
named by the column (the percent of those living in urban areas who fished, etc.). Remaining percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are
described by the row heading (the percent of anglers who lived in urban areas, etc.).
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 25
Table 16. Summary of Expenditures in Montana by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined for
Fishing and Hunting: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item Amount
(thousands of dollars)
Spenders
(thousands)
Average
per spender
(dollars)1
Average
per sportsperson
(dollars)1
FISHING AND HUNTING
Total. . 1,007,383 383 2,629 2,954
Food and lodging . 145,771 260 561 435
Transportation. . 190,225 305 625 567
Other trip costs2. . 38,488 214 180 115
Equipment (fishing, hunting). . 257,721 194 1,330 739
Auxiliary equipment3 . 129,394 103 1,259 373
Special equipment4. . ... ... ... ...
Magazines, books, and DVDs. . *4,952 *61 *82 *14
Membership dues and contributions. . *23,652 *70 *339 *67
Other5 . 139,682 271 515 413
FISHING
Total. . 339,383 277 1,227 1,230
Food and lodging . 54,909 207 266 205
Transportation. . 57,950 244 238 217
Other trip costs2. . 29,027 187 155 109
Fishing equipment. . 83,447 149 561 286
Auxiliary equipment3 . ... ... ... ...
Special equipment4. . ... ... ... ...
Magazines, books, and DVDs. . ... ... ... ...
Membership dues and contributions. . ... ... ... ...
Other5 . 51,012 198 258 185
HUNTING
Total. . 627,298 179 3,497 4,133
Food and lodging . 90,862 121 752 605
Transportation. . 132,275 139 951 879
Other trip costs2. . *9,461 *59 *161 *63
Hunting equipment. . 164,708 81 2,031 1,075
Auxiliary equipment3 . *88,982 *53 *1,666 *578
Special equipment4. . ... ... ... ...
Magazines, books, and DVDs. . ... ... ... ...
Membership dues and contributions. . *19,345 *45 *426 *121
Other5 . 88,670 133 665 591
UNSPECIFIED6
Total. . *25,802 *70 *369 *76
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Includes boating costs, equipment rental, guide fees, access fees, heating and cooking fuel, and ice and bait (for fishing only).
3 Includes sleeping bags, packs, duffel bags, tents, binoculars and field glasses, special fishing and hunting clothing, foul weather gear, boots and waders, maintenance and repair
of equipment, processing and taxidermy costs, and electronic equipment such as a GPS device.
4 Includes big-ticket items bought primarily for hunting and fishing including boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles,
pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.
5 Includes land leasing and ownership, licenses, stamps, tags, permits, and plantings (for hunting only).
6 Respondent could not specify whether expenditure was primarily for either fishing or hunting.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
26 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 17. Summary of Fishing Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Montana by State Residents and
Nonresidents Combined by Type of Fishing: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item Amount
(thousands of dollars)
Spenders
(thousands)
Average per
spender (dollars)1
Average per
angler (dollars)1
ALL FISHING
Total. . 282,614 264 1,072 1,024
Food and lodging . 54,909 207 266 205
Transportation. . 57,950 244 238 217
Other trip costs. . 29,027 187 155 109
Equipment. . 140,728 151 932 493
ALL FRESHWATER
Total. . 243,927 264 926 879
Food and lodging . 54,909 207 266 205
Transportation. . 55,160 244 226 206
Other trip costs. . 29,027 187 155 109
Equipment. . 104,832 134 785 359
FRESHWATER, EXCEPT GREAT LAKES
Total. . 243,927 264 926 879
Food and lodging . 54,909 207 266 205
Transportation. . 55,160 244 226 206
Other trip costs. . 29,027 187 155 109
Equipment. . 104,832 134 785 359
GREAT LAKES
Total. . ... ... ... ...
Food and lodging . ... ... ... ...
Transportation. . ... ... ... ...
Other trip costs. . ... ... ... ...
Equipment. . ... ... ... ...
SALTWATER
Total. . ... ... ... ...
Food and lodging . ... ... ... ...
Transportation. . ... ... ... ...
Other trip costs. . ... ... ... ...
Equipment. . ... ... ... ...
… Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. See Table 19 for detailed listing of expenditure items.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 27
Table 18. Summary of Hunting Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Montana by State Residents and
Nonresidents Combined by Type of Hunting: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item Amount
(thousands of dollars)
Spenders
(thousands)
Average
per spender
(dollars)1
Average per
type of hunter
(dollars)1
ALL HUNTING
Total. . 517,223 162 3,190 3,408
Food and lodging . 90,862 121 752 605
Transportation. . 132,275 139 951 879
Other trip costs. . *9,461 *59 *161 *63
Equipment. . 284,624 104 2,732 1,860
BIG GAME
Total. . 356,602 138 2,592 2,343
Food and lodging . 71,603 102 700 477
Transportation. . 114,012 119 957 758
Other trip costs. . *7,571 *48 *159 *50
Equipment. . 163,416 86 1,906 1,058
SMALL GAME
Total. . *25,395 *45 *560 *409
Food and lodging . *11,423 *43 *265 *184
Transportation. . *12,068 *45 *266 *194
Other trip costs. . ... ... ... ...
Equipment. . ... ... ... ...
MIGRATORY BIRDS
Total. . ... ... ... ...
Food and lodging . ... ... ... ...
Transportation. . ... ... ... ...
Other trip costs. . ... ... ... ...
Equipment. . ... ... ... ...
OTHER ANIMALS
Total. . ... ... ... ...
Food and lodging . ... ... ... ...
Transportation. . ... ... ... ...
Other trip costs. . ... ... ... ...
Equipment. . ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. See Table 20 for detailed listing of expenditure items.
28 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 19. Expenditures in Montana by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined for Fishing: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item
Expenditures Spenders
Amount
(thousands
of dollars)
Average
per angler
(dollars)1
Number
(thousands)
Percent of
anglers
Average
per spender
(dollars)1
Total, all items.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 339,383 1,230 277 103 1,227
TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES
Total trip-related. . 141,885 531 250 94 567
Food and lodging, total. . 54,909 205 207 77 266
Food . 48,305 181 203 76 238
Lodging. . *6,604 *25 *49 *18 *135
Transportation. . 57,950 217 244 91 238
Other trip costs, total. . 29,027 109 187 70 155
Privilege and other fees2. . *7,891 *30 *73 *27 *107
Boating costs3. . *15,228 *57 *52 *19 *294
Bait. . 1,940 7 103 39 19
Ice. . 2,499 9 102 38 24
Heating and cooking fuel. . *1,468 *5 *56 *21 *26
EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENDITURES
PRIMARILY FOR FISHING
Fishing equipment, total. . 83,447 286 149 56 561
Reels, rods, and rod-making components. . *30,111 *104 *61 *23 *492
Lines, hooks, sinkers, etc.. . 7,963 29 108 40 74
Artificial lures and flies. . 14,169 49 109 41 130
Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing nets, and gaff hooks. . ... ... ... ... ...
Minnow seines, traps, and bait containers . ... ... ... ... ...
Other fishing equipment4 . *27,504 *90 *56 *21 *490
Auxiliary equipment5 . ... ... ... ... ...
Special equipment6. . ... ... ... ... ...
Other fishing costs7. . 56,770 206 204 76 279
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Includes boat or equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trip (party and charter boats, etc.), public land use, and private land use.
3 Includes boat launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel.
4 Includes electronic fishing devices (depth finders, fish finders, etc.), tackle boxes, ice fishing equipment, and other fishing equipment.
5 Includes sleeping bags, packs, duffel bags, tents, binoculars and field glasses, special fishing clothing, foul weather gear, boots and waders, maintenance and repair of equipment,
processing and taxidermy costs, and electronic equipment such as a GPS device.
6 Includes big-ticket items bought primarily for fishing including boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans,
travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.
7 Includes magazines, books, and DVDs, membership dues and contributions, land leasing and ownership, and licenses, stamps, tags, and permits.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Percent of anglers may be greater than 100 because spenders who did not fish in this state are
included.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 29
Table 20. Expenditures in Montana by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined for Hunting: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item
Expenditures Spenders
Amount
(thousands
of dollars)
Average
per hunter
(dollars)1
Number
(thousands)
Percent of
hunters
Average per
spender
(dollars)1
Total, all items.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 627,298 4,133 179 120 3,497
TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES
Total trip-related. . 232,599 1,548 142 94 1,642
Food and lodging, total. . 90,862 605 121 80 752
Food . 66,204 441 121 80 548
Lodging. . *24,658 *164 *44 *30 *555
Transportation. . 132,275 879 139 93 951
Other trip costs, total. . *9,461 *63 *59 *39 *161
Privilege and other fees2. . ... ... ... ... ...
Boating costs3. . ... ... ... ... ...
Heating and cooking fuel. . *4,678 *31 *43 *28 *109
EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENDITURES
PRIMARILY FOR HUNTING
Hunting equipment, total. . 164,708 1,075 81 54 2,031
Firearms . ... ... ... ... ...
Ammunition . *7,947 *53 *66 *44 *121
Other hunting equipment4. . *99,877 *657 *61 *41 *1,643
Auxiliary equipment5 . *88,982 *578 *53 *36 *1,666
Special equipment6. . ... ... ... ... ...
Other hunting costs7 . 110,075 725 148 99 742
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Includes guide fees, pack trip and package fees, public and private land use access fees, and rental of equipment such as boats and hunting or camping equipment.
3 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel.
4 Includes telescopic sights, decoys and game calls, handloading equipment and components, hunting dogs and associated costs, hunting knives, bows, arrows, archery
equipment, and other hunting equipment.
5 Includes sleeping bags, packs, duffel bags, tents, binoculars and field glasses, special hunting clothing, foul weather gear, boots and waders, maintenance and repair of
equipment, processing and taxidermy costs, and electronic equipment such as a GPS device.
6 Includes big-ticket items bought primarily for hunting including boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans,
travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.
7 Includes magazines, books, and DVDs, membership dues and contributions, land leasing and ownership, and licenses, stamps, tags, and permits.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Percent of hunters may be greater than 100 because spenders who did not hunt in this state are
included.
30 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 21. Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Montana for Fishing and Hunting by Montana
	
	
Residents and Nonresidents: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item
Amount
(thousands
of dollars)
Spenders
(thousands)
Average
per spender
(dollars)1
Average per
sportsperson
(dollars)1
STATE RESIDENTS AND NONRESIDENTS
Trip and equipment expenditures for fishing and hunting, total.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 839,097 349 2,408 5,591
Trip and equipment expenditures for fishing, total. . 282,614 264 1,072 1,024
Food and lodging . 54,909 207 266 205
Transportation. . 57,950 244 238 217
Boating costs2. . *15,228 *52 *294 *57
Other trip costs3. . 13,799 185 74 52
Equipment. . 140,728 151 932 493
Trip and equipment expenditures for hunting, total. . 532,040 182 2,919 3,408
Food and lodging . 90,862 121 752 605
Transportation. . 132,275 139 951 879
Boating costs2. . ... ... ... ...
Other trip costs3. . *9,263 *56 *165 *62
Equipment. . 299,441 124 2,410 1,860
Unspecified equipment4 . *24,443 *59 *413 *163
STATE RESIDENTS
Trip and equipment expenditures for fishing and hunting, total.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 681,926 219 3,115 6,526
Trip and equipment expenditures for fishing, total. . 243,942 185 1,316 1,281
Food and lodging . 45,725 161 283 247
Transportation. . 37,292 176 212 201
Boating costs2. . *15,073 *49 *306 *81
Other trip costs3. . 9,336 145 64 50
Equipment. . 136,516 123 1,114 700
Trip and equipment expenditures for hunting, total. . 415,709 126 3,302 3,827
Food and lodging . 36,351 81 448 348
Transportation. . 80,345 95 844 766
Boating costs2. . ... ... ... ...
Other trip costs3. . *5,229 *35 *150 *50
Equipment. . 293,585 98 2,987 2,662
Unspecified equipment4 . ... ... ... ...
NONRESIDENTS
Trip and equipment expenditures for fishing and hunting, total.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 157,171 130 1,213 3,448
Trip and equipment expenditures for fishing, total. . 38,672 78 494 *445
Food and lodging . *9,184 *45 *203 *112
Transportation. . *20,658 *68 *305 *252
Boating costs2. . ... ... ... ...
Other trip costs3. . *4,463 *40 *111 *54
Equipment. . *4,212 *28 *148 *25
Trip and equipment expenditures for hunting, total. . *116,331 *56 *2,064 *2,445
Food and lodging . *54,511 *40 *1,378 *1,196
Transportation. . *51,930 *44 *1,182 *1,139
Boating costs2. . ... ... ... ...
Other trip costs3. . ... ... ... ...
Equipment. . *5,856 *26 *226 ...
Unspecified equipment4 . ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Includes boat launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel.
3 Includes equipment rental, guide and access fees, ice and bait for fishing, and heating and cooking oil.
4 Respondent could not specify whether item was for hunting or fishing.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 31
Table 22. Summary of Montana Residents’ Fishing and Hunting Expenditures Both Inside and Outside
Montana: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item
Amount
(thousands
of dollars)
Spenders
(thousands)
Average
per spender
(dollars)1
Average
per sportsperson
(dollars)1
FISHING AND HUNTING
Total. . 920,954 219 4,206 4,136
Food and lodging . 102,717 193 532 461
Transportation. . 134,260 209 642 603
Other trip costs2. . 67,001 159 421 301
Equipment (fishing, hunting). . 260,029 161 1,619 1,168
Auxiliary equipment3 . *129,511 *75 *1,716 *582
Special equipment4. . ... ... ... ...
Magazines, books, and DVDs. . *4,960 *61 *81 *22
Membership dues and contributions. . *24,793 *55 *451 *111
Other5 . 120,188 192 626 540
FISHING
Total. . 385,305 189 2,036 2,002
Food and lodging . 69,144 169 409 359
Transportation. . 51,321 184 279 267
Other trip costs2. . 58,039 153 380 302
Fishing equipment. . 86,116 126 681 448
Auxiliary equipment3 . ... ... ... ...
Special equipment4. . ... ... ... ...
Magazines, books, and DVDs. . ... ... ... ...
Membership dues and contributions. . ... ... ... ...
Other5 . 53,484 155 345 278
HUNTING
Total. . 496,374 107 4,640 4,578
Food and lodging . 33,573 84 402 310
Transportation. . 82,938 98 850 765
Other trip costs2. . *8,962 *36 *246 *83
Hunting equipment. . 164,321 73 2,261 1,515
Auxiliary equipment3 . *88,717 *42 *2,095 *818
Special equipment4. . ... ... ... ...
Magazines, books, and DVDs. . ... ... ... ...
Membership dues and contributions. . *18,222 *33 *548 *168
Other5 . 66,704 92 727 615
UNSPECIFIED6
Total. . *24,433 *57 *430 *110
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Includes boating costs, equipment rental, guide fees, access fees, heating and cooking fuel, and ice and bait (for fishing only).
3 Includes sleeping bags, packs, duffel bags, tents, binoculars and field glasses, special fishing and hunting clothing, foul weather gear, boots and waders, maintenance and
repair of equipment, processing and taxidermy costs, and electronic equipment such as a GPS device.
4 Includes big-ticket items bought primarily for hunting and fishing including boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles,
pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.
5 Includes land leasing and ownership, licenses, stamps, tags, and permits, and plantings (for hunting only).
6 Respondent could not specify whether expenditure was primarily for fishing or hunting.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. See Tables 19–20 for a detailed listing of expenditure items.
32 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 23. In-State and Out-of-State Expenditures by Montana Residents for Fishing and Hunting: 2011
(State population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item Amount
(thousands of dollars)
Spenders
(thousands)
Average per
spender (dollars)1
Average per
sportsperson
(dollars)1
IN MONTANA
Expenditures for fishing and hunting, total. . 818,978 219 3,740 2,446
Trip-related expenditures . 229,549 206 1,116 686
Equipment (fishing and hunting) . 252,327 158 1,595 754
Auxiliary equipment2 . *122,554 *70 *1,757 *366
Special equipment3. . ... ... ... ...
Other4 . 137,051 192 714 409
Expenditures for fishing, total. . 294,906 185 1,591 1,104
Trip-related expenditures . 107,425 179 601 402
Fishing equipment. . 81,254 123 663 304
Auxiliary equipment2 . ... ... ... ...
Special equipment3. . ... ... ... ...
Other4 . 50,964 153 333 191
Expenditures for hunting, total. . 485,683 107 4,540 3,236
Trip-related expenditures . 122,124 98 1,250 814
Hunting equipment. . 161,507 71 2,273 1,076
Auxiliary equipment2 . *86,330 *39 *2,209 *575
Special equipment3. . ... ... ... ...
Other4 . 84,791 93 916 565
Unspecified expenditures for fishing and hunting, total5 . *23,572 *52 *453 *70
OUT OF STATE
Expenditures for fishing and hunting, total. . *232,399 *167 *1,393 *694
Trip-related expenditures . *204,851 *40 *5,092 *612
Equipment (fishing and hunting) . ... ... ... ...
Auxiliary equipment2 . ... ... ... ...
Special equipment3. . ... ... ... ...
Other4 . *12,890 *77 *167 *38
Expenditures for fishing, total. . *192,858 *135 *1,431 *722
Trip-related expenditures . *173,538 *38 *4,586 *649
Fishing equipment. . ... ... ... ...
Auxiliary equipment2 . ... ... ... ...
Special equipment3. . ... ... ... ...
Other4 . ... ... ... ...
Expenditures for hunting, total. . *39,499 *79 *499 *263
Trip-related expenditures . ... ... ... ...
Hunting equipment. . ... ... ... ...
Auxiliary equipment2 . ... ... ... ...
Special equipment3. . ... ... ... ...
Other4 . ... ... ... ...
Unspecified expenditures for fishing and hunting, total5 . ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Auxiliary equipment includes sleeping bags, packs, duffel bags, tents, binoculars and field glasses, special fishing and hunting clothing, foul weather gear, boots and waders,
maintenance and repair of equipment, processing and taxidermy costs, and electronic equipment such as a GPS device.
3 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes,
house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.
4 Other equipment includes expenditures for magazines, books, DVDs, membership dues and contributions, land leasing and ownership, licenses, stamps, tags, and permits, and
plantings.
5 Respondent could not specify whether expenditure was primarily for either fishing or hunting.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 33
Table 24. Wildlife Watching in Montana by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Participants Number Percent
Total participants . 402 100
Away from home. . 230 57
  Observe wildlife. . 223 56
Photograph wildlife. . 159 40
Feed wildlife. . ... ...
Around the home. . 235 58
  Observe wildlife. . 171 43
Photograph wildlife. . *89 *22
Feed wildlife. . 129 32
  Visit parks or natural areas1. . ... ...
  Maintain plantings or natural areas. . ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Includes visits only to parks or natural areas within one mile of home.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Table 25. Participants, Trips, and Days of Participation in Away-From-Home Wildlife Watching in
Montana: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Participants, trips, and days of participation
Activity in Montana
Total, state residents
and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
PARTICIPANTS
Total participants . 230 100 *71 *100 160 100
Observe wildlife. . 223 97 *64 *90 160 100
Photograph wildlife. . 159 69 *42 *59 *117 *73
Feed wildlife. . ... ... ... ... ... ...
TRIPS
Total Trips. . 705 100 *464 *100 241 100
Average days per trip . 2 (X) *1 (X) 3 (X)
DAYS
Total days. . 1,395 100 *625 *100 770 100
Observing wildlife . 946 68 *420 *67 *526 *68
Photographing wildlife. . 687 49 *279 *45 *408 *53
Feeding wildlife . ... ... ... ... ... ...
Average days per participant. . 6 (X) *9 (X) 5 (X)
Observing wildlife . 4 (X) *7 (X) *3 (X)
Photographing wildlife. . 4 (X) *7 (X) *3 (X)
Feeding wildlife . ... (X) ... (X) ... (X)
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.    (X) Not applicable.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
34 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 26. Away-From-Home Wildlife-Watching Participants by Wildlife Observed, Photographed, or Fed in
Montana: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Wildlife observed, photographed, or fed
Total, state residents
and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Total all wildlife. . 230 100 *71 *31 160 69
Total birds. . 180 100 *64 *35 *116 *65
Songbirds (cardinals, robins, warblers, etc.). . *82 *100 ... ... *60 *74
Birds of prey (hawks, owls, eagles, etc.) . 172 100 *58 *33 *115 *67
Waterfowl (ducks, geese, swans, etc.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 100 *51 *36 *89 *64
Other water birds (shorebirds, herons, cranes, etc.). . *59 *100 ... ... *44 *74
Other birds (pheasants, turkeys, road runners, etc.). . *53 *100 ... ... ... ...
Total land mammals. . 209 100 *57 *27 152 73
Large land mammals (bears, bison, elk, etc.). . 199 100 *57 *29 142 71
Small land mammals (prairie dogs, squirrels, etc.). . *133 *100 ... ... *122 *92
Fish (salmon, sharks, etc.).  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . *44 *100 ... ... ... ...
Marine mammals (whales, dolphins, etc.) . ... ... ... ... ... ...
Other wildlife (butterflies, turtles, etc.) . *80 *100 ... ... *51 *64
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Table 27. Participation in Wildlife-Watching Activities Around the Home in Montana: 2011
(State population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Around the home
Participants
Number Percent
Total around-the-home participants. . 235 100
Observe wildlife. . 171 73
Visit parks and natural areas1 . ... ...
Photograph wildlife. . *89 *38
Feed wildlife. . 129 55
Maintain natural areas. . ... ...
Maintain plantings . ... ...
Participants Observing Wildlife
Total, all wildlife. . 171 100
  Birds. . 160 94
Land mammals. . 157 92
Large mammals. . 141 82
Small mammals. . 119 70
  Amphibians or reptiles . ... ...
  Insects or spiders. . *38 *22
  Fish and other wildlife . ... ...
Total, 1 day or more . 171 100
  1 to 10 days. . ... ...
  11 to 50 days. . *30 *18
  51 to 200 days. . *37 *22
  201 days or more. . *65 *38
Participants Visiting Parks or Natural Areas1
Total, 1 day or more . ... ...
  1 to 5 days. . ... ...
  6 to 10 days. . ... ...
  11 days or more. . ... ...
Participants Photographing Wildlife
Total, 1 day or more . *89 *100
  1 to 3 days. . ... ...
  4 to 10 days. . *30 *33
  11 or more days. . ... ...
Participants Feeding Wildlife
Total, all wildlife. . 129 100
  Wild birds. . 123 95
  Other wildlife. . ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Includes visits only to parks or natural areas within one mile of home.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 35
Table 28. Montana Residents Participating in Wildlife Watching in the United States: 2011
(State population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Participants Number Percent of participants Percent of population
Total participants . 258 100 33
Away from home. . *96 *37 *12
Around the home. . 235 91 30
  Observe wildlife. . 171 66 22
Photograph wildlife. . *89 *34 *11
  Feed wild birds or other wildlife. . 129 50 17
  Maintain plantings or natural areas. . ... ... ...
  Visit parks or natural areas1. . ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
 
 
1 Includes visits only to parks or natural areas within one mile of home.
 
 
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. The column showing percent of participants is based on total participants. The column showing percent of
population is based on the state population 16 years old and older, including those who did not participate in wildlife watching.
Table 29. Wild Bird Observers and Days of Observation in Montana by State Residents and
	
Nonresidents: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Observers and days of observation
Total, state residents
and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
OBSERVERS
Total bird observers. . 291 100 174 100 *116 *100
Around-the-home observers. . 160 55 160 92 (X) (X)
Away-from-home observers. . 172 59 *56 *32 *116 *100
DAYS
Total days observing birds.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 21,365 100 21,030 100 *335 *100
Around the home. . 20,729 97 20,729 99 (X) (X)
Away from home. . 636 3 *301 *1 *335 *100
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    (X) Not applicable.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
36 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 30. Selected Characteristics of Montana Residents Participating in Wildlife Watching: 2011
(State population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Population
Participants
Total Away from home Around the home
Number Percent Number
Percent
who par-ticipated
Percent Number
Percent
who par-ticipated
Percent Number
Percent
who par-ticipated
Percent
Total persons. . 777 100 258 33 100 *96 *12 *100 235 30 100
Population Density of Residence
Urban. . 344 44 *77 *22 *30 ... ... ... *73 *21 *31
Rural. . 433 56 181 42 70 *73 *17 *76 161 37 69
Population Size of Residence
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). . 465 60 *146 *31 *57 *41 *9 *43 *130 *28 *56
  1,000,000 or more. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
  250,000 to 999,999. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
  50,000 to 249,999. . 465 60 *146 *31 *57 *41 *9 *43 *130 *28 *56
Outside MSA. . 313 40 112 36 43 *55 *18 *57 104 33 44
Sex
Male . 384 49 170 44 66 *64 *17 *67 *150 *39 *64
Female. . 393 51 *88 *22 *34 *32 *8 *33 *85 *21 *36
Age
16 to 17 years. . *25 *3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
18 to 24 years. . 77 10 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
25 to 34 years. . 133 17 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
35 to 44 years. . 147 19 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
45 to 54 years. . 140 18 *53 *38 *20 ... ... ... *44 *32 *19
55 to 64 years. . 113 14 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
65 years and older. . 143 18 *77 *54 *30 ... ... ... *77 *54 *33
  65 to 74 years. . 89 11 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
  75 and older.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 54 7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Ethnicity
Hispanic . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Non-Hispanic . 771 99 253 33 98 *91 *12 *95 233 30 99
Race
White. . 749 96 251 33 97 *93 *12 *96 228 30 97
African American. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
All others.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . *25 *3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Annual Household Income
Less than $20,000. . 105 14 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
$20,000 to $29,999. . 97 13 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
$30,000 to $39,999. . 68 9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
$40,000 to $49,999. . 84 11 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
$50,000 to $74,999. . 99 13 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
$75,000 to $99,999. . 104 13 *57 *55 *22 ... ... ... *49 *47 *21
$100,000 to $149,999. . 58 7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
$150,000 or more. . *32 *4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Not reported . 130 17 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Education
11 years or less. . 83 11 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
12 years. . 240 31 *39 *16 *15 ... ... ... *27 *11 *11
1 to 3 years of college. . 244 31 *63 *26 *24 ... ... ... *52 *21 *22
4 years or more of college . 210 27 *142 *67 *55 *46 *22 *47 *140 *67 *60
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
 
 
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row’s population who participated in
the activity named by the column (the percent of those living in urban areas who participated, etc.). Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are
described by the row heading (the percent of those who participated who live in urban areas, etc.).
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 37
Table 31. Expenditures in Montana by State Residents and Nonresidents Combined for
	
	
	
Wildlife Watching: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item Expenditures
(thousands
of dollars)
Average per
participant
(dollars)1
Spenders
Number
(thousands)
Percent of
wildlife-watching
participants2
Average
per spender
(dollars)1
Total, all items.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 400,797 933 380 95 1,054
TRIP EXPENDITURES
Total, trip-related . 291,910 1,267 217 94 1,345
Food and lodging . 78,188 339 213 93 366
Food . 46,150 200 209 91 221
Lodging. . *32,038 *139 *103 *45 *310
Transportation. . 72,284 314 195 85 371
Other trip costs3. . *141,438 *614 *123 *53 *1,152
EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENDITURES
Total. . 108,887 208 214 53 508
Wildlife-watching equipment, total.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 57,216 82 171 42 335
Binoculars, spotting scopes. . ... ... ... ... ...
Film and photo processing. . ... ... ... ... ...
Cameras, special lenses, video cameras, and other photographic
equipment, including memory cards. . *29,807 *24 *44 *11 *672
Day packs, carrying cases, and special clothing. . ... ... ... ... ...
Bird food. . *11,080 *26 *90 *22 *123
Food for other wildlife. . ... ... ... ... ...
Nest boxes, bird houses, bird feeders, and bird baths. . ... ... ... ... ...
Other equipment (including field guides). . ... ... ... ... ...
Auxiliary equipment4 . ... ... ... ... ...
Special equipment5. . ... ... ... ... ...
Magazines, books, and DVDs. . ... ... ... ... ...
Membership dues and contributions. . *2,068 ... *47 *12 *44
Land leasing and ownership. . ... ... ... ... ...
Plantings. . ... ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Percent of wildlife-watching participants column for trip-related expenditures is based on away-from-home participation. For equipment and other expenditures, the percent of
wildlife-watching participants column is based on total wildlife-watching participants.
3 Includes equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trips, public land use and private land use, boat fuel, other boating costs, and heating and cooking fuel.
4 Includes tents, tarps, frame packs and other backpacking equipment, other camping equipment, and other auxiliary equipment.
5 Includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers,
recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
38 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 32. Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Montana for Wildlife Watching by Montana Residents
and Nonresidents: 2011
(Population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item Amount
(thousands of dollars)
Spenders
(thousands)
Average
per spender
(dollars)1
Average
per participant
(dollars)1
STATE RESIDENTS AND NONRESIDENTS
Total. . 396,120 345 1,147 924
Food and lodging . 78,188 213 366 339
Transportation. . 72,284 195 371 314
Other trip costs2. . *141,438 *123 *1,152 *614
Equipment3. . 104,210 175 594 198
STATE RESIDENTS
Total. . 157,013 147 1,068 647
Food and lodging . *33,371 *64 *524 *471
Transportation. . *39,188 *63 *626 *553
Other trip costs2. . ... ... ... ...
Equipment3. . 78,310 109 715 323
NONRESIDENTS
Total. . 239,107 198 1,205 1,346
Food and lodging . 44,818 150 299 281
Transportation. . *33,096 *132 *250 *207
Other trip costs2. . *135,295 *95 *1,420 *848
Equipment3. . ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Includes equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trips, public land use, private land use, boat fuel, other boating costs, and heating and cooking fuel.
3 Includes wildlife-watching auxiliary and special equipment.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. See Table 33 for detailed listed of expenditure items.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 39
Table 33. Wildlife-Watching Expenditures Both Inside and Outside Montana by Montana Residents:
2011
(State population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure item Expenditures
(thousands
of dollars)
Average per
participant
(dollars)1
Spenders
Number
(thousands)
Percent of
wildlife-watching
participants2
Average per
spender (dollars)1
Total, all items.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 226,300 878 182 71 1,243
TRIP EXPENDITURES
Total, trip-related . *143,443 *1,491 *78 *81 *1,839
Food and lodging . *65,421 *680 *75 *78 *867
Food . *40,013 *416 *75 *78 *530
Lodging. . ... ... ... ... ...
Transportation. . *71,520 *744 *78 *81 *917
Other trip costs3. . ... ... ... ... ...
EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENDITURES
Total. . 82,857 321 144 56 575
Wildlife-watching equipment, total.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . . 31,938 124 111 43 289
Binoculars, spotting scopes. . ... ... ... ... ...
Film and photo processing. . ... ... ... ... ...
Cameras, special lenses, video cameras, and other
photographic equipment, including memory cards. . *9,688 *38 *33 *13 *292
Day packs, carrying cases, and special clothing. . ... ... ... ... ...
Bird food. . *10,780 *42 *83 *32 *130
Food for other wildlife. . ... ... ... ... ...
Nest boxes, bird houses, bird feeders, and bird baths. . *1,527 *6 *35 *13 *44
Other equipment. . ... ... ... ... ...
Auxiliary equipment4 . ... ... ... ... ...
Special equipment5. . ... ... ... ... ...
Magazines, books, and DVDs. . ... ... ... ... ...
Membership dues and contributions. . ... ... ... ... ...
Land leasing and ownership. . ... ... ... ... ...
Plantings. . ... ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Percent of wildlife-watching participants column for trip-related expenditures is based on away-from-home participation. For equipment and other expenditures, the percent of
wildlife-watching participants column is based on total wildlife-watching participants.
3 Includes equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trips, public land use and private land use, boat fuel, other boating costs, and heating and cooking fuel.
4 Includes tents, tarps, frame packs and other backpacking equipment, other camping equipment, and other auxiliary equipment.
5 Includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers,
recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
40 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Table 34. In-State and Out-of-State Expenditures by Montana Residents for Wildlife Watching: 2011
(State population 16 years old and older)
Expenditure Item Amount
(thousands of dollars)
Spenders
(thousands)
Average
per spender
(dollars)1
Average
per participant
(dollars)1
IN MONTANA
Expenditures for wildlife watching, total2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,786 166 968 662
Trip-related expenditures3.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . *78,703 *66 *1,190 *1,110
Wildlife-watching equipment4 . 31,363 106 297 129
Auxiliary equipment5 . ... ... ... ...
Special equipment6. . ... ... ... ...
Other7 . *3,773 *56 *68 *16
OUT OF STATE
Expenditures for wildlife watching, total2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ...
Trip-related expenditures3.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . ... ... ... ...
Wildlife-watching equipment4 . ... ... ... ...
Auxiliary equipment5 . ... ... ... ...
Special equipment6. . ... ... ... ...
Other7 . ... ... ... ...
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    … Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.
1 Average expenditures are annual estimates.
2 Information on trip-related expenditures was collected for away-from-home participants only. Equipment and other expenditures are based on information collected from both
away-from-home and around-the-home participants.
3 Includes equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trips, public land use and private land use, boat fuel, other boating costs, and heating and cooking fuel.
4 Includes binoculars, spotting scopes, cameras, special lenses, videocameras, other photography equipment, memory cards, film and photo processing, commercially prepared and
packaged wild bird food, other bulk food used to feed wild birds, food used to feed other wildlife, nest boxes, bird houses, feeders, baths, and other wildife-watching equipment.
5 Includes tents, tarps, frame packs and other backpacking equipment, other camping equipment, and other auxiliary equipment.
6 Includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers,
recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment.
7 Includes magazines, books, DVDs, membership dues and contributions, and land leasing and ownership.
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
Table 35. Participation of Montana Resident Wildlife-Watching Participants in Fishing and Hunting:
2011
(State population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Participants
Total wildlife watchers
Wildife-watching activity
Away from home Around the home
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Total participants . 258 100 *96 *100 235 100
Wildlife-watching participants who:
Did not fish or hunt. . 111 43 *10 *11 130 56
Fished or hunted. . 147 57 *86 *89 104 44
Fished. . 134 52 *82 *85 93 40
Hunted. . *68 *26 *33 *34 *58 *25
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.
 
 
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 41
Table 36. Participation of Montana Resident Sportspersons in Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2011
(State population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Sportspersons
Sportspersons Anglers Hunters
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Total sportspersons. . 223 100 192 100 108 100
Sportspersons who:
Did not engage in wildlife-watching activities. . 76 34 58 30 *41 *38
Engaged in wildlife-watching activities. . 147 66 134 70 *68 *62
  Away from home. . *86 *39 *82 *43 *33 *31
  Around the home. . 104 47 93 48 *58 *54
* Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.
 
 
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.
State reports for previous Surveys included tables that had estimates for all fifty states. In order to expedite release of the 2011 Montana State report, state
estimates have been deleted. To find state estimates other than Montana, go to http://wsfrprograms.fws.gov/Subpages/NationalSurvey/reports2011.html.
State reports are being released alphabetically, beginning in early 2013.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 43
Appendix A
44 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
Annual household income—Total
2011 income of household members
before taxes and other deductions.
Around-the-home wildlife
watching—Activity within 1 mile of
home with one of six primary purposes:
(1) taking special interest in or trying
to identify birds or other wildlife; (2)
photographing wildlife; (3) feeding
birds or other wildlife; (4) maintaining
natural areas of at least one-quarter
acre for the benefit of wildlife; (5)
maintaining plantings (such as shrubs
and agricultural crops) for the benefit
of wildlife; and (6) visiting parks and
natural areas to observe, photograph, or
feed wildlife.
Auxiliary equipment—Equipment
owned primarily for wildlife-associated
recreation. For the sportspersons
section, these include sleeping bags,
packs, duffel bags, tents, binoculars
and field glasses, special fishing and
hunting clothing, foul weather gear,
boots and waders, maintenance and
repair of equipment, and processing
and taxidermy costs. For the wildlife-watching
section, these include tents,
tarps, frame packs, backpacking and
other camping equipment, and blinds.
For both sportspersons and wildlife
watchers, it also includes electronic
auxiliary equipment such as Global
Positioning Systems.
Away-from-home wildlife watching—
Trips or outings at least 1 mile from
home for the primary purpose of
observing, photographing, or feeding
wildlife. Trips to zoos, circuses, aquar-iums,
and museums are not included.
Big game—Bear, deer, elk, moose,
wild turkey, and similar large animals
that are hunted.
Census Divisions
East North Central
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
East South Central
Alabama
Kentucky
Mississippi
Tennessee
Middle Atlantic
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania
Mountain
Arizona
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
Utah
Wyoming
New England
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont
Pacific
Alaska
California
Hawaii
Oregon
Washington
South Atlantic
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Virginia
West Virginia
West North Central
Kansas
Iowa
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
West South Central
Arkansas
Louisiana
Oklahoma
Texas
Day—Any part of a day spent partici-pating
in a given activity. For example,
if someone hunted two hours one day
and three hours another day, it would
be reported as two days of hunting.
If someone hunted two hours in the
morning and three hours in the after-noon
of the same day, it would be
considered one day of hunting.
Education—The highest completed
grade of school or year of college.
Expenditures—Money spent in 2011
for wildlife-related recreation trips
in the United States, wildlife-related
recreational equipment purchased in
the United States, and other items. The
“other items” were books, magazines,
and DVDs; membership dues and
contributions, land leasing or owning;
hunting and fishing licenses; and plant-ings,
all for the purpose of wildlife-related
recreation. Expenditures
included both money spent by partici-pants
for themselves and the value of
gifts they received.
Appendix A.
Definitions
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana 45
Fishing—The sport of catching or
attempting to catch fish with a hook
and line, bow and arrow, or spear; it
also includes catching or gathering
shellfish (clams, crabs, etc.); and the
noncommercial seining or netting
of fish, unless the fish are for use as
bait. For example, seining for smelt is
fishing, but seining for bait minnows is
not included as fishing.
Fishing equipment—Items owned
primarily for fishing:
Rods, reels, poles, and rodmaking
components
Lines and leaders
Artificial lures, flies, baits, and
dressing for flies or lines
Hooks, sinkers, swivels, and other
items attached to a line, except lures
and baits
Tackle boxes
Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing
nets, and gaff hooks
Minnow traps, seines, and bait
containers
Depth finders, fish finders, and other
electronic fishing devices
Ice fishing equipment
Other fishing equipment
Freshwater—Reservoirs, lakes, ponds,
and the nontidal portions of rivers and
streams.
Great Lakes fishing—Fishing in Lakes
Superior, Michigan, Huron, St. Clair,
Erie, and Ontario, their connecting
waters such as the St. Mary’s River
system, Detroit River, St. Clair River,
and the Niagara River, and the St.
Lawrence River south of the bridge
at Cornwall, New York. Great Lakes
fishing includes fishing in tributaries of
the Great Lakes for smelt, steelhead,
and salmon.
Home—The starting point of a wild-life-
related recreational trip. It may be a
permanent residence or a temporary or
seasonal residence such as a cabin.
Hunting—The sport of shooting or
attempting to shoot wildlife with fire-arms
or archery equipment.
Hunting equipment—Items owned
primarily for hunting:
Rifles, shotguns, muzzleloaders, and
handguns
Archery equipment
Telescopic sights
Decoys and game calls
Ammunition
Hand loading equipment
Hunting dogs and associated costs
Other hunting equipment
Land leasing and owning—Leasing
or owning land either singly or in
cooperation with others for the primary
purpose of fishing, hunting, or wildlife
watching on it.
Maintain natural areas—To set aside
1/4 acre or more of natural environ-ment,
such as wood lots or open fields,
for the primary purpose of benefiting
wildlife.
Maintain plantings—To introduce
or encourage the growth of food and
cover plants for the primary purpose of
benefiting wildlife.
Metropolitan Statistical Area
(MSA)—A Metropolitan Statis-tical
Area is a grouping of one or more
counties or equivalent entities that
contain at least one urbanized area
of 50,000 or more inhabitants. The
“Outside MSA” classification include
census-defined Micropolitan Statistical
Areas (or Micro areas). A Micro area
is defined as a grouping of one or more
counties or equivalent entities that
contain at least one urban cluster of at
least 10,000 but less than 50,000 inhab-itants.
Refer to <www.census.gov
/population/metro/about/>, for a more
detailed definition of the Metropolitan
Statistical Area.
Migratory birds—Birds that regularly
migrate from one region or climate to
another such as ducks, geese, and doves
and other birds that may be hunted.
Multiple responses—The term used
to reflect the fact that individuals or
their characteristics fall into more than
one reporting category. An example
of a big game hunter who hunted for
deer and elk demonstrates the effect of
multiple responses. In this case, adding
the number of deer hunters (one) and
elk hunters (one) would overstate the
number of big game hunters (one)
because deer and elk hunters are not
mutually exclusive categories. In
contrast, for example, total participants
is the sum of male and female partici-pants,
because “male” and “female” are
mutually exclusive categories.
Nonresidents—Individuals who do
not live in the State being reported.
For example, a person living in Texas
who watches whales in California is
a nonresidential wildlife-watcher in
California.
Nonresponse—A term used to reflect
the fact that some Survey respondents
provide incomplete sets of informa-tion.
For example, a Survey respondent
may have been unable to identify the
primary type of hunting for which a
gun was bought. Total hunting expen-diture
estimates will include the gun
purchase, but it will not appear as
spending for big game or any other
type of hunting. Nonresponses result in
reported totals that are greater than the
sum of their parts.
Observe—To take special interest in
or try to identify birds, fish or other
wildlife.
Other animals—Coyotes, crows,
foxes, groundhogs, prairie dogs,
raccoons, alligators, and similar
animals that can be legally hunted and
are not classified as big game, small
game, or migratory birds. They may
be classified as unprotected or preda-tory
animals by the State in which they
are hunted. Feral pigs are classified
as “other animals” in all States except
Hawaii, where they are considered big
game.
Participants—Individuals who engage
in fishing, hunting, or a wildlife-watching
activity. Unless otherwise
stated, a person has to have hunted,
fished, or wildlife watched in 2011 to
be considered a participant.
Plantings—See “Maintain plantings.”
Primary purpose—The principal
motivation for an activity, trip, or
expenditure.
Private land—Land owned by a busi-ness,
nongovernmental organization,
private individual, or a group of indi-viduals
such as an association or club.
Public land—Land that is owned by
local governments (such as county
parks and municipal watersheds),
46 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation—Montana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau
State governments (such as State parks
and wildlife management areas), or the
federal government (such as National
Forests, Recreational Areas, and Wild-life
Refuges).
Residents—Individuals who lived in
the State being reported. For example,
a person who lives in California and
watches whales in California is a resi-dential
wildlife watcher in California.
Rural—All territory, population, and
housing units located outside of urban-ized
areas and urban clusters, as deter-mined
by the U.S. Census Bureau.
Saltwater—Oceans, tidal bays and
sounds, and the tidal portions of rivers
and streams.
Screening interviews—The first
Survey contact with a sample house-hold.
Screening interviews are
conducted with a household repre-sentative
to identify respondents who
are eligible for in-depth interviews.
Screening interviews gather data such
as age and sex about individuals in the
households. Further information on
screening interviews is available on
page vii in the “Survey Background
and Method” section of this report.
Small game—Grouse, pheasants, quail,
rabbits, squirrels, and similar small
animals for which States have small
game seasons and bag limits.
Special equipment—Big-ticket equip-ment
items that are owned primarily for
wildlife-related recreation:
Bass boats
Other types of motor boats
Canoes and other types of nonmotor
boats
Boat motors, boat trailer/hitches, and
other boat accessories
Pickups, campers, vans, travel or tent
trailers, motor homes, house trailers,
recreational vehicles (RVs)
Cabins
Off-the-road vehicles such as trail
bikes, all terrain vehicles (ATVs),
dune buggies, four-wheelers, 4x4
vehicles, and snowmobiles
Other special equipment
Spenders—Individuals who spent
money on fishing, hunting, or wildlife-watching
activities or equipment and
also participated in those activities.
Sportspersons—Individuals who
engaged in fishing, hunting, or both.
Trip—An outing involving fishing,
hunting, or wildlife watching. A trip
may begin from an individual’s prin-cipal
residence or from another place,
such as a vacation home or the home
of a relative. A trip may last an hour, a
day, or many days.
Type of fishing—There are three
types of fishing: (1) freshwater except
Great Lakes, (2) Great Lakes, and (3)
saltwater.
Type of hunting—There are four types
of hunting: (1) big game, (2) small
game, (3) migratory bird, and (4) other
animal.
Unspecified expenditure—An item
that was purchased for use in both
fishing and hunting, rather than
primarily one or the other. Auxiliary
equipment, special equipment, maga-zines
and books, and membership dues
and contributions are the items for
which a purchase could be categorized
as “unspecified.”
Urban—All territory, population, and
housing units located within boundaries
that encompass densely settled territory,
consisting of core census block groups
or blocks that have a population density
of at least 1,000 people per square mile
and surrounding census blocks that
have an overall density of at least 500
people per square mile. Under certain
conditions, less densely settled territory
may be included, as determined by the
Census Bureau.
Visit parks or natural areas—A visit
to places accessible to the public and
that are owned or leased by a govern-mental
entity, nongovernmental organi-zation,
business, or a private individual
or group such as an association or club.
Wildlife—Animals such as birds, fish,
insects, mammals, amphibians, and
reptiles that are living in natural or
wild environments. Wildlife does not
include animals living in aquariums,
zoos, and other artificial surround-ings
or domestic animals such as farm
animals or pets.
Wildlife observed, photographed, or
fed—Examples of species that wildlife
watchers observe, photograph, and/
or feed are (1) Wild birds—songbirds
such as cardinals, robins, warblers,
jays, buntings, and sparrows; birds
of prey such as hawks, owls, eagles,
and falcons; waterfowl such as ducks,
geese, and swans; other water birds
such as shorebirds, herons, pelicans,
and cranes; and other birds such as
pheasants, turkeys, road runners, and
woodpeckers; (2) Land mammals—
large land mammals such as bears,
bison, deer, moose, and elk; small land
mammals such as squirrels, foxes,
prairie dogs, and rabbits; (3) Fish
such as salmon, sharks, and groupers;
(4) Marine