Birds of conservation concern 2002

              BIRDS OF
CONSERVATION CONCERN
2002
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Division of Migratory Bird Management
Arlington, Virginia
December 2002
BIRDS OF CONSERVATION CONCERN 2002
Prepared by
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Division of Migratory Bird Management
Arlington, Virginia
Preferred citation:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2002. Birds of conservation concern 2002. Division of
Migratory Bird Management, Arlington, Virginia. 99 pp. [Online version available at
<http://migratorybirds.fws.gov/reports/bcc2002.pdf>]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Why Did We Create Lists at Different Geographic Scales? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
NABCI Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
USFWS Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
National . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
What Bird Species Did We Consider? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
How Does BCC 2002 Compare to Previous Versions? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
What Sources of Information Did We Use? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
PIF Assessment Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
USSCP Assessment Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
NAWCP Assessment Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
How Do Prioritization Methods Used by the Bird Conservation Plans Compare? . . . . . . 7
What Selection Criteria Did We Use for Birds of Conservation Concern 2002 Lists? . . . 7
BCR Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
USFWS Region Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
National Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
THE BIRDS OF CONSERVATION CONCERN 2002 LISTS
BCR Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
USFWS Region Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
National List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
FIGURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The 1988 amendment to the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act mandates the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service (USFWS) to “identify species, subspecies, and populations of all migratory
nongame birds that, without additional conservation actions, are likely to become candidates for
listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.” Birds of Conservation Concern 2002 (BCC
2002) is the most recent effort to carry out this mandate. The overall goal of this report is to
accurately identify the migratory and non-migratory bird species (beyond those already
designated as Federally threatened or endangered) that represent our highest conservation
priorities and draw attention to species in need of conservation action. The geographic scope of
this endeavor is the United States in its entirety, including island "territories" in the Pacific and
Caribbean. It is more comprehensive than previous versions. BCC 2002 encompasses three
distinct geographic scales–North American Bird Conservation Initiative (NABCI) Bird
Conservation Regions (BCRs), USFWS Regions, and National–and is primarily derived from
assessment scores from three major bird conservation plans: Partners in Flight, the United States
Shorebird Conservation Plan, and the North American Waterbird Conservation Plan.
Bird species considered for inclusion on lists in this report include nongame birds, gamebirds
without hunting seasons, subsistence-hunted nongame birds in Alaska; and Endangered Species
Act candidate, proposed endangered or threatened, and recently delisted species. Assessment
scores from all three bird conservation plans are based on several factors, including population
trends, threats, distribution, abundance, and area importance. These assessment scores serve as
the foundation on which we built the BCC 2002 lists. Although the different bird conservation
plans use somewhat different methods for determining the highest priority species, the scores
from each represent true conservation priorities for each of the three species groups (landbirds,
shorebirds, and waterbirds). We therefore view the conservation priorities within each plan as
approximately equivalent. After creating BCR lists, we developed specific criteria for including
species on USFWS Region and National lists. BCR lists include 8 to 48 species, USFWS
Region lists include 28 to 88 species, and the National list contains 131 species. In virtually all
cases, priority species make up 9 to 12 percent of all bird species in any given geographic unit.
While all of the bird species included in BCC 2002 are priorities for conservation action, this list
makes no finding with regard to whether they warrant consideration for ESA listing. Our goal is
to prevent or remove the need for additional ESA bird listings by implementing proactive
management and conservation actions. We recommend that these lists be consulted in
accordance with Executive Order 13186, “Responsibilities of Federal Agencies To Protect
Migratory Birds.” This report should also be used to develop research, monitoring, and
management initiatives. BCC 2002 is intended to stimulate coordinated and collaborative
proactive conservation actions among Federal, State, and private partners. We hope that, by
focusing attention on these highest priority species, this report will promote greater study and
protection of the habitats and ecological communities upon which these species depend, thereby
ensuring the future of healthy avian populations and communities.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Primary responsibility for coordinating the completion of this project was shared by Steven R.
Sheffield and John L. Trapp, including compilation and analysis of assessment scores,
development of selection criteria, drafting and editing innumerable versions of the report, and
preparing the tables and appendices.
We are especially indebted to our USFWS Region collaborators–Tara Zimmerman (Region 1),
Bill Howe (Region 2), Tom Will (Region 3), William Hunter (Region 4), Randy Dettmers
(Region 5), Stephanie L. Jones (Region 6), and Kenton D. Wohl (Region 7)–for providing
invaluable assistance in helping to develop selection criteria, finalizing BCR and USFWS
Region lists, and reviewing and commenting on several drafts of the report. This report could
not have been completed without the active participation of these individuals.
Essential support of various kinds was also provided by George T. Allen, Brad Andres, Suzanne
Fellows, Bob Ford, Michael Green, David Klute, Steve J. Lewis, Jim Mattson, Seth Mott, Maura
Naughton, Diane Pence, Terry Rich, Bob Russell, and Bettina Sparrowe. Additionally, Cynthia
M. Perry provided direction, guidance, and operational support throughout the duration of the
project.
Finally, we must offer special thanks to four individuals who played key roles in providing
access to the baseline data that were essential for preparing this report: Mike Carter and Arvind
Panjabi (formerly and currently with the Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory, respectively) made
available information from the PIF database and responded to our many questions, and Stephen
Brown and Katherine Parsons (both with the Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences)
supplied priority scores from the United States Shorebird Conservation Plan and the North
American Waterbird Conservation Plan, respectively.
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this document is to identify migratory and non-migratory birds of the United
States and its territories that are of conservation concern so as to stimulate coordinated and
proactive conservation actions among Federal, State, and private partners. The concerns may be
the result of population declines, naturally small ranges or population sizes, threats to habitat, or
other factors. The primary legal authority for Birds of Conservation Concern 2002 (BCC 2002)
is the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1980 (FWCA), as amended; other authorities
include the Endangered Species Act, the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, and 16 U.S.C. § 701.
The 1988 amendment (Public Law 100-653, Title VIII) to the FWCA requires the Secretary of
the Interior, through the USFWS, to “identify species, subspecies, and populations of all
migratory nongame birds that, without additional conservation actions, are likely to become
candidates for listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.” BCC 2002 is the most recent
effort by the USFWS to carry out this proactive conservation mandate. The overall goal of this
report is to accurately identify those species (beyond those already Federally listed as threatened
or endangered) in greatest need of conservation action at different geographic scales.
A primary goal of the USFWS is to conserve avian diversity in North America (USFWS 1990).
This goal includes reducing or removing threats that may necessitate consideration for listing
under the ESA. The underlying philosophy behind this report is that proactive bird conservation
is necessary at a time when human impacts are at an all-time high. We strongly believe that a
well-designed program that addresses resource management issues up front will prevent or
remove the need to consider listing species as threatened or endangered, and will promote and
conserve long-term avian diversity in the United States. In addition, proactive conservation
clearly is more cost-effective than the extensive recovery efforts required once a species is
Federally listed under the ESA. Our intent is for BCC 2002 to stimulate coordinated efforts by
Federal and State agencies, in collaboration with private organizations, to develop and
implement comprehensive and integrated approaches for the study, management, and protection
of non-ESA listed bird species deemed to be in the most need of additional conservation actions.
While the inclusion of non-MBTA species is beyond the scope of the FWCA, the Service has an
incentive to encourage proactive management of these species by State agencies and other
partners to ensure that they never have to be listed as endangered or threatened.
Bird species assemblages, guilds, or communities have recently been promoted as indicators of
ecological integrity in a variety of habitats (Bradford et al. 1998, O’Connell et al. 1998,
Canterbury et al. 2000, O’Connell et al. 2000), and at-risk bird species are good measures of
ecosystem threats (Beissinger et al. 1996). Setting priorities in conservation is crucial because
funding is limited. Many systems for setting wildlife conservation priorities have been
proposed. Some have focused heavily on identifying and quantifying threats to endangered or
rare species (Master 1991, Wilcove et al. 1998). Others have focused on highlighting species
that deserve attention due to threats to their populations, widespread or long-term declines, or
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2
low potential for population recovery (Millsap et al. 1990). The Canadian Wildlife Service
developed a priority ranking system that focuses on conservation concerns and agency
responsibilities to assist in setting conservation priorities for landbird species (Dunn 1997, Dunn
et al. 1999). The mandate of the 1988 FWCA amendment requires a more proactive approach;
namely, to identify species that, without additional conservation actions, may become listed as
endangered or threatened under the ESA. BCC 2002 uses current conservation assessment
scores from three bird conservation plans: Partners in Flight (PIF; Pashley et al. 2000), the
United States Shorebird Conservation Plan (USSCP; Brown et al. 2000), and the North
American Waterbird Conservation Plan (NAWCP; North American Waterbird Conservation
Plan Steering Committee 2001). Species in need of additional conservation attention are
identified at three distinct geographic scales: North American Bird Conservation Initiative
(NABCI) Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs; U.S. NABCI Committee 2000a, 2000b, 2000c),
USFWS Regions, and National.
Assessment scores are based on several parameters including population trends, threats,
distribution, abundance, and area importance. PIF, a coalition of Federal and State government
agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private interests, developed species assessment
scores out of concern for the sharp declines in many North American neotropical migrant
songbirds (Pashley et al. 2000). The PIF approach has been peer-reviewed by an independent
body of avian biologists (Beissinger et al. 2000, Carter et al. 2000, Partners in Flight 2001).
Similar coalitions have prepared and reviewed conservation assessment scores for shorebirds
(USSCP) at the National scale and in step-down regional shorebird conservation plans (Brown et
al. 2000), and for waterbirds (NAWCP) at the continental scale (North American Waterbird
Conservation Plan Steering Committee 2001). Additionally, we found it necessary to develop
conservation assessment scores for a few species not yet evaluated by any of the bird
conservation plans, such as Pacific Island landbirds. Taken together, these assessment scores
can be used to develop a comprehensive set of integrated bird conservation priorities; this
represents a unique conservation effort unmatched for any other major group of organisms in
North America.
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002
1 Island "territories" and other affiliations of the United States considered in this
document include (a) American Samoa - an unincorporated and unorganized territory; (b) Baker
Island - an unincorporated territory administered by the USFWS as a National Wildlife Refuge
(NWR); (c) Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands - aligned through a covenant of
"political union"; (d) Guam - an unincorporated organized territory; (e) Howland Island - an
unincorporated territory administered by the USFWS as a NWR; (f) Jarvis Island - an
unincorporated territory administered by the USFWS as a NWR; (g) Johnston Atoll - an
unincorporated and unorganized territory under joint operational control of the Department of
Defense and USFWS (and administered as a NWR); (h) Kingman Reef - an unincorporated
territory administered by the USFWS as a NWR; (i) Midway Islands - an unincorporated
territory administered by the USFWS as a NWR; (j) Navassa Island - administered by the
USFWS as a NWR; (k) Palmyra Atoll - a privately-owned incorporated territory; (l)
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico - a commonwealth; (m) U.S. Virgin Islands - an unincorporated
organized territory; and (n) Wake Island - an unincorporated territory administered by the
Department of the Interior
(Central Intelligence Agency 2001).
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 3
BACKGROUND
Why Did We Create Lists at Different Geographic Scales?
Listing birds of conservation concern at three geographic scales maximizes the utility of the lists
for a variety of partner agencies and organizations. The different geographic scales, from
smallest to largest, are as follows:
NABCI Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs). We have adopted BCRs as the smallest and
ecologically most relevant of our geographic scales. BCRs have been endorsed by NABCI (U.S.
NABCI Committee 2000a, 2000b, 2000c) as the basic ecological units within which all-bird
conservation efforts will be planned and evaluated (Fig. 1). NABCI is an endeavor to increase
the effectiveness of bird conservation at the continental level and currently includes the United
States, Canada, and Mexico. Its goal is to deliver “the full spectrum of bird conservation
through regionally based, biologically driven, landscape-oriented partnerships” (U.S. NABCI
Committee 2000a). A published map of BCRs and accompanying written descriptions of each
are available (U.S. NABCI Committee 2000b, 2000c, 2002). The BCR lists will be most useful
to Federal land-managing agencies and their partners in their efforts to abide by the bird
conservation principles embodied in the four bilateral conventions implemented by the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA); see Executive Order 13186 of January 10, 2001 (Clinton
2001). NABCI has recognized 35 BCRs that cover the contiguous 48 States, Alaska, and
Hawaii (http://www.nabci-us.org/bcrs.html). These BCRs are numbered 1 to 5, 9 to 37, and 67
(U.S. NABCI Committee 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, 2002). For purposes of this report, we created
two additional BCRs to encompass island “territories” of the United States1, BCR 68 for the
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Pacific Ocean and BCR 69 for the Caribbean. There are 37 BCR lists of priority species.
USFWS Regions. There are seven USFWS Regions
(http://offices.fws.gov/directory/listofficeregion.cfm), each encompassing multiple States in the
same geographic area (except Alaska, which is its own region). The USFWS Region lists will be
useful to USFWS administrators and biologists, other Federal and State agencies within a
Region, and their partners and cooperators.
National. The National list encompasses the United States in its entirety, including island
"territories" in the Caribbean and Pacific2. The National list should be viewed as a barometer of
the status of continental bird populations, providing an "early warning" of birds that may decline
to levels requiring ESA protection unless additional conservation measures are taken. The
National list will be most useful as an outreach tool for educating the public about the precarious
status of bird species in the United Status. It will also be useful for National bird conservation
planning. The National list should not be used to foster bird conservation at smaller geographic
scales; that is the purpose of the BCR and USFWS Region lists. Although there are other lists of
this nature, such as the recent National Audubon Society (2001) and PIF (Carter et al. 1996,
Pashley et al. 2000:12-14) Watch Lists, and the discontinued Blue List published by the National
Audubon Society (Tate 1986), none of them is as comprehensive as BCC 2002.
What Bird Species Did We Consider?
The various species groups considered for inclusion on BCC 2002 lists are described in Table 1.
Our only deviation from the 1995 report in this regard was the consideration of non-MBTA
species. The major groups of species not considered in this assessment are (1) migratory
gamebirds for which hunting regulations are established (i.e., cooperatively managed by Federal-
State flyway councils); (2) species that are peripheral to the United States (i.e., <1 percent of the
rangewide population occurs in the United States); (3) species, subspecies, and populations
endangered or threatened (i.e., subject to the provisions of the ESA); (4) resident gamebirds (i.e.,
managed by State wildlife agencies); and (5) non-native species.
Because the three bird conservation plans that we use here are all species-based, assessment
scores were available only for full species. However, where appropriate, subspecies and
populations are included in this assessment based on geographic range, Federal candidate status,
or available local data. Subspecies and populations are represented on lists at all three
geographic scales.
In the spirit of all-bird conservation, we include species not specifically covered by the MBTA
when they are deemed to be conservation priorities. To avoid confusion, we clearly differentiate
between MBTA and non-MBTA bird species (see Table 3). A list of species protected by the
MBTA is found in Title 50, Part 10, of the Code of Federal Regulations.
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 5
How Does BCC 2002 Compare to Previous Versions?
BCC 2002 is the latest product in a continuing effort to assess and prioritize bird species for
conservation purposes (USFWS 1982, 1987, 1995; and U.S. Department of the Interior 1990). It
is difficult to make meaningful comparisons among or between lists because of differences in the
way each succeeding report was prepared. In chronological order, these efforts produced lists
containing 28, 30, 77, and 124 species of conservation concern at a National scale in 1982, 1987,
1990, and 1995, respectively; by comparison, BCC 2002 includes 131 species at the National
scale. Do these figures reflect an actual decline in the conservation status of the Nation's
birdlife, or do they merely reflect improvements in our ability to accurately identify and
characterize species in real need of conservation attention? The truth probably lies somewhere
in the middle. The preparation of prioritized species lists should be viewed as an evolving
process, improving as our knowledge base increases, with each list reflecting the best available
information at the time of its publication.
BCC 2002 is fundamentally different from previous lists that attempted to identify birds of
concern. It derives primarily from conservation assessment scores from three different bird
conservation initiatives, whereas previous editions used a variety of different sources to
determine priorities (Table 2). Conservation assessment scores from the three initiatives were
not available in 1987 or 1995. Species on the 1995 list that do not appear in BCC 2002 did not
score high enough as a conservation priority for a particular geographic area. BCC 2002
includes three distinct geographic scales, whereas the 1987 list included one (National) and the
1995 list included two (National and USFWS Region). Birds of the Pacific Island “territories”
such as American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands (see
footnote 2 for a complete list of Pacific Island “territories”) are included in the assessment for
the first time. Also unlike earlier versions, BCC 2002 includes ESA proposed endangered or
threatened and recently delisted species, Hawaiian and Pacific island endemics, and other species
not specifically covered by the MBTA.
Overall, we believe that the data supporting the priority lists in BCC 2002 are more quantitative
and comprehensive than those of previous lists. The data from the three bird conservation
initiatives are more standardized, include more geographic scales (including scales that are
important for local conservation efforts), incorporate a great deal of input from many bird
experts, and have wide acceptance among members of avian conservation and scientific
communities. We are confident that the methods used in BCC 2002 are the best available for
identifying avian conservation priorities as directed by the FWCA amendment of 1988.
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 6
What Sources of Information Did We Use?
PIF Assessment Scores. We used assessment scores from the PIF Species Assessment Database
(version 8.0, November 2000) housed at the Rocky Mountain (formerly Colorado) Bird
Observatory, which we believe were the best available data at the time this report was prepared.
In this database, a panel of bird species experts has assigned each landbird species in the
continental United States scores ranging from 1 (lowest priority or degree of concern) to 5
(highest priority or degree of concern) for each of 7 factors: breeding distribution, non-breeding
distribution, relative abundance, threats in breeding season, threats in non-breeding season,
population trend, and area importance (AI). AI is the relative importance of a given area to a
species and its conservation, based on the abundance of the species in that area relative to all
other areas in which it occurs. The first six scores (excluding AI) can be assessed on the basis of
range-wide information, and their sum is referred to as the "global" assessment score for a
species; this score was used to develop the National list. All of these factors are defined and
discussed in detail in Panjabi et al. (2001). Factor scores for each species are summed to provide
an overall assessment of the relative need for conservation attention, with higher scores
reflecting higher degrees of concern. Both PIF breeding and wintering scores for landbirds were
used in assessing species for inclusion in the BCC 2002 report. We considered all landbird
species with summary scores $ 22. In consultation with experts, the USFWS prepared scores for
landbirds of Hawaii and Pacific island “territories” using the PIF scheme (see
http://migratorybirds.pacific.fws.gov/reports.htm).
USSCP Assessment Scores. For shorebird species, we considered assessment scores from the
USSCP (Brown et al. 2000, Brown et al. 2001) to represent the best available data. The USSCP
assessment process uses the same seven factor scores (with slightly different criteria) as PIF, but
priorities are derived using a categorical (rather than a summation) approach (Brown et al. 2001).
We considered all shorebird species in the USSCP "High Concern" and "Highly Imperiled"
categories potentially eligible for inclusion in BCC 2002 lists. A prioritization protocol for
shorebirds (in Brown et al. 2001) describes prioritization categories and their relationship to
factor scores.
NAWCP Assessment Scores. The NAWCP assessment process uses the same seven factors as
the PIF and USSCP plans, but with slightly different criteria. We used draft continental
assessment scores from the NAWCP plan (K. Parsons unpubl. data, North American Waterbird
Conservation Plan Steering Committee 2001), which we considered to be the best available data
for colonial waterbirds and seabirds. However, assessment scores were not available at the BCR
or USFWS Region scales at the time this report was prepared. Some waterbirds are included in
the PIF database, and these scores were reviewed and considered at the BCR scale. For other
waterbirds, draft NAWCP scores were reviewed and revised to develop BCR and USFWS
Region categorical rankings using a variety of information sources including Service expertise,
available data, and consultations with local experts. We considered all colonial waterbird
species in the NAWCP "High Concern" and "Highly Imperiled" categories potentially eligible
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 7
for inclusion in BCC 2002 lists. A prioritization protocol for colonial waterbirds is available as
an appendix to the NAWCP plan (North American Waterbird Conservation Plan Steering
Committee 2001).
How Do Prioritization Methodologies Used By the Bird Conservation Initiatives Compare?
The methods used by PIF to prioritize species differ from those used by the USSCP and the
NAWCP. In PIF, the sum total of the seven factor scores establishes a threshold value that
defines priority species. PIF uses a four-tiered system in which Tier I species, those with
summary scores >22, are considered highest priority.
Although USSCP and NAWCP use the same factors as PIF and score them in the same manner,
derivation of the scores is slightly different and priority species are not determined by a simple
summation of scores. Rather, priority species are identified by particular combinations of factor
scores which create prioritization categories ranging from “Highly Imperiled” to “Species Not at
Risk”. Prioritization categories are specifically described in the USSCP and NAWCP
conservation plans and associated World Wide Web sites (Brown et al. 2000, 2001; North
American Waterbird Conservation Plan Steering Committee 2001).
Although the methods for determining the highest priority species are somewhat different among
the different initiatives, scoring reflects state-of-the-art conservation assessments for each of the
three species groups (landbirds, shorebirds, waterbirds); we therefore view the conservation
priorities within the three conservation plans as approximately equivalent.
What Selection Criteria Did We Use For Birds of Conservation Concern 2002 Lists?
We here describe the criteria used to select species for consideration and inclusion on BCR,
USFWS Region, and National lists. At each scale, Service expertise and discretion refined the
pool of species under consideration from the three bird conservation initiatives–as well as those
selected for priority lists–to comply with the FWCA amendment of 1988. The term "species"
means species, subspecies, or populations unless otherwise indicated.
BCR Criteria. Landbirds, shorebirds, and waterbirds were evaluated for inclusion at the BCR
scale if they met at least one of the following criteria:
(1) a PIF score of 22 or greater, with an AI score of 2 or greater [= Tier I]; or
(2) a USSCP conservation category of "High Concern" or "Highly Imperiled" [= Tier I]; or
(3) a draft NAWCP conservation category of "High Concern" or "Highly Imperiled" [= Tier I];
or
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 8
(4) proposed for listing as Federal ESA endangered or threatened; or
(5) current designation as a Federal ESA candidate species; or
(6) recent delisting from the ESA (and subject to post-delisting monitoring).
An AI score of 2 or greater was used as a threshold below which a species was considered too
peripheral to a given BCR to rank as a priority. We considered landbird species with PIF scores
of 22 or 23, high scores (4 or 5) for AI, and low or moderate scores (<3) for population trends or
threats to be species of "high agency responsibility" (i.e., meriting continued monitoring rather
than direct conservation or management action). These species were generally not included in
the BCR lists unless additional information was available to indicate a need for conservation
action (e.g., local information or USFWS expert opinion). Corresponding discretion was used
for shorebirds and waterbirds. In a few cases, we added species to the BCR or USFWS Region
lists when Service expertise, supplemental information, or local data indicated a greater degree
of concern than that reflected by bird conservation initiative scoring. We automatically included
Federal ESA candidate, proposed endangered or threatened, and recently delisted species on
priority lists for all BCRs in which they occurred. We also considered subspecies and
populations where appropriate and where information on their status was available.
USFWS Region Criteria. Species were evaluated for inclusion in a given USFWS Region if they
met at least one of the following criteria:
(1) Tier I status in 50 percent or more of the BCRs in which it occurs in the Region; or
(2) proposed for listing as Federal ESA endangered or threatened; or
(3) current designation as a Federal ESA candidate species; or
(4) recent delisting from the ESA (and subject to post-delisting monitoring).
A species was dropped from consideration if <1 percent of its overall range was within the
United States portion of a given USFWS Region. Subspecies and populations were also
considered where appropriate.
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 9
National Criteria. Species were evaluated for inclusion at the National level if they met at least
one of the following criteria:
(1) a PIF global score of 21 or greater (but with the exclusion of all peripheral species and
modification of scores for shorebirds and waterbirds, where appropriate); or
(2) priority status in 3 or more USFWS Regions; or
(3) priority status in (a) all USFWS Regions in which it occurs, or (b) over a majority of its
geographic range in the United States; or
(4) proposed for listing as Federal ESA endangered or threatened; or
(5) current designation as a Federal ESA candidate species; or
(6) recent delisting from the ESA.
There are likely to be additions to the lists over the next several years. Newly designated
Federal candidate species, species proposed for listing, and species removed from the list of
endangered and threatened species will automatically be added at the appropriate geographic
scales effective the day of their designation or delisting, as published in the Federal Register.
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 10
THE BIRDS OF CONSERVATION CONCERN 2002 LISTS
To maximize the usefulness of this report to multiple partners, the BCC 2002 lists are presented
in 45 separate and distinct tables, comprising 37 BCR lists (Tables 4 to 40), 7 USFWS Region
lists (Tables 41 to 47) and 1 National list (Table 48). Before perusing the BCC tables, users
should familiarize themselves with the stylized conventions used to denote Federal protective
status of the species that appear on the lists (Table 3). Summaries of the status of each species at
each of the three distinct geographic scales are provided in Appendices B and C, and a list of
scientific names of all species mentioned is found in Appendix D.
BCR Lists
The number of species on individual BCR lists (Tables 4 to 40) ranges from 8 to 48, averaging
about 29. Lists are generally larger for BCRs in the southern United States, reflecting greater
species diversity at lower latitudes and the importance of these regions for wintering migrants.
Island birds are at increased risk of becoming endangered. Thus, it is not surprising that two of
the island BCRs–Pacific (BCR 68) and Caribbean (BCR 69)–have relatively high proportions of
their native species represented as birds of concern (15 and 17 percent, respectively; Table 49).
Nine percent of the bird species native to Hawaii (BCR 67) are identified as birds of concern, but
that region also has a disproportionately large number of bird species listed as either endangered
or threatened under the ESA; combining birds of concern with endangered or threatened species,
one finds that fully 23 percent of the native Hawaiian avifauna is at risk.
USFWS Region Lists
The number of species on individual USFWS Region lists (Tables 41 to 47) ranges from 28 to
87, averaging about 45. Following the trend seen in BCRs, USFWS Region lists of priority
species are larger in the southern United States. The birds on the USFWS Region lists represent
about 9 (range 6 to 14) percent of the species native to the respective Regions (Table 49); they
also represent about 11 (range 7 to 16) percent of the MBTA nongame species in those Regions.
National List
The total number of species on the National list (Table 48) is 131, which represents
approximately 12 percent of all native species and 16 percent of all MBTA nongame species
(Table 49). The National list includes disproportionately large numbers of species from the
orders Falconiformes (diurnal raptors), Charadriiformes (shorebirds, etc.), and Piciformes
(woodpeckers). Within the Charadriiformes–a large and diverse order that includes shorebirds,
gulls, terns, auks, and their allies–the families Charadriidae (plovers), Haematopodidae
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 11
(oystercatchers), Scolopacidae (sandpipers), and Alcidae (murres, murrelets, and auklets) are
represented on the list by greater numbers of species than expected. Among the Passeriformes–a
large and diverse order of perching birds–the families Parulidae (wood-warblers) and
Emberizidae (sparrows) and the subfamily Drepanidinae (Hawaiian honeycreepers) dominate the
list in terms of both actual and relative numbers.
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 12
DISCUSSION
Of 122 species on the 1995 list, 94 are retained (including 60 at the National level, 26 at the
FWS Region level, and 8 at the BCR level) and 28 are deleted due to a lack of convincing
evidence that continued concern is warranted). Seventy species are added to the National list,
resulting in a net gain of 8 species and a current (2002) list of 131 species.
Of the 151 species on the Audubon WatchList (National Audubon Society 2002) that are not also
(1) endangered or threatened or (2) hunted, 86 are on the BCC 2002 National list and 27 are on
FWS Region or BCR lists.
The selection criteria that we used identified 9 to 12 percent of all species at each geographic
scale to be in need of additional conservation attention. For example, the various BCC 2002 lists
represent, on average, 9 percent (range 6 to 17 percent) of all native bird species and 12 percent
(range 7 to 20 percent) of MBTA nongame species (Table 49).
Nongame migratory birds protected by the MBTA, the primary focus of this effort, make up an
overwhelming proportion (88 to 96 percent) of the species on the BCC 2002 lists (Table 50), but
the proportional representation of non-MBTA species increases progressively at larger scales.
The proportional representation of ESA candidate species also increases progressively at larger
scales. ESA-delisted and ESA-proposed species make up a progressively smaller proportion of
the species at larger scales. An overwhelming proportion (96 to 99 percent) of the taxa listed at
all scales are full species (Table 50). Subspecies and populations do not represent more than
about 4 percent of the taxa on any of the lists.
In the process of compiling prioritized lists of species for this report, we reviewed Breeding Bird
Survey (BBS) data for population trends of more than 200 species. In doing so, we noted a few
species that exhibited exceptionally sharp population declines (defined as > 2.5% annually), but
that otherwise failed to meet prescribed thresholds for BCC 2002 designation using the criteria
established for the BCR, USFWS Region, or National lists.
An analysis of BBS data (Sauer et al. 2001) revealed 21 species with statistically significant (P <
0.1, N > 100) long-term (1966 - 2000) population declines of > 2.5 percent annually, both in the
United States and survey-wide. Of these 21 species, 13 qualified for the BCC 2002 National list
based on one or more criteria, and these species are denoted in Table 48. However, the
remaining eight species did not qualify for the National list: White-throated Swift (decline of 2.6
percent/year), Pinyon Jay (3.1), Verdin (3.7), Curve-billed Thrasher (2.7), Field Sparrow (3.1),
Lark Sparrow (3.5), Black-throated Sparrow (4.1), and Eastern Meadowlark (2.9). Most of these
species are widely distributed and relatively abundant, factors that probably account for their
failure to meet thresholds for inclusion on any of the BCC 2002 lists. Still, their population
declines are sharp, consistent, and long-term (amounting to a cumulative loss in excess of 50
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 13
percent since 1966), with little indication that populations are stabilizing. For this reason alone,
we believe that these species deserve close scrutiny. By way of comparison, we note that species
exhibiting similar characteristics (e.g., sharp population declines but still moderately abundant
and widespread) are treated as "birds of conservation importance" in Great Britain (Joint Nature
Conservation Committee 2002).
In examining assessment scores, we noticed that many species had scores of 3 for multiple
factors, an indication that accurate assessments of status were not possible because of a paucity
of data. These species tended to score just below the Tier I threshold for PIF, therefore not
qualifying as priority species. Most of these species belong to groups that generally are difficult
to survey or monitor due to their secretive nature or nocturnal activity patterns (e.g., marshbirds,
nighthawks and nightjars, and owls. These groups deserve greater attention, in most cases
requiring additional monitoring or life-history investigations to help determine their true
conservation status.
BCC 2002 can be used as a barometer of the condition of our country’s avifauna. Although there
are general patterns that can be inferred from this report, there is no single reason why any
species was found on any one of these lists; some are relatively common but are undergoing
sharp declines in population numbers, others are rare but may actually be increasing in numbers
in certain locations, and others may be both rare and declining. However, habitat loss due to
alteration or destruction continues to be the major reason for the declines of many species
(Askins et al. 1990, USFWS 1995, Samson et al. 1998, Askins 2000).
Birds included in the BCC 2002 lists are deemed priorities for conservation actions and the list
will be consulted for actions taken on Federal and State lands, and for research, monitoring, and
management funding in accordance with Executive Order 13186 (“Responsibilities of Federal
Agencies To Protect Migratory Birds”). Our hope is that BCC 2002 will stimulate coordinated,
collaborative proactive conservation actions among Federal, State, and private partners.
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 14
LITERATURE CITED
Askins, R. A. 2000. Restoring North America's birds: lessons from landscape ecology. Yale
University Press. 288 pp.
Askins, R. A., J. F. Lynch, and R. Greenberg. 1990. Population declines of migratory birds of
eastern North America. Current Ornithology 7:1057-1077.
Beissinger, S. R., J. M. Reed, J. M. Wunderle, Jr., S. K. Robinson, and D. M. Finch. 2000.
Report of the AOU Conservation Committee on the Partners in Flight species prioritization plan.
Auk 117:549-561.
Beissinger, S. R., E. C. Steadman, T. Wohlgenant, G. Blate, and S. Zack. 1996. Null models for
assessing ecosystem conservation priorities: threatened birds as titers of threatened ecosystems.
Conservation Biology 10:1343-1352.
Bradford, D. F., S. E. Franson, G. R. T. Miller, A. C. Neagle, G. E. Canterbury, and D. T.
Heggem. 1998. Bird species assemblages as indicators of biotic integrity in Great Basin
rangeland. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 49:1-22.
Brown, S., C. Hickey, B. Gill, L. Gorman, C. Gratto-Trevor, S. Haig, B. Harrington, C. Hunter,
G. Morrison, G. Page, P. Sanzenbacher, S. Skagen, N. Warnock. 2000. National shorebird
conservation assessment: shorebird conservation status, conservation units, population estimates,
population targets, and species prioritization. Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences,
Manomet, Massachusetts. <http://www.Manomet.org/USSCP/files.htm>. Accessed August
2002.
Brown, S., C. Hickey, B. Harrington, B., and R. Gill (eds.). 2001. The United States Shorebird
Conservation Plan. 2nd edition. Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences, Manomet,
Massachusetts. 61 pp.
Canterbury, G. E., T. E. Martin, D. R. Petit, L. J. Petit, and D. F. Bradford. 2000. Bird
communities and habitat as ecological indicators of forest condition in regional monitoring.
Conservation Biology 14:544-558.
Carter, M., G. Fenwick, C. Hunter, D. Pashley, D. Petit, J. Price, and J. Trapp. 1996. WatchList
1996–for the future. National Audubon Society Field Notes 50:238-240.
Carter, M. F., W. C. Hunter, D. N. Pashley, and K. V. Rosenberg. 2000. Setting conservation
priorities for landbirds in the United States: the Partners in Flight approach. Auk 117:541-548.
<http://www.rmbo.org/pubs/downloads/pif.pdf>. Accessed August 2002.
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 15
Central Intelligence Agency. 2001. The world factbook 2001.
<http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html> Accessed August 2002.
Clinton, William J. 2001. Presidential Documents: Executive Order 13186 of January 10, 2001.
Responsibilities of Federal agencies to protect migratory birds. Federal Register 66:3853-3856.
Dunn, E. H. 1997. Setting priorities for conservation, research and monitoring of Canada’s
landbirds. Canadian Wildlife Service Technical Report 293,
Dunn, E. H., D. J. T. Hussell, and D. A. Welsh. 1999. Priority-setting tool applied to Canada’s
landbirds based on concern and responsibility for species. Conservation Biology 13:1404-1415.
Joint Nature Conservation Committee. 2002. Birds of conservation importance–JNCC 1996.
<http://www.jncc.gov.uk/species/TablesforBirds.html> Accessed August 2002.
Master, L. L. 1991. Assessing threats and setting priorities for conservation. Conservation
Biology 5:559-563.
Millsap, B. A., J. A. Gore, D. E. Runde, and S. I. Cerulean. 1990. Setting priorities for the
conservation of fish and wildlife species in Florida. Wildlife Monographs 111:1-57.
National Audubon Society. 2001. WatchList.
<http://www.audubon.org/bird/watch/index.html>. Accessed August 2002 (revised October
2002).
National Audubon Society. 2002. Audubon WatchList 2002: an early warning system for bird
conservation. <http://www.audubon.org/bird/watch/index.html>. Accessed December 2002.
North American Waterbird Conservation Plan Steering Committee. 2001 (October 23). Draft
two. North American Waterbird Conservation Plan. Volume 1. Seabirds and colonial
waterbirds. <http://www.nacwcp.org/planoct01.htm>. Accessed August 2002. [This document
is no longer available online. To order a copy of the waterbird plan, go to
<http://www.nawcp.org>.]
O’Connell, T. J., L. E. Jackson, and R. P. Brooks. 1998. A bird community index of biotic
integrity for the Mid-Atlantic Highlands. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 51:145-
156.
O’Connell, T. J., L. E. Jackson, and R. P. Brooks. 2000. Bird guilds as indicators of ecological
condition in the central Appalachians. Ecological Applications 10:1706-1721.
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 16
Panjabi, A., C. Beardmore, P. Blancher, G. Butcher, M. Carter, D. Demarest, E. Dunn, C.
Hunter, D. Pashley, K. Rosenburg, T. Rich, and T. Will. 2001. The Partners in Flight handbook
on species assessment and prioritization. Version 1.1. Partners in Flight and Rocky Mountain
Bird Observatory. 26 pp. <http://www.rmbo.org/pubs/downloads/Handbook.pdf> Accessed
August 2002.
Pashley, D. N., C. J. Beardmore, J. A. Fitzgerald, R. P. Ford, W. C. Hunter, M. S. Morrison, and
K. V. Rosenberg. 2000. Partners in Flight: Conservation of the land birds of the United States.
American Bird Conservancy, The Plains, Virginia. 92 pp.
Samson, F. B., F. L. Knopf, and W. R. Ostlie. 1998. Grasslands. Pp. 437-472 in Status and
trends of the nation's biological resources. Volume 2 (M. J. Mac et al., eds.). U.S. Department
of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
<http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/2000/grlands/grlands.htm> Accessed August 2002.
Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2001. The North American Breeding Bird Survey:
results and analysis 1966-2000. Version 2001.2. U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife
Research Center, Laurel, Maryland. <http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs> Accessed August
2002.
Tate, J., Jr. 1986. The Blue List for 1986. American Birds 40:227-236.
U.S. Department of the Interior. 1990. Report of the Secretary of the Interior to the Congress of
the United States on the Federal conservation of migratory nongame birds pursuant to Section 13
of Public Law 96-366, the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1980, as revised. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 61 pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. Nongame migratory bird species with unstable or
decreasing population trends in the United States. Office of Migratory Bird Management,
Washington, D.C. 24 pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Migratory nongame birds of management concern in the
United States: the 1987 list. Office of Migratory Bird Management, Washington, DC. 25 pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Conservation of avian diversity in North America. Office
of Migratory Bird Management, Arlington, Virginia. 22 pp.
<http://migratorybirds.fws.gov/reports/aviandiv.html> Accessed August 2002.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995. Migratory nongame birds of management concern in the
United States: the 1995 List. Office of Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Arlington, Virginia. 22 pp.
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 17
U.S. NABCI Committee. 2000a. North American Bird Conservation Initiative: bringing it all
together. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington, Virginia.
<http://www.nabci-us.org/aboutnabci/fwsbroch.pdf> Accessed August 2002.
U.S. NABCI Committee. 2000b. North American Bird Conservation Initiative Bird
Conservation Regions map. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington, Virginia.
<http://www.nabci-us.org/aboutnabci/map.pdf>
U.S. NABCI Committee. 2000c. Bird Conservation Region descriptions: A supplement to the
North American Bird Conservation Initiative Bird Conservation Regions map. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Arlington, Virginia. 38 pp. <http://www.nabci-us.
org/aboutnabci/bcrdescrip.pdf> Accessed August 2002.
Wilcove, D. S., D. Rothstein, J. Dubow, A. Phillips, and E. Losos. 1998. Quantifying threats to
imperiled species in the United States. BioScience 48:607-615.
Birds of Conservation Concern 2002
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 18
Figure 1 -
Map of the
Bird
Conservation
Regions
(BCRs) of the
United States
19
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title
Introductory Tables
1 Eligibility of Various Species Groups for BCC 2002 Consideration.
2 Comparison of Data Sources, Participants, and Selection Process Used in Compiling
the 1995 and 2002 Lists.
3 Stylized Conventions Used to Illustrate Federal Protective Status of Species in the
BCR, USFWS Region, and National Lists in BCC 2002.
BCR (Bird Conservation Region) BCC 2002 Lists:
4 BCR 1 (Aleutian/Bering Sea Islands) BCC 2002 List.
5 BCR 2 (Western Alaska) BCC 2002 List.
6 BCR 3 (Arctic Plains and Mountains–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
7 BCR 4 (Northwestern Interior Forest–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
8 BCR 5 (Northern Pacific Forest–U.S. portions only) BCC 2002 List.
9 BCR 9 (Great Basin) BCC 2002 List.
10 BCR 10 (Northern Rockies–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
11 BCR 11 (Prairie Potholes–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
12 BCR 12 (Boreal Hardwood Transition–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
13 BCR 13 (Lower Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Plain–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
14 BCR 14 (Atlantic Northern Forests–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
15 BCR 15 (Sierra Nevada) BCC 2002 List.
16 BCR 16 (Southern Rockies/Colorado Plateau) BCC 2002 List.
17 BCR 17 (Badlands and Prairies) BCC 2002 List.
18 BCR 18 (Shortgrass Prairie) BCC 2002 List.
19 BCR 19 (Central Mixed-Grass Prairie) BCC 2002 List.
20 BCR 20 (Edwards Plateau) BCC 2002 List.
21 BCR 21 (Oaks and Prairies) BCC 2002 List.
22 BCR 22 (Eastern Tallgrass Prairie) BCC 2002 List.
23 BCR 23 (Prairie Hardwood Transition) BCC 2002 List.
24 BCR 24 (Central Hardwoods) BCC 2002 List.
25 BCR 25 (West Gulf Coastal Plain/Ouachitas) BCC 2002 List.
26 BCR 26 ( Mississippi Alluvial Valley) BCC 2002 List.
27 BCR 27 (Southeastern Coastal Plain) BCC 2002 List.
28 BCR 28 (Appalachian Mountains) BCC 2002 List.
29 BCR 29 (Piedmont) BCC 2002 List.
30 BCR 30 (New England/Mid-Atlantic Coast) BCC 2002 List.
31 BCR 31 (Peninsular Florida) BCC 2002 List.
32 BCR 32 (Coastal California–US. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
33 BCR 33 (Sonoran and Mojave Deserts–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
20
34 BCR 34 (Sierra Madre Occidental–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
35 BCR 35 (Chihuahuan Desert–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
36 BCR 36 (Tamaulipan Brushlands–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
37 BCR 37 (Gulf Coastal Prairie) BCC 2002 List.
38 BCR 67 (Hawaii) BCC 2002 List.
39 BCR 68 (Pacific Islands–U.S. "Territories" only) BCC 2002 List.
40 BCR 69 (Caribbean Islands–Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands only) BCC 2002
List.
USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) Region BCC 2002 Lists:
41 USFWS Region 1 (Pacific Region) BCC 2002 List.
42 USFWS Region 2 (Southwest Region) BCC 2002 List.
43 USFWS Region 3 (Great Lakes-Big Rivers Region) BCC 2002 List.
44 USFWS Region 4 (Southeast Region) BCC 2002 List.
45 USFWS Region 5 (Northeast Region) BCC 2002 List.
46 USFWS Region 6 (Mountain-Prairie Region) BCC 2002 List.
47 USFWS Region 7 (Alaska Region) BCC 2002 List..
National BCC 2002 List:
48 National (including Caribbean and Pacific Island "territories") BCC 2002 List.
Summary Tables:
49 BCC 2002 Species as a Proportion of the Total Avifauna in Various Regions.
50 Proportional Representation of Various Regulatory and Taxonomic Groups at
Different Geographic Scales.
21
Table 1. Eligibility of Various Species Groups for BCC 2002 Consideration.
Applicable Federal Authority Eligible Not Eligible
Migratory Bird Treaty Act "Nongame" and "other"
species (as variously defined
by bilateral migratory bird
conventions with Canada,
Mexico, Japan, and Russia)
Species peripheral to the U.S.
(e.g., population fragments
too small to be managed
capably)
"Gamebirds" (as defined by
50 CFR 20.11) for which
hunting seasons have not
recently been established
(e.g., most shorebirds)
"Gamebirds" (as defined by
50 CFR 20.11) for which
sport hunting seasons are
established
All subsistence-hunted
species in Alaska (except
"gamebirds" with established
sport hunting seasons)
Endangered Species Act Candidates, including
"resident gamebirds" (see
below)
Species, subspecies, and
populations designated as
Endangered or Threatened
(as listed at 50 CFR 17.11)
Proposed Endangered or
Threatened (e.g., Mountain
Plover)
Recently delisted MBTA
species (e.g., Peregrine
Falcon)
Other MBTA species delisted
in the future
None Endemic Hawaiian
honeycreepers of the
subfamily Drepanididae (e.g.,
Hawaii Amakihi)
"Resident gamebirds"
(generally hunted and
managed by State wildlife
agencies), unless listed as
ESA Candidate (see above)
Other Pacific Island
endemics (e.g., Fiji
Shrikebill)
Non-native species
22
Other non-MBTA species
(e.g., bananaquits)
Table 2. Comparison of Data Sources, Participants, and Selection Process Used in Compiling
the 1995 and 2002 Lists.
1995 List 2002 List
DATA SOURCES:
Delphi exercise Conducted in 3 phases:
USFWS “experts,” American
Birds Regional Editors and
RMNBCs, and “area”
experts.
Not used (outdated method).
Preliminary information on
“degree of concern”
Preliminary rankings (Low,
Moderate, High) from Phase
I provided to Delphi
participants.
Not used (outdated method).
Blue List data Synopsis of 1972-1982 and
1986 lists provided to Delphi
participants.
Not used (source not updated
since 1986).
BBS data Synopsis of 1966-1991 and
1982-1991 trends provided to
Delphi participants, and
1966-1994 trends reviewed
by DMBM (not provided to
Delphi participants).
Survey-wide and U.S. trends
for 1966-2000 reviewed by
DMBM and used as one of
the criteria for the National
list; used as an inherent
component of PIF data.
CBC data Database (1959-1988)
reviewed and summarized by
DMBM (not provided to
Delphi participants).
Used as an inherent
component of PIF wintering
scores.
ESA “candidate” Status information
summarized and provided to
Delphi participants.
Status information reviewed
and summarized by DMBM
and provided to USFWS
Regional participants.
23
ESA “proposed” Not used. Status information reviewed
and summarized by DMBM
and provided to USFWS
Regional participants.
ESA “delisted” Not used. Status information reviewed
and summarized by DMBM
and provided to USFWS
Regional participants.
PIF BCR scores Not available. Scores obtained from RMBO
by DMBM and provided to
USFWS Regional
participants.
PIF USFWS Region scores Reviewed and summarized
by DMBM (not provided to
Delphi participants).
Not available.
PIF global scores Not used. Scores obtained from RMBO
by DMBM and used as one
of the criteria for the National
list.
PARTICIPANTS:
USFWS Regional Office Nongame Bird Coordinators
used in Phase II.
Nongame Bird Coordinators
and staffs engaged
throughout the review and
selection process.
USFWS “expert” panel Used in Phase I to generate
preliminary rankings of
concern.
Regional Nongame Bird
Coordinators and staffs
performed this function
throughout the review and
selection process.
Area “experts” Used in Phase III in Alaska,
Hawaii, and Puerto Rico/U.S.
Virgin Islands.
Used in Hawaii and the
Pacific Island trust territories.
Species “experts” Not used. Used for colonial waterbirds,
seabirds, and shorebirds.
24
Other “experts” American Birds Regional
Editors used in Phase II.
Not used (already part of the
conservation scoring process
for all three bird conservation
initiatives).
THE SELECTION PROCESS:
BCR criteria Not applicable (BCR lists not
prepared).
To qualify for BCR listing, a
species had to meet threshold
values for at least one of the
following criteria: (1) PIF,
(2) USSCP, (3) NAWCP, (4)
ESA “candidate,” or (5) ESA
“delisted” (see the text for
precise definitions of
thresholds for each of these
criteria).
USFWS Region criteria Once a species qualified for
the National list, it became
eligible for USFWS Regional
lists on the basis of the
following criteria: (1) Delphi,
(2) BBS, (3) PIF, or (4) ESA
“candidate.
To qualify for a USFWS
Regional list, a species had to
meet threshold values for at
least one of the following
criteria: (1) PIF, (2) USSCP,
(3) NAWCP, (4) ESA
“candidate,” (5) ESA
“delisted” (see the text for
precise definitions of
thresholds for each of these
criteria).
National criteria To qualify for the National
list, a species had to meet
threshold values for at least
one of the following criteria:
(1) Delphi, (2) BBS, (3)
CBC, (4) PIF, or (5) ESA
“candidate.”
To qualify for the National
list, a species had to meet
threshold values for at least
one of the following criteria:
(1) PIF, (2) USFWS Regional
priority in multiple regions,
(3) BBS, (4) ESA
“candidate,” or (5) ESA
“delisted” (see the text for
precise definitions of
thresholds for each of these
criteria).
Key to Acronyms:
BCR = Bird Conservation Region
BBS = Breeding Bird Survey
25
CBC = Christmas Bird Count
ESA = Endangered Species Act
NAWCP = North American Waterbird Conservation Plan
PIF = Partners in Flight
RMBO = Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory
RNMBCs = Regional Nongame Migratory Bird Coordinators
USSCP = US Shorebird Conservation Plan
26
Table 3. Stylized Conventions Used to Illustrate Federal Protective Status of Species in the
BCR, USFWS Regional, and National Lists in BCC 2002.
Federal Protective Status Description of Convention Example
ESA Proposed Threatened
or Endangered
Common name is underlined
with a single line
Mountain Plover
ESA Candidate Common name is underlined
with a wavy line
Elfin-woods Warbler
ESA Delisted Common name is italicized Peregrine Falcon
Protected by the MBTA Common name is depicted in
a normal font
Red-faced Cormorant
MBTA protection
uncertain
Common name is enclosed in
wavy brackets
{Polynesian Storm-Petrel}
Not protected by the MBTA Common name is enclosed in
straight brackets
[Elepaio]
MBTA protection
uncertain and ESA
Candidate
Common name is underlined
with a wavy line and
enclosed in wavy brackets
{Spotless Crake}
Non-MBTA and ESA
Candidate
Common name is underlined
with a wavy line and
enclosed in straight brackets
[Greater Sage-Grouse]
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
27
Table 4. BCR 1 (Aleutian/Bering Sea Islands) BCC 2002 List.
Red-faced Cormorant
Peregrine Falcon (resident pealei ssp. only)
Black Oystercatcher
Bar-tailed Godwit
Rock Sandpiper
Red-legged Kittiwake
Arctic Tern
Aleutian Tern
Marbled Murrelet
Kittlitz's Murrelet
Ancient Murrelet
Whiskered Auklet
McKay's Bunting
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
28
Table 5. BCR 2 (Western Alaska) BCC 2002 List.
Red-throated Loon
Yellow-billed Loon
Red-faced Cormorant
Peregrine Falcon
American Golden-Plover
Pacific Golden-Plover
Whimbrel
Bristle-thighed Curlew
Hudsonian Godwit
Bar-tailed Godwit
Marbled Godwit (beringiae ssp. only)
Black Turnstone
Surfbird
Rock Sandpiper
Short-billed Dowitcher
Arctic Tern
Aleutian Tern
Marbled Murrelet
Kittlitz's Murrelet
Ancient Murrelet
Arctic Warbler
Blackpoll Warbler
McKay's Bunting
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
29
Table 6. BCR 3 (Arctic Plains and Mountains–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
Yellow-billed Loon
Peregrine Falcon
American Golden-Plover
Whimbrel
Bar-tailed Godwit
Dunlin (arcticola ssp. only)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Arctic Warbler
Smith's Longspur
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
30
Table 7. BCR 4 (Northwestern Interior Forest–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
Peregrine Falcon
American Golden-Plover
Whimbrel
Hudsonian Godwit
Surfbird
Rock Sandpiper
Short-billed Dowitcher
Arctic Warbler
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
31
Table 8. BCR 5 (Northern Pacific Forest–U.S. portions only) BCC 2002 List.
Yellow-billed Loon
Black-footed Albatross
Northern Goshawk (resident laingi ssp. only)
Peregrine Falcon (including resident pealei ssp. in Alaska)
Black Oystercatcher
Whimbrel
Long-billed Curlew
Marbled Godwit (beringiae ssp. only)
Black Turnstone
Surfbird
Red Knot
Rock Sandpiper
Short-billed Dowitcher
Caspian Tern
Arctic Tern
Aleutian Tern
Marbled Murrelet (except where listed as Threatened)
Kittlitz's Murrelet
Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Flammulated Owl
Black Swift
Rufous Hummingbird
Lewis's Woodpecker
White-headed Woodpecker
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Horned Lark (strigata ssp. only)
Vesper Sparrow (affinis ssp. only)
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
32
Table 9. BCR 9 (Great Basin) BCC 2002 List.
Swainson's Hawk
Ferruginous Hawk
Golden Eagle
Peregrine Falcon
Prairie Falcon
[Greater Sage-Grouse (Columbia Basin population)]
Yellow Rail
American Golden-Plover
Snowy Plover
American Avocet
Solitary Sandpiper
Whimbrel
Long-billed Curlew
Marbled Godwit
Sanderling
Wilson's Phalarope
Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Flammulated Owl
Burrowing Owl
Black Swift
Lewis's Woodpecker
Williamson's Sapsucker
White-headed Woodpecker
Loggerhead Shrike
Gray Vireo
Virginia's Warbler
Brewer's Sparrow
Sage Sparrow
Tricolored Blackbird
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
33
Table 10. BCR 10 (Northern Rockies–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
Swainson's Hawk
Ferruginous Hawk
Golden Eagle
Peregrine Falcon
Prairie Falcon
Yellow Rail
American Golden-Plover
Snowy Plover
Mountain Plover
Solitary Sandpiper
Upland Sandpiper
Whimbrel
Long-billed Curlew
Marbled Godwit
Sanderling
Wilson's Phalarope
Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Flammulated Owl
Black Swift
Lewis's Woodpecker
Williamson's Sapsucker
Red-naped Sapsucker
White-headed Woodpecker
Loggerhead Shrike
Pygmy Nuthatch
Virginia's Warbler
Brewer's Sparrow
McCown's Longspur
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
34
Table 11. BCR 11 (Prairie Potholes–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
American Bittern
Northern Harrier
Swainson's Hawk
Ferruginous Hawk
Peregrine Falcon
Yellow Rail
Solitary Sandpiper
Willet
Upland Sandpiper
Long-billed Curlew
Hudsonian Godwit
Marbled Godwit
Sanderling
White-rumped Sandpiper
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Wilson's Phalarope
Black-billed Cuckoo
Burrowing Owl
Short-eared Owl
Red-headed Woodpecker
Loggerhead Shrike
Sprague's Pipit
Grasshopper Sparrow
Baird's Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Le Conte's Sparrow
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
McCown's Longspur
Chestnut-collared Longspur
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
35
Table 12. BCR 12 (Boreal Hardwood Transition–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
American Bittern
Peregrine Falcon
Yellow Rail
Upland Sandpiper
Whimbrel
Marbled Godwit
Stilt Sandpiper
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Short-billed Dowitcher
Wilson's Phalarope
Common Tern (Great Lakes population)
Black Tern
Wood Thrush
Golden-winged Warbler
Cape May Warbler
Black-throated Blue Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Connecticut Warbler
Canada Warbler
Henslow's Sparrow
Le Conte's Sparrow
Bobolink
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
36
Table 13. BCR 13 (Lower Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Plain–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
Peregrine Falcon
Upland Sandpiper
Whimbrel
Hudsonian Godwit
Marbled Godwit
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Common Tern
Black-billed Cuckoo
Whip-poor-will
Red-headed Woodpecker
Sedge Wren
Golden-winged Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Canada Warbler
Henslow's Sparrow
Bobolink
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
37
Table 14. BCR 14 (Atlantic Northern Forests–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
Peregrine Falcon
Yellow Rail
Whimbrel
Hudsonian Godwit
Purple Sandpiper
Common Tern
Razorbill
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Bicknell's Thrush
Wood Thrush
Chestnut-sided Warbler
Cape May Warbler
Bay-breasted Warbler
Blackpoll Warbler
Canada Warbler
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
38
Table 15. BCR 15 (Sierra Nevada) BCC 2002 List.
Peregrine Falcon
Flammulated Owl
Spotted Owl (occidentalis ssp. only)
Black Swift
Rufous Hummingbird
Lewis's Woodpecker
Williamson's Sapsucker
White-headed Woodpecker
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Tricolored Blackbird
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
39
Table 16. BCR 16 (Southern Rockies/Colorado Plateau) BCC 2002 List.
Northern Harrier
Swainson's Hawk
Ferruginous Hawk
Golden Eagle
Peregrine Falcon
Prairie Falcon
[Gunnison Sage-Grouse]
Snowy Plover
Mountain Plover
Solitary Sandpiper
Marbled Godwit
Wilson's Phalarope
Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Flammulated Owl
Burrowing Owl
Short-eared Owl
Black Swift
Lewis's Woodpecker
Williamson's Sapsucker
Gray Vireo
Pinyon Jay
Bendire's Thrasher
Crissal Thrasher
Sprague's Pipit
Virginia's Warbler
Black-throated Gray Warbler
Grace's Warbler
Sage Sparrow
Chestnut-collared Longspur
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
40
Table 17. BCR 17 (Badlands and Prairies) BCC 2002 List.
Ferruginous Hawk
Golden Eagle
Peregrine Falcon
Prairie Falcon
American Golden-Plover
Mountain Plover
Upland Sandpiper
Long-billed Curlew
Marbled Godwit
Sanderling
Wilson's Phalarope
Black-billed Cuckoo
Burrowing Owl
Short-eared Owl
Lewis's Woodpecker
Red-naped Sapsucker
Sprague's Pipit
Brewer's Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Baird's Sparrow
Le Conte's Sparrow
McCown's Longspur
Chestnut-collared Longspur
Dickcissel
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
41
Table 18. BCR 18 (Shortgrass Prairie) BCC 2002 List.
Northern Harrier
Ferruginous Hawk
Peregrine Falcon
Prairie Falcon
[Lesser Prairie-Chicken]
American Golden-Plover (USFWS Region 6 only)
Snowy Plover
Mountain Plover
Solitary Sandpiper
Long-billed Curlew
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (USFWS Region 6 only)
Burrowing Owl
Lewis's Woodpecker
Bell's Vireo
Sprague's Pipit
Cassin's Sparrow
Lark Bunting
McCown's Longspur
Chestnut-collared Longspur
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
42
Table 19. BCR 19 (Central Mixed-Grass Prairie) BCC 2002 List.
Little Blue Heron
Mississippi Kite
Northern Harrier
Swainson's Hawk
Peregrine Falcon
[Lesser Prairie-Chicken]
Black Rail
American Golden-Plover
Snowy Plover
Mountain Plover
Solitary Sandpiper
Long-billed Curlew
Hudsonian Godwit
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Wilson's Phalarope
Red-headed Woodpecker
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher
Bell's Vireo
Sprague's Pipit
Cassin's Sparrow
Le Conte's Sparrow
Harris's Sparrow
McCown's Longspur
Smith's Longspur
Chestnut-collared Longspur
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
43
Table 20. BCR 20 (Edwards Plateau) BCC 2002 List.
Peregrine Falcon
Mountain Plover
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Elf Owl
Ladder-backed Woodpecker
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo
Gray Vireo
Sprague's Pipit
Prothonotary Warbler
Kentucky Warbler
Cassin's Sparrow
Rufous-crowned Sparrow
Field Sparrow
Le Conte's Sparrow
Harris's Sparrow
McCown's Longspur
Chestnut-collared Longspur
Varied Bunting
Painted Bunting
Orchard Oriole
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
44
Table 21. BCR 21 (Oaks and Prairies) BCC 2002 List.
Little Blue Heron
Northern Harrier
Peregrine Falcon
American Golden-Plover
Long-billed Curlew
Hudsonian Godwit
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Red-headed Woodpecker
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo
Sprague's Pipit
Prothonotary Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Kentucky Warbler
Field Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Le Conte's Sparrow
Harris's Sparrow
Smith's Longspur
Chestnut-collared Longspur
Painted Bunting
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
45
Table 22. BCR 22 (Eastern Tallgrass Prairie) BCC 2002 List.
Peregrine Falcon
Black Rail
Greater Yellowlegs
Upland Sandpiper
Hudsonian Godwit
Marbled Godwit
Stilt Sandpiper
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Short-billed Dowitcher
Wilson's Phalarope
Common Tern (Great Lakes population)
Black-billed Cuckoo
Short-eared Owl
Chuck-will's-widow
Whip-poor-will
Red-headed Woodpecker
Acadian Flycatcher
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo
Bewick's Wren (bewickii ssp. only)
Wood Thrush
Blue-winged Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Prothonotary Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Louisiana Waterthrush
Kentucky Warbler
Field Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Le Conte's Sparrow
Smith's Longspur
Dickcissel
Rusty Blackbird
Orchard Oriole
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
46
Table 23. BCR 23 (Prairie Hardwood Transition) BCC 2002 List.
Peregrine Falcon
Greater Yellowlegs
Upland Sandpiper
Hudsonian Godwit
Marbled Godwit
Stilt Sandpiper
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Short-billed Dowitcher
Wilson's Phalarope
Common Tern (Great Lakes population)
Black Tern
Black-billed Cuckoo
Long-eared Owl
Short-eared Owl
Red-headed Woodpecker
Acadian Flycatcher
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo
Sedge Wren
Wood Thrush
Blue-winged Warbler
Golden-winged Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Kentucky Warbler
Henslow's Sparrow
Dickcissel
Bobolink
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
47
Table 24. BCR 24 (Central Hardwoods) BCC 2002 List.
Peregrine Falcon
Stilt Sandpiper
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Short-eared Owl
Whip-poor-will
Red-headed Woodpecker
Bell's Vireo
Bewick's Wren
Wood Thrush
Blue-winged Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Louisiana Waterthrush
Bachman's Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Le Conte's Sparrow
Smith's Longspur
Rusty Blackbird
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
48
Table 25. BCR 25 (West Gulf Coastal Plain/Ouachitas) BCC 2002 List.
Little Blue Heron
Swallow-tailed Kite
American Kestrel (resident paulus ssp. only)
Peregrine Falcon
Hudsonian Godwit
Stilt Sandpiper
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Short-eared Owl
Chuck-will's-widow
Red-headed Woodpecker
Acadian Flycatcher
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher
Bell's Vireo
Brown-headed Nuthatch
Bewick's Wren
Wood Thrush
Sprague's Pipit
Prairie Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Prothonotary Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Louisiana Waterthrush
Kentucky Warbler
Bachman's Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Le Conte's Sparrow
Harris's Sparrow
Smith's Longspur
Orchard Oriole
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
49
Table 26. BCR 26 (Mississippi Alluvial Valley) BCC 2002 List.
American White Pelican
Little Blue Heron
Swallow-tailed Kite
Mississippi Kite
Peregrine Falcon
Yellow Rail
Hudsonian Godwit
Marbled Godwit
Stilt Sandpiper
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Short-eared Owl
Red-headed Woodpecker
Bell's Vireo
Sedge Wren
Wood Thrush
Northern Parula
Cerulean Warbler
Prothonotary Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Henslow's Sparrow
Le Conte's Sparrow
Smith's Longspur
Painted Bunting
Rusty Blackbird
Orchard Oriole
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
50
Table 27. BCR 27 (Southeastern Coastal Plain) BCC 2002 List.
Black-capped Petrel
Audubon's Shearwater
Little Blue Heron
Reddish Egret
Swallow-tailed Kite
Short-tailed Hawk
American Kestrel (resident paulus ssp. only)
Peregrine Falcon
Yellow Rail
Black Rail
Limpkin
Snowy Plover
Wilson's Plover
American Oystercatcher
Whimbrel
Marbled Godwit
Red Knot
Semipalmated Sandpiper
Stilt Sandpiper
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Short-billed Dowitcher
Gull-billed Tern
Common Tern
Least Tern (except where Endangered)
Black Tern
Black Skimmer
Common Ground-Dove
Burrowing Owl
Chuck-will's-widow
Brown-headed Nuthatch
Bewick's Wren
Wood Thrush
Northern Parula
Black-throated Green Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Bachman's Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Le Conte's Sparrow
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Seaside Sparrow
Painted Bunting
Orchard Oriole
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
51
Table 28. BCR 28 (Appalachian Mountains) BCC 2002 List.
Peregrine Falcon
Upland Sandpiper
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Black-billed Cuckoo
Short-eared Owl
Northern Saw-whet Owl (breeding populations only)
Chuck-will's-widow
Whip-poor-will
Red-headed Woodpecker
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (breeding populations only)
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Acadian Flycatcher
Black-capped Chickadee (southern Blue Ridge populations only)
Bewick's Wren
Sedge Wren
Wood Thrush
Golden-winged Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Prothonotary Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Louisiana Waterthrush
Kentucky Warbler
Bachman's Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Red Crossbill (southern Appalachian populations only)
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
52
Table 29. BCR 29 (Piedmont) BCC 2002 List.
Peregrine Falcon
Black Rail
Upland Sandpiper
Chuck-will's-widow
Whip-poor-will
Bewick's Wren
Wood Thrush
Prairie Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Prothonotary Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Kentucky Warbler
Bachman's Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Rusty Blackbird
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
53
Table 30. BCR 30 (New England/Mid-Atlantic Coast) BCC 2002 List.
Peregrine Falcon
Black Rail
Wilson's Plover
American Oystercatcher
Upland Sandpiper
Whimbrel
Hudsonian Godwit
Marbled Godwit
Red Knot
Purple Sandpiper
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Common Tern
Least Tern
Black Skimmer
Razorbill
Short-eared Owl
Whip-poor-will
Red-headed Woodpecker
Sedge Wren
Marsh Wren
Wood Thrush
Blue-winged Warbler
Golden-winged Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Kentucky Warbler
Canada Warbler
Henslow's Sparrow
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Seaside Sparrow
Baltimore Oriole
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
54
Table 31. BCR 31 (Peninsular Florida) BCC 2002 List.
Black-capped Petrel
Audubon's Shearwater
Magnificent Frigatebird
American Bittern
Little Blue Heron
Reddish Egret
White Ibis
Swallow-tailed Kite
Short-tailed Hawk
American Kestrel (resident paulus ssp. only)
Peregrine Falcon
Yellow Rail
Black Rail
Limpkin
Snowy Plover
Wilson's Plover
American Oystercatcher
Whimbrel
Marbled Godwit
Red Knot
Semipalmated Sandpiper
Stilt Sandpiper
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Short-billed Dowitcher
Gull-billed Tern
Common Tern
Least Tern
Black Tern
Black Skimmer
White-crowned Pigeon
Common Ground-Dove
Mangrove Cuckoo
Smooth-billed Ani
Burrowing Owl
Chuck-will's-widow
Red-headed Woodpecker
Loggerhead Shrike
Black-whiskered Vireo
Brown-headed Nuthatch
Yellow Warbler (resident gundlachi ssp. only)
Yellow-throated Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Bachman's Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Seaside Sparrow
Painted Bunting
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
55
Table 32. BCR 32 (Coastal California–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
Black-footed Albatross
Ashy Storm-Petrel
Swainson's Hawk
Peregrine Falcon
Prairie Falcon
Black Rail
Mountain Plover
Black Oystercatcher
Whimbrel
Long-billed Curlew
Marbled Godwit
Black Turnstone
Red Knot
Short-billed Dowitcher
Gull-billed Tern
Elegant Tern
Black Skimmer
Xantus's Murrelet
Cassin's Auklet
Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Flammulated Owl
Burrowing Owl
Spotted Owl (occidentalis ssp. only)
Black Swift
Lewis's Woodpecker
White-headed Woodpecker
Loggerhead Shrike (all except Endangered mearnsi ssp.)
Island Scrub-Jay
Cactus Wren
Le Conte's Thrasher
Common Yellowthroat (sinuosa ssp. only)
Spotted Towhee (clementae ssp. only)
Black-chinned Sparrow
Song Sparrow (graminea, maxillaris, pusillula, and samuelis ssp. only)
Tricolored Blackbird
Lawrence's Goldfinch
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
56
Table 33. BCR 33 (Sonoran and Mojave Deserts–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
Peregrine Falcon
Black Rail
Snowy Plover
Mountain Plover
Whimbrel
Long-billed Curlew
Marbled Godwit
Red Knot
Gull-billed Tern
Black Skimmer
Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Elf Owl
Burrowing Owl
Gila Woodpecker
Gilded Flicker
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo
Gray Vireo
Bendire's Thrasher
Crissal Thrasher
Le Conte's Thrasher
Yellow Warbler (sonorana ssp. only)
Rufous-winged Sparrow
Black-chinned Sparrow
Sage Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Tricolored Blackbird
Lawrence's Goldfinch
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
57
Table 34. BCR 34 (Sierra Madre Occidental–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
Northern Goshawk
Gray Hawk
Common Black-Hawk
Ferruginous Hawk
Peregrine Falcon
Snowy Plover
Mountain Plover
Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Flammulated Owl
Whiskered Screech-Owl
Elf Owl
Broad-billed Hummingbird
Lucifer Hummingbird
Costa's Hummingbird
Elegant Trogon
Lewis's Woodpecker
Arizona Woodpecker
Gilded Flicker
Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet
Greater Pewee
Buff-breasted Flycatcher
Bell's Vireo
Gray Vireo
Bendire's Thrasher
Crissal Thrasher
Sprague's Pipit
Olive Warbler
Black-throated Gray Warbler
Grace's Warbler
Red-faced Warbler
Rufous-winged Sparrow
Botteri's Sparrow
Black-chinned Sparrow
Sage Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Grasshopper Sparrow
Baird's Sparrow
Chestnut-collared Longspur
Varied Bunting
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
58
Table 35. BCR 35 (Chihuahuan Desert–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 Lists.
Northern Harrier
Common Black-Hawk
Ferruginous Hawk
Peregrine Falcon
Snowy Plover
Mountain Plover
Long-billed Curlew
Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Flammulated Owl
Elf Owl
Burrowing Owl
Lucifer Hummingbird
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo
Gray Vireo
Bendire's Thrasher
Crissal Thrasher
Sprague's Pipit
Colima Warbler
Grace's Warbler
Red-faced Warbler
Cassin's Sparrow
Black-chinned Sparrow
Sage Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Baird's Sparrow
McCown's Longspur
Chestnut-collared Longspur
Varied Bunting
Painted Bunting
Hooded Oriole
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
59
Table 36. BCR 36 (Tamaulipan Brushlands–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
Northern Harrier
Harris's Hawk
Swainson's Hawk
Peregrine Falcon
Snowy Plover
Mountain Plover
Long-billed Curlew
Stilt Sandpiper
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Gull-billed Tern
Red-billed Pigeon
Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl
Elf Owl
Burrowing Owl
Buff-bellied Hummingbird
Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet
Rose-throated Becard
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo
Verdin
Cactus Wren
Curve-billed Thrasher
Sprague's Pipit
Tropical Parula
Cassin's Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Harris's Sparrow
McCown's Longspur
Chestnut-collared Longspur
Pyrrhuloxia
Varied Bunting
Painted Bunting
Dickcissel
Hooded Oriole
Altamira Oriole
Audubon's Oriole
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
60
Table 37. BCR 37 (Gulf Coastal Prairie–U.S. portion only) BCC 2002 List.
American Bittern
Reddish Egret
White Ibis
Swallow-tailed Kite
Northern Harrier
White-tailed Hawk (Texas only)
Peregrine Falcon
Yellow Rail
Black Rail
American Golden-Plover
Snowy Plover
Wilson's Plover
American Oystercatcher
Whimbrel
Long-billed Curlew
Hudsonian Godwit
Marbled Godwit
Red Knot
Stilt Sandpiper
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Short-billed Dowitcher
Gull-billed Tern
Least Tern
Black Tern
Black Skimmer
Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl (Texas only)
Short-eared Owl
Buff-bellied Hummingbird
Red-headed Woodpecker
Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet (Texas only)
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo (Texas only)
Bewick's Wren
Sedge Wren
Sprague's Pipit
Tropical Parula (Texas only)
Prothonotary Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Kentucky Warbler
Botteri's Sparrow (Texas only)
Grasshopper Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Le Conte's Sparrow
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Seaside Sparrow
Painted Bunting
Hooded Oriole (Texas only)
Audubon's Oriole (Texas only)
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
61
Table 38. BCR 67 (Hawaii) BCC 2002 List.
Laysan Albatross
Black-footed Albatross
Christmas Shearwater
Band-rumped Storm-Petrel
Tristram's Storm-Petrel
Pacific Golden-Plover
Bristle-thighed Curlew
Blue-gray Noddy
Short-eared Owl
[Elepaio (all except Endangered ibidus ssp.)]
Omao
[Hawaii Amakihi]
[Oahu Amakihi]
[Kauai Amakihi]
[Anianiau]
[Akikiki]
[Maui Alauahio]
[Akekee]
[Iiwi]
[Apapane]
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
62
Table 39. BCR 68 (Pacific Islands–U.S. Territories only) BCC 2002 List.
Laysan Albatross
Black-footed Albatross
{Tahiti Petrel}
{Phoenix Petrel}
Herald Petrel
Christmas Shearwater
{Polynesian Storm-Petrel}
Lesser Frigatebird
{Buff-banded Rail}
{Spotless Crake}
{Purple Swamphen}
Pacific Golden-Plover
Bristle-thighed Curlew
Blue-gray Noddy
{White-throated Ground-Dove}
{Friendly Ground-Dove}
{Many-colored Fruit-Dove}
{Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove}
{Mariana Fruit-Dove}
[Blue-crowned Lorikeet]
{Long-tailed Koel}
{White-rumped Swiftlet}
[Rufous Fantail]
[Fiji Shrikebill]
[Bridled White-eye (rotensis ssp. only)]
[Golden White-eye]
[Micronesian Myzomela]
[Cardinal Myzomela]
[Wattled Honeyeater]
[Mao]
[Samoan Starling]
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
63
Table 40. BCR 69 (Caribbean Islands–Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands only) BCC 2002 List.
Audubon's Shearwater
White-tailed Tropicbird
Red-billed Tropicbird
Masked Booby
Brown Booby
Red-footed Booby
Magnificent Frigatebird
West Indian Whistling-Duck
White-cheeked Pintail
Masked Duck
Ruddy Duck (resident jamaicensis ssp. only)
Peregrine Falcon
Black Rail
Yellow-breasted Crake
Caribbean Coot
Limpkin
Snowy Plover
Wilson's Plover
American Oystercatcher
Semipalmated Sandpiper
Stilt Sandpiper
Least Tern
White-crowned Pigeon
Key West Quail-Dove
Bridled Quail-Dove
Short-eared Owl
Black Swift
Lesser Antillean Pewee
Puerto Rican Flycatcher
Puerto Rican Vireo
Bicknell's Thrush
Yellow Warbler (resident cruciana ssp. only)
Black-throated Blue Warbler
Adelaide's Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Elfin-woods Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Northern Waterthrush
Louisiana Waterthrush
Grasshopper Sparrow
Greater Antillean Oriole
1 a = mainland U.S. portion of Region, b = Hawaiian Islands portion of Region, and c =
Pacific Island "trust territories."
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
64
Table 41. USFWS Region 1 (Pacific Region)1 BCC 2002 List.
a b c
Black-footed Albatross X X X
{Tahiti Petrel} X
{Phoenix Petrel} X
{Polynesian Storm-Petrel} X
Ashy Storm-Petrel X
Band-rumped Storm-Petrel X
Tristram's Storm-Petrel X
Swainson's Hawk X
Peregrine Falcon X
Prairie Falcon X
Greater Sage-Grouse X
(Columbia Basin population only)
Yellow Rail X
Black Rail X
{Spotless Crake} X
Pacific Golden-Plover X X
Snowy Plover X
(except where Endangered)
Mountain Plover X
Black Oystercatcher X
Whimbrel X
Bristle-thighed Curlew X X
Long-billed Curlew X
Marbled Godwit X
Black Turnstone X
Red Knot X
Short-billed Dowitcher X
Gull-billed Tern X
Elegant Tern X
Blue-gray Noddy X
Black Skimmer X
Xantus's Murrelet X
{White-throated Ground-Dove} X
{Friendly Ground-Dove} X
{Many-colored Fruit-Dove} X
a b c
{Mariana Fruit-Dove} X
Yellow-billed Cuckoo X
Flammulated Owl X
Burrowing Owl X
Black Swift X
Lewis's Woodpecker X
Williamson's Sapsucker X
Red-naped Sapsucker X
White-headed Woodpecker X
Olive-sided Flycatcher X
Loggerhead Shrike X
(except where Endangered)
Gray Vireo X
[Rufous Fantail] X
[Elepaio] X
(except where Endangered)
[Fiji Shrikebill] X
Horned Lark (strigata ssp. only) X
Omao X
[Bridled White-eye (rotensis ssp. only)] X
[Golden White-eye] X
Crissal Thrasher X
Le Conte's Thrasher X
Brewer's Sparrow X
Tricolored Blackbird X
Lawrence's Goldfinch X
[Hawaii Amakihi] X
[Oahu Amakihi] X
[Kauai Amakihi] X
[Anianiau] X
[Akikiki] X
[Maui Alauahio] X
[Akekee] X
[Iiwi] X
[Apapane] X
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
65
Table 42. USFWS Region 2 (Southwest Region) BCC 2002 List.
Reddish Egret
Swallow-tailed Kite
Northern Harrier
Gray Hawk
Common Black-Hawk
White-tailed Hawk
Ferruginous Hawk
Peregrine Falcon
[Lesser Prairie-Chicken]
Yellow Rail
Black Rail
American Golden-Plover
Snowy Plover
Wilson's Plover
Mountain Plover
American Oystercatcher
Long-billed Curlew
Hudsonian Godwit
Red Knot
Stilt Sandpiper
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Gull-billed Tern
Least Tern (except where Endangered)
Black Skimmer
Red-billed Pigeon
Yellow-billed Cuckoo (western BCRs only)
Flammulated Owl
Whiskered Screech-Owl
Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl (Texas only)
Elf Owl
Burrowing Owl
Broad-billed Hummingbird
Buff-bellied Hummingbird
Lucifer Hummingbird
Elegant Trogon
Lewis's Woodpecker
Red-headed Woodpecker
Arizona Woodpecker
Gilded Flicker
Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet
Greater Pewee
Buff-breasted Flycatcher
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher
Rose-throated Becard
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo
Gray Vireo
Brown-headed Nuthatch
Sedge Wren
Bendire's Thrasher
Crissal Thrasher
Le Conte's Thrasher
Sprague's Pipit
Olive Warbler
Colima Warbler
Tropical Parula
Black-throated Gray Warbler
Grace's Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Prothonotary Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Louisiana Waterthrush
Kentucky Warbler
Red-faced Warbler
Rufous-winged Sparrow
Cassin's Sparrow
Bachman's Sparrow
Botteri's Sparrow
Black-chinned Sparrow
Sage Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Baird's Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Le Conte's Sparrow
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Seaside Sparrow
(continued)
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
66
Table 42 (continued)
Harris's Sparrow
McCown's Longspur
Smith's Longspur
Chestnut-collared Longspur
Varied Bunting
Painted Bunting
Hooded Oriole
Altamira Oriole
Audubon's Oriole
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
67
Table 43. USFWS Region 3 (Great Lakes-Big Rivers Region) BCC 2002 List.
American Bittern
Swainson's Hawk
Peregrine Falcon
Yellow Rail
Black Rail
Upland Sandpiper
Whimbrel
Hudsonian Godwit
Marbled Godwit
Stilt Sandpiper
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Short-billed Dowitcher
Wilson's Phalarope
Common Tern (Great Lakes population)
Black Tern
Black-billed Cuckoo
Short-eared Owl
Chuck-will's-widow
Red-headed Woodpecker
Acadian Flycatcher
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo
Bewick's Wren
Wood Thrush
Blue-winged Warbler
Golden-winged Warbler
Cape May Warbler
Black-throated Blue Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Louisiana Waterthrush
Kentucky Warbler
Connecticut Warbler
Canada Warbler
Bachman's Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Le Conte's Sparrow
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Dickcissel
Bobolink
Rusty Blackbird
2 a = mainland U.S. portion of Region, and b = Puerto Rico and/or U.S. Virgin Islands.
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
68
Table 44. USFWS Region 4 (Southeast Region)2 BCC 2002 List.
a b
Black-capped Petrel X
Audubon's Shearwater X X
White-tailed Tropicbird X
Red-billed Tropicbird X
Masked Booby X
Brown Booby X
Red-footed Booby X
Magnificent Frigatebird X
Little Blue Heron X
Reddish Egret X
West Indian Whistling-Duck X
White-cheeked Pintail X
Masked Duck X
Ruddy Duck (resident jamaicensis ssp. only) X
Swallow-tailed Kite X
Short-tailed Hawk X
Peregrine Falcon X X
Yellow Rail X
Black Rail X X
Yellow-breasted Crake X
Caribbean Coot X
Limpkin X X
Snowy Plover X X
Wilson's Plover X X
American Oystercatcher X X
Whimbrel X
Long-billed Curlew X
Hudsonian Godwit X
Marbled Godwit X
Red Knot X
Semipalmated Sandpiper X
Stilt Sandpiper X X
Buff-breasted Sandpiper X
Gull-billed Tern X
Least Tern (except where endangered) X X
Black Skimmer X
a b
White-crowned Pigeon X X
Key West Quail-Dove X
Bridled Quail-Dove X
Mangrove Cuckoo X
Smooth-billed Ani X
Burrowing Owl X
Short-eared Owl X
Chuck-will's-widow X
Black Swift X
Red-headed Woodpecker X
Olive-sided Flycatcher X
Lesser Antillean Pewee X
Puerto Rican Flycatcher X
Puerto Rican Vireo X
Bell's Vireo X
Black-whiskered Vireo X
Brown-headed Nuthatch X
Bewick's Wren X
Bicknell's Thrush X
Wood Thrush X
Golden-winged Warbler X
Yellow Warbler (resident cruciana ssp. only) X
Black-throated Blue Warbler X
Adelaide's Warbler X
Prairie Warbler X X
Cerulean Warbler X
Elfin-woods Warbler X
Prothonotary Warbler X
Worm-eating Warbler X X
Swainson's Warbler X
Northern Waterthrush X
Louisiana Waterthrush X
Bachman's Sparrow X
Grasshopper Sparrow X
(continued)
Table 44 (continued)
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
69
a b
Henslow's Sparrow X
Le Conte's Sparrow X
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow X
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow X
Seaside Sparrow X
Smith's Longspur X
Painted Bunting X
Greater Antillean Oriole X
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
70
Table 45. USFWS Region 5 (Northeast Region) BCC 2002 List.
Peregrine Falcon
Yellow Rail
Black Rail
American Oystercatcher
Upland Sandpiper
Whimbrel
Hudsonian Godwit
Marbled Godwit
Red Knot
Purple Sandpiper
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Common Tern
Least Tern
Black Skimmer
Razorbill
Short-eared Owl
Whip-poor-will
Red-headed Woodpecker
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Loggerhead Shrike
Bewick's Wren
Sedge Wren
Bicknell's Thrush
Wood Thrush
Golden-winged Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Bay-breasted Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Kentucky Warbler
Canada Warbler
Henslow's Sparrow
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Seaside Sparrow
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
71
Table 46. USFWS Region 6 (Mountain-Prairie Region) BCC 2002 List.
Northern Harrier
Swainson's Hawk
Ferruginous Hawk
Golden Eagle
Peregrine Falcon
Prairie Falcon
[Gunnison Sage-Grouse]
[Lesser Prairie-Chicken]
Yellow Rail
Black Rail
American Golden-Plover
Snowy Plover
Mountain Plover
Solitary Sandpiper
Upland Sandpiper
Long-billed Curlew
Marbled Godwit
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Wilson's Phalarope
Black-billed Cuckoo
Flammulated Owl
Burrowing Owl
Short-eared Owl
Lewis's Woodpecker
Red-headed Woodpecker
Williamson's Sapsucker
Red-naped Sapsucker
White-headed Woodpecker
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo
Gray Vireo
Bewick's Wren
Sprague's Pipit
Virginia's Warbler
Cassin's Sparrow
Brewer's Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Baird's Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Le Conte's Sparrow
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
McCown's Longspur
Chestnut-collared Longspur
Dickcissel
Bobolink
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
72
Table 47. USFWS Region 7 (Alaska Region) BCC 2002 List.
Yellow-billed Loon
Black-footed Albatross
Peregrine Falcon
American Golden-Plover
Pacific Golden-Plover
Black Oystercatcher
Whimbrel
Bristle-thighed Curlew
Hudsonian Godwit
Bar-tailed Godwit
Marbled Godwit
Black Turnstone
Surfbird
Rock Sandpiper
Dunlin
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Short-billed Dowitcher
Red-legged Kittiwake
Arctic Tern
Aleutian Tern
Marbled Murrelet
Kittlitz's Murrelet
Whiskered Auklet
Black Swift
Arctic Warbler
Blackpoll Warbler
Smith's Longspur
McKay's Bunting
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
73
Table 48. National (including Caribbean and Pacific Island "Territories") BCC 2002 List.
Yellow-billed Loon
Black-footed Albatross
Black-capped Petrel
{Phoenix Petrel}
Ashy Storm-Petrel
Band-rumped Storm-Petrel
Little Blue Heron*
Reddish Egret
Swallow-tailed Kite
Northern Harrier
Swainson’s Hawk
Ferruginous Hawk
Peregrine Falcon
Prairie Falcon
[Greater Sage-Grouse (Columbia
Basin population only)]
[Gunnison Sage-Grouse]
[Lesser Prairie-Chicken]
Yellow Rail
Black Rail
{Spotless Crake}
Limpkin
American Golden-Plover
Pacific Golden-Plover
Snowy Plover†
Wilson’s Plover
Mountain Plover
American Oystercatcher
Black Oystercatcher
Solitary Sandpiper
Upland Sandpiper
Whimbrel
Bristle-thighed Curlew
Long-billed Curlew
Hudsonian Godwit
Bar-tailed Godwit
Marbled Godwit
Black Turnstone
Surfbird
Red Knot
Rock Sandpiper
Stilt Sandpiper
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Short-billed Dowitcher
Wilson’s Phalarope
Red-legged Kittiwake
Gull-billed Tern
Common Tern
Least Tern‡
Aleutian Tern
Black Skimmer
Razorbill
Marbled Murrelet (Alaska
populations only)
Kittlitz’s Murrelet
Xantus’s Murrelet
Whiskered Auklet
{Friendly Ground-Dove}
{Many-colored Fruit-Dove}
Black-billed Cuckoo
Yellow-billed Cuckoo (western
populations only)
Flammulated Owl
Burrowing Owl
Short-eared Owl
Chuck-will’s Widow
Whip-poor-will
Black Swift
Rufous Hummingbird*
Lewis’s Woodpecker
Red-headed Woodpecker*
Williamson’s Sapsucker
Red-naped Sapsucker
White-headed Woodpecker
Olive-sided Flycatcher*
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher
Loggerhead Shrike‡*
Bell’s Vireo‡*
Gray Vireo
Island Scrub-Jay
[Elepaio‡]
Horned Lark (strigata ssp. only)
Brown-headed Nuthatch
Bewick’s Wren (altus and
bewickii sspp. only)
Sedge Wren
Omao
Bicknell’s Thrush
Wood Thrush
[Bridled White-eye (rotensis ssp.
only)]
Bendire’s Thrasher
Crissal Thrasher
Le Conte’s Thrasher
Sprague’s Pipit
Golden-winged Warbler*
Grace's Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Cerulean Warbler*
Elfin-woods Warbler
Prothonotary Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Swainson’s Warbler
Louisiana Waterthrush
Kentucky Warbler
Canada Warbler
Rufous-winged Sparrow
Cassin’s Sparrow
Bachman’s Sparrow*
Brewer's Sparrow*
Black-chinned Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow‡*
Baird’s Sparrow
Henslow’s Sparrow*
Le Conte’s Sparrow
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Seaside Sparrow
(continued)
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
74
Table 48 (continued)
Harris’s Sparrow
McCown’s Longspur
Smith’s Longspur
Chestnut-collared Longspur
McKay’s Bunting
Painted Bunting*
Dickcissel
Tricolored Blackbird
Lawrence’s Goldfinch
[Hawaii Amakihi]
[Oahu Amakihi]
[Kauai Amakihi]
[Anianiau (=Lesser Amakihi)]
[Akikiki (=Kauai Creeper)]
[Maui Alauahio (=Maui Creeper)]
[Akekee (=Kauai Akepa)]
[Iiwi]
[Apapane]
† except where Threatened.
‡ except where Endangered
* denotes species that met the rigorous criteria mentioned on p. 10 for statistically significant (P<0.1,
N>100), long-term (1966-2000) populations declines of >2.5 percent annually, both in the United States
and survey-wide, using BBS data.
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
75
Table 49. BCC 2002 Species as a Proportion of the Total Avifauna in Various Geographic Regions.
Region
BCC 2002
Species
Totals
BCC 2002 Species Totals
as a Proportion (Per Cent) of:
All
Native
Species*
MBTA
Nongame
Species*
USFWS 1 (mainland only) 37 6 (586) 7 (513)
USFWS 2 88 14 (627) 16 (543)
USFWS 3 43 9 (459) 11 (400)
USFWS 4 (mainland only) 48 9 (536) 10 (459)
USFWS 5 36 7 (510) 8 (428)
USFWS 6 46 9 (496) 11 (425)
USFWS 7 28 6 (429) 14 (202)
Hawaii (BCR 67) 20 9 (218) 13 (157)
Pacific Islands (BCR 68) 31 15 (213) -
Caribbean Islands (BCR 69) 42 17 (249) 20 (211)
National 131 12 (1064) 16 (780)
* Figures in parentheses represent regional species totals.
NOTE: Please refer to Table 3 for descriptions of the stylized conventions used to indicate the Federal protective status of species on this list.
76
Table 50. Proportional Representation of Various Regulatory and Taxonomic Groups at Different
Geographic Scales (all figures are percentages).
Regulatory and
Taxonomic
Groups
Geographic Scale
BCR
(n=990)
USFWS
(n=381)
National
(n=131)
Regulatory:
MBTA 96.3 93.2 86.7
Non-MBTA 3.7 6.8 13.3
ESA Delisted 3.4 1.8 0.8
ESA Candidate 1.7 3.4 7.0
ESA Proposed 1.1 0.8 0.8
Taxonomic:
Species 96.5 99.0 96.2
Subspecies 1.9 0.5 1.5
Population 1.6 0.5 2.3
76
LIST OF APPENDICES .
Appendix Title
A Definition of Acronyms.
B Summary of Species Occurrences on BCR, USFWS Region, and National Lists
in BCC 2002, Arranged Alphabetically by Common Group Name.
C Matrix of Species Occurrences on BCR, USFWS Region, and National Lists in
BCC 2002, Arranged Taxonomically.
D Index of Scientific Names of Species Appearing in the BCC 2002 Lists (Tables
4-48), Arranged Alphabetically by Common Group Name.
77
Appendix A. Definition of Acronyms.
Acronym Definition
AI Area Importance (an assessment factor)
BBS Breeding Bird Survey
BCC Birds of Conservation Concern
BCR Bird Conservation Region
ESA Endangered Species Act
FWCA Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act
MBTA Migratory Bird Treaty Act
NABCI North American Bird Conservation Initiative
NAWCP North American Waterbird Conservation Plan
NWR National Wildlife Refuge
PIF Partners in Flight
USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
USSCP United States Shorebird Conservation Plan
78
Appendix B. Summary of Species Occurrences on BCR, USFWS Region, and National Lists in
BCC 2002, Arranged Alphabetically by Common Group Name.
Name, Common BCRs USFWS Regions National
Akekee 67 1(b) X
Akikiki 67 1(b) X
Alauahio, Maui 67 1(b) X
Albatross, Black-footed 5, 32, 67, 68 1(a,b,c), 7 X
Albatross, Laysan 67, 68
Amakihi, Hawaii 67 1(b)
Amakihi, Kauai 67 1(b)
Amakihi, Oahu 67 1(b)
Ani, Smooth-billed 31 4(a)
Anianiau 67 1(b) X
Apapane 67 1(b) X
Auklet, Cassin's 32
Auklet, Whiskered 1 7 X
Avocet, American 9
Beardless-Tyrannulet, Northern 34, 36, 37 2
Becard, Rose-throated 36 2
Bittern, American 11, 12, 31, 37 3
Blackbird, Rusty 22, 24, 26, 29 3
Blackbird, Tricolored 9, 15, 32, 33 1(a) X
Black-Hawk, Common 34, 35 2
Bobolink 12, 13, 23 3, 6
Booby, Brown 69 4(b)
Booby, Masked 69 4(b)
Booby, Red-footed 69 4(b)
Bunting, Lark 18, 33, 34, 35, 36 2
Bunting, McKay's 1, 2 7 X
Bunting, Painted 20, 21, 26, 27, 31, 35, 36,
37
2, 4(a) X
Bunting, Varied 20, 34, 35, 36 2
Chickadee, Black-capped 28
Chuck-will's-widow 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31 3, 4(a) X
Coot, Caribbean 69 4(b)
Cormorant, Red-faced 1, 2
Crake, Spotless 68 1(c) X
Crake, Yellow-breasted 69 4b
Crossbill, Red 28
Cuckoo, Black-billed 11, 13, 17, 22, 23, 28 3, 6 X
Cuckoo, Mangrove 31 4(a)
Cuckoo, Yellow-billed 5, 9, 10, 16, 32, 33, 34, 35 1(a), 2 X
Curlew, Bristle-thighed 2, 67, 68 1(b,c), 7 X
Curlew, Long-billed 5, 9, 10, 11, 17, 18, 19, 21,
32, 33, 35, 36, 37
1(a), 2, 4(a), 6 X
Dickcissel 17, 22, 23, 36 3, 6 X
79
Dowitcher, Short-billed 2, 4, 5, 12, 22, 23, 27, 31,
32, 37
1(a), 3, 7 X
Duck, Masked 69 4(b)
Duck, Ruddy 69 4(b)
Dunlin 3 7
Eagle, Golden 9, 10, 16, 17 6
Egret, Reddish 27, 31, 37 2, 4(a) X
Elepaio 67 1(b) X
Falcon, Peregrine 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,
27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,
34, 35, 36, 37, 69
1(a), 2, 3, 4(a,b), 5, 6, 7 X
Falcon, Prairie 9, 10, 16, 17, 18, 32 1(a), 6 X
Fantail, Rufous 68 1(c)
Flicker, Gilded 33, 34 2
Flycatcher, Acadian 22, 23, 25, 28 3
Flycatcher, Buff-breasted 34 2
Flycatcher, Olive-sided 5, 14, 15, 28 1(a), 4(a), 5 X
Flycatcher, Puerto Rican 69 4(b)
Flycatcher, Scissor-tailed 19, 21, 25 2 X
Frigatebird, Lesser 68
Frigatebird, Magnificent 31, 69 4(b)
Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned 68
Fruit-Dove, Many-colored 68 1(c) X
Fruit-Dove, Mariana 68 1(c)
Godwit, Bar-tailed 1, 2, 3 7 X
Godwit, Hudsonian 2, 4, 11, 13, 14, 19, 21, 22,
23, 25, 26, 30, 37
2, 3, 4(a), 5, 7 X
Godwit, Marbled 2, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16,
17, 22, 23, 26, 27, 30, 31,
32, 33, 37
1(a), 3, 4(a), 5, 6, 7 X
Golden-Plover, American 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 17, 18, 19,
21, 37
2, 6, 7 X
Golden-Plover, Pacific 2, 67, 68 1(b,c), 7 X
Goldfinch, Lawrence's 32, 33 1(a) X
Goshawk, Northern 5, 34
Ground-Dove, Common 27, 31
Ground-Dove, Friendly 68 1(c) X
Ground-Dove, White-throated 68 1(c)
Harrier, Northern 11, 16, 18, 19, 21, 35, 36,
37
2, 6 X
Hawk, Ferruginous 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 18, 34,
35
2, 6 X
Hawk, Gray 34 2
Hawk, Harris's 36
Hawk, Short-tailed 27, 31 4(a)
80
Hawk, Swainson's 9, 10, 11, 16, 19, 32, 36 1(a), 3, 6 X
Hawk, White-tailed 37 2
Heron, Little Blue 19, 21, 25, 26, 27, 31 4(a) X
Honeyeater, Wattled 68
Hummingbird, Broad-billed 34 2
Hummingbird, Buff-bellied 36, 37 2
Hummingbird, Costa's 34
Hummingbird, Lucifer 34, 35 2
Hummingbird, Rufous 5, 15 X
Ibis, White 31, 37
Iiwi 67 1(b) X
Jay, Pinyon 16
Kestrel, American 25, 27, 31
Kite, Mississippi 19, 26
Kite, Swallow-tailed 25, 26, 27, 31, 37 2, 4(a) X
Kittiwake, Red-legged 1 7 X
Knot, Red 5, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37 1(a), 2, 4(a), 5 X
Koel, Long-tailed 68
Lark, Horned 5 1(a) X
Limpkin 27, 31, 69 4(a,b) X
Longspur, Chestnut-collared 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
34, 35, 36
2, 6 X
Longspur, McCown's 10, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 35,
36
2, 6 X
Longspur, Smith's 3, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26 2, 4(a), 7 X
Loon, Red-throated 2
Loon, Yellow-billed 2, 3, 5 7 X
Lorikeet, Blue-crowned 68
Mao 68
Murrelet, Ancient 1, 2
Murrelet, Kittlitz's 1, 2, 5 7 X
Murrelet, Marbled 1, 2, 5 7 X
Murrelet, Xantus's 32 1(a) X
Myzomela, Cardinal 68
Myzomela, Micronesian 68
Noddy, Blue-gray 67, 68 1(b, c)
Nuthatch, Brown-headed 25, 27, 31 2, 4(a) X
Nuthatch, Pygmy 10
Omao 67 1(b) X
Oriole, Altamira 36 2
Oriole, Audubon's 36, 37 2
Oriole, Baltimore 30
Oriole, Greater Antillean 69 4(b)
Oriole, Hooded 35, 36, 37 2
Oriole, Orchard 20, 22, 25, 26, 27
Owl, Burrowing 9, 11, 16, 17, 18, 27, 31,
32, 33, 35, 36
1, 2, 4, 6 X
81
Owl, Elf 20, 33, 34, 35, 36 2
Owl, Flammulated 5, 9, 10, 15, 16, 32, 34,35 1(a), 2, 6 X
Owl, Long-eared 23
Owl, Northern Saw-whet 28
Owl, Short-eared 11, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 28, 30, 37, 67, 69
3, 4(a), 5, 6 X
Owl, Spotted 15, 32
Oystercatcher, American 27, 30, 31, 37, 69 2, 4(a,b), 5 X
Oystercatcher, Black 1, 5, 32 1(a), 7 X
Parula, Northern 26, 27
Parula, Tropical 36, 37 2
Pelican, American White 26
Petrel, Black-capped 27, 31 4(a) X
Petrel, Herald 68
Petrel, Phoenix 68 1(c) X
Petrel, Tahiti 68 1(c)
Pewee, Greater 34 2
Pewee, Lesser Antillean 69 4(b)
Phalarope, Wilson's 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19,
22, 23
3, 6 X
Pigeon, Red-billed 36 2
Pigeon, White-crowned 31, 69 4(a,b)
Pintail, White-cheeked 69 4(b)
Pipit, Sprague's 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
25, 34, 35, 36, 37
2, 6 X
Plover, Mountain 10, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 32,
33, 34, 35, 36
1(a), 2, 6 X
Plover, Snowy 9, 10, 16, 18, 19, 27, 31,
33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 69
1(a), 2, 4(a,b), 6 X
Plover, Wilson's 27, 30, 31, 37, 69 2, 4(a,b) X
Prairie-Chicken, Lesser 18, 19 2, 6 X
Pygmy-Owl, Ferruginous 36, 37 2
Pyrrhuloxia 36
Quail-Dove, Bridled 69 4(b)
Quail-Dove, Key West 69 4(b)
Rail, Black 19, 22, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32,
33, 37, 69
1(a), 2, 3, 4(a,b), 5, 6 X
Rail, Buff-banded 68
Rail, Yellow 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 26, 27,
31, 37
1(a), 2, 3, 4(a), 5, 6 X
Razorbill 14, 30 5 X
Sage-Grouse, Greater 9 1 X
Sage-Grouse, Gunnison 16 6 X
Sanderling 9, 10, 11, 17
Sandpiper, Buff-breasted 3, 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 30, 31, 36, 37
2, 3, 4(a), 5, 6, 7 X
82
Sandpiper, Purple 14, 30 5
Sandpiper, Rock 1, 2, 4, 5 7 X
Sandpiper, Semipalmated 27, 31, 69 4(b)
Sandpiper, Solitary 9, 10, 11, 16, 18, 19 6 X
Sandpiper, Stilt 12, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
31, 36, 37, 69
2, 3, 4(a,b) X
Sandpiper, Upland 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 22,
23, 28, 29, 30
3, 5, 6 X
Sandpiper, White-rumped 11
Sapsucker, Red-naped 10, 17 1(a), 6 X
Sapsucker, Williamson's 9, 10, 15, 16 1(a), 6 X
Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied 28
Screech-Owl, Whiskered 34 2
Scrub-Jay, Island 32 X
Shearwater, Audubon's 27, 31, 69 4(a,b)
Shearwater, Christmas 67, 68
Shrike, Loggerhead 9, 10, 11, 20, 21, 22, 23,
31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37
1(a), 2, 3, 5, 6 X
Shrikebill, Fiji 68 1(c)
Skimmer, Black 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37 1(a), 2, 4(a), 5 X
Sparrow, Bachman's 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31 2, 3, 4(a) X
Sparrow, Baird's 11, 17, 34, 35 2, 6 X
Sparrow, Black-chinned 32, 33, 34, 35 2 X
Sparrow, Botteri's 34, 37 2
Sparrow, Brewer's 9, 10, 17 1(a), 6 X
Sparrow, Cassin's 18, 19, 20, 35, 36 2, 6 X
Sparrow, Field 20, 21, 22
Sparrow, Grasshopper 11, 17, 22, 34, 37, 69 4(b), 6 X
Sparrow, Harris's 19, 20, 21, 25, 36 2 X
Sparrow, Henslow's 11, 12, 13, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
37
2, 3, 4(a), 5, 6 X
Sparrow, Le Conte's 11, 12, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22,
24, 25, 26, 27, 37
2, 3, 4(a), 6 X
Sparrow, Nelson's Sharp-tailed 11, 14, 27, 31, 37 2, 3, 4(a), 5, 6 X
Sparrow, Rufous-crowned 20
Sparrow, Rufous-winged 33, 34 2 X
Sparrow, Sage 9, 16, 33, 34, 35 2
Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed 27, 30, 31 4(a), 5 X
Sparrow, Seaside 27, 30, 31, 37 2, 4(a), 5 X
Sparrow, Song 32
Sparrow, Vesper 5
Starling, Samoan 68
Storm-Petrel, Ashy 32 1(a) X
Storm-Petrel, Band-rumped 67 1(b) X
Storm-Petrel, Polynesian 68 1(c)
Storm-Petrel, Tristram's 67 1(b)
83
Surfbird 2, 4, 5 7 X
Swamphen, Purple 68
Swift, Black 5, 9, 10, 15, 16, 32, 69 1(a), 4b, 7 X
Swiftlet, White-rumped 68
Tern, Aleutian 1, 2, 5 7 X
Tern, Arctic 1, 2, 5 7
Tern, Black 12, 23, 27, 31, 37 3
Tern, Caspian 5
Tern, Common 12, 13, 14, 22, 23, 27, 30,
31
3, 5 X
Tern, Elegant 32 1(a)
Tern, Gull-billed 27, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37 1, 2, 4(a) X
Tern, Least 27, 30, 31, 37, 69 2, 4(a,b), 5 X
Thrasher, Bendire's 16, 33, 34, 35 2 X
Thrasher, Crissal 16, 33, 34, 35 1(a), 2 X
Thrasher, Curve-billed 36
Thrasher, Le Conte's 32, 33 1(a), 2 X
Thrush, Bicknell's 14, 69 4(b), 5 X
Thrush, Wood 12, 14, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,
27, 28, 29, 30
3, 4(a), 5 X
Towhee, Spotted 32
Trogon, Elegant 34 2
Tropicbird, Red-billed 69 4(b)
Tropicbird, White-tailed 69 4(b)
Turnstone, Black 2, 5, 32 1(a), 7 X
Verdin 36
Vireo, Bell's 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 26, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37
2, 3, 4(a), 6 X
Vireo, Black-whiskered 31 4(a)
Vireo, Gray 9, 16, 20, 33, 34, 35 1(a), 2, 6 X
Vireo, Puerto Rican 69 4(b)
Warbler, Adelaide's 69 4(b)
Warbler, Arctic 2, 3, 4 7
Warbler, Bay-breasted 14 5
Warbler, Blackpoll 2, 14 7
Warbler, Black-throated Blue 12, 69 3, 4(b)
Warbler, Black-throated Gray 16, 34 2
Warbler, Black-throated Green 27
Warbler, Blue-winged 22, 23, 24, 30 3
Warbler, Canada 12, 13, 14, 30 3, 5 X
Warbler, Cape May 12, 14 3
Warbler, Cerulean 12, 13, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,
27, 28, 29, 30
2, 3, 4(a), 5 X
Warbler, Chestnut-sided 14
Warbler, Colima 35 2
Warbler, Connecticut 12 3
Warbler, Elfin-woods 69 4(b) X
84
Warbler, Golden-winged 12, 13, 23, 28, 30 3, 4(a), 5 X
Warbler, Grace's 16, 34, 35 2 X
Warbler, Kentucky 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 28, 29,
30, 37
2, 3, 5 X
Warbler, Olive 34 2
Warbler, Prairie 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
69
2, 3, 4(a,b), 5 X
Warbler, Prothonotary 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 28, 29,
37
2, 4(a) X
Warbler, Red-faced 34, 35 2
Warbler, Swainson's 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
37
2, 3, 4(a), 5 X
Warbler, Virginia's 9, 10, 16 6
Warbler, Worm-eating 21, 22, 24, 25, 28, 30, 69 2, 3, 4(a,b), 5 X
Warbler, Yellow 31, 33, 69 4(b)
Warbler, Yellow-throated 31
Waterthrush, Louisiana 22, 24, 25, 28, 69 2, 3, 4(b) X
Waterthrush, Northern 69 4(b)
Whimbrel 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14,
27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37
1(a), 3, 4(a), 5, 7 X
Whip-poor-will 13, 22, 24, 28, 29, 30 5 X
Whistling-Duck, West Indian 69 4(b)
White-eye, Bridled 68 1(c) X
White-eye, Golden 68 1(c)
Willet 11
Woodpecker, Arizona 34 2
Woodpecker, Gila 33
Woodpecker, Ladder-backed 20
Woodpecker, Lewis's 5, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 32,
34
1(a), 2, 6 X
Woodpecker, Red-headed 11, 13, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 37
2, 3, 4(a), 5, 6 X
Woodpecker, White-headed 5, 9, 10, 15, 32 1(a), 6 X
Wren, Bewick's 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 37 3, 4(a), 5, 6 X
Wren, Cactus 32, 36
Wren, Marsh 30
Wren, Sedge 13, 23, 26, 28, 30, 37 2, 5 X
Yellowlegs, Greater 22, 23
Yellowthroat, Common 32
85
Appendix C. Matrix of Species Occurrences on BCR, USFWS Region, and National Lists in BCC 2002, Arranged Taxonomically.
Species Name Bird Conservation Regions USFWS Regions National
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 9
Red-throated Loon x
Yellow-billed Loon x x x x x
Laysan Albatross x x
Black-footed Albatross x x x x abc x x
Black-capped Petrel x x a x
Tahiti Petrel x c
Phoenix Petrel x c x
Herald Petrel x
Christmas Shearwater x x
Audubon's Shearwater x x x ab
Polynesian Storm-Petrel x c
Ashy Storm-Petrel x a x
Band-rumped Storm-Petrel x b x
Tristram's Storm-Petrel x b
White-tailed Tropicbird x b
Red-billed Tropicbird x b
Masked Booby x b
Brown Booby x b
Red-footed Booby x b
American White Pelican x
Red-faced Cormorant x x
Magnificent Frigatebird x x b
Lesser Frigatebird x
American Bittern x x x x x
Little Blue Heron x x x xx x a x
Reddish Egret x x x x a x
White Ibis x x
West Indian Whistling-Duck x b
White-cheeked Pintail x b
86
Masked Duck x b
Ruddy Duck x b
Swallow-tailed Kite x x x x x x a x
Mississippi Kite x x
Northern Harrier x x x x x x x x x x x
Northern Goshawk x x
Gray Hawk x x
Common Black-Hawk x x x
Harris's Hawk x
Short-tailed Hawk x x a
Swainson's Hawk x x x x x x x a x x x
White-tailed Hawk x x
Ferruginous Hawk x x x x x x x x x x x
Golden Eagle x x x x x
American Kestrel x x x
Peregrine Falcon x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x a x x ab x x x x
Prairie Falcon x x x x x x a x x
Greater Sage-Grouse x a x
Gunnison Sage-Grouse x x x
Lesser Prairie-Chicken x x x x x
Yellow Rail x x x x x x x x x a x x a x x x
Black Rail x x x xxxxx x x a xxabxx x
Buff-banded Rail x
Spotless Crake x c x
Yellow-breasted Crake x b
Purple Swamphen x
Caribbean Coot x b
Limpkin x x x ab x
American Golden-Plover x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Pacific Golden-Plover x x x bc x x
Snowy Plover x x x x x x x x x x x x x a x ab x x
Wilson's Plover x xx x x x ab x
Mountain Plover x x x x x x x x x x x a x x x
American Oystercatcher x xx x x x abx x
Black Oystercatcher x x x a x x
87
American Avocet x
Greater Yellowlegs x x
Solitary Sandpiper x x x x x x x x
Willet x
Upland Sandpiper x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Whimbrel x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x a x a x x x
Bristle-thighed Curlew x x x bc x x
Long-billed Curlew x x x x x x x x x x x x x a x a x x
Hudsonian Godwit x x x xx x x xx x x x x x x a x x x
Bar-tailed Godwit x x x x x
Marbled Godwit x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x a x a x x x x
Black Turnstone x x x a x x
Surfbird x x x x x
Red Knot x x x x x x x a x a x x
Sanderling x x x x
Semipalmated Sandpiper x x x b
White-rumped Sandpiper x
Purple Sandpiper x x x
Rock Sandpiper x x x x x x
Dunlin x x
Stilt Sandpiper x x x x x x x x x x x x x ab x
Buff-breasted Sandpiper x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x a x x x x
Short-billed Dowitcher x x x x xx x x x x a x x x
Wilson's Phalarope x x x x x x x x x x x x
Red-legged Kittiwake x x x
Gull-billed Tern x xx x x x a x a x
Elegant Tern x a
Caspian Tern x
Common Tern x x x x x x x x x x x
Arctic Tern x x x x
Least Tern x xx x x x abx x
Aleutian Tern x x x x x
Black Tern x x x x x x
Blue-gray Noddy x x bc
Black Skimmer x xxxx x a x a x x
88
Razorbill x x x x
Marbled Murrelet x x x x x
Kittlitz's Murrelet x x x x x
Xantus's Murrelet x a x
Ancient Murrelet x x
Cassin's Auklet x
Whiskered Auklet x x x
White-crowned Pigeon x x ab
Red-billed Pigeon x x
Common Ground-Dove x x
Key West Quail-Dove x b
Bridled Quail-Dove x b
White-throated Ground-Dove x c
Friendly Ground-Dove x c x
Many-colored Fruit-Dove x c x
Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove x
Mariana Fruit-Dove x c
Blue-crowned Lorikeet x
Long-tailed Koel x
Black-billed Cuckoo x x x xx x x x x
Yellow-billed Cuckoo x x x x x x x x a x x
Mangrove Cuckoo x a
Smooth-billed Ani x a
Flammulated Owl x x x x x x x x a x x x
Whiskered Screech-Owl x x
Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl x x x
Elf Owl x x x x x x
Burrowing Owl x x x x x x x x x x x a x a x x
Spotted Owl x x
Long-eared Owl x
Short-eared Owl x x x x x x x x x x x x x x a x x x
Northern Saw-whet Owl x
Chuck-will's-widow x x xxx x x a x
Whip-poor-will x x x x x x x x
Black Swift x x x x x x x a b x x
89
White-rumped Swiftlet x
Broad-billed Hummingbird x x
Buff-bellied Hummingbird x x x
Lucifer Hummingbird x x x
Costa's Hummingbird x
Rufous Hummingbird x x x
Elegant Trogon x x
Lewis's Woodpecker x x x x x x x x x a x x x
Red-headed Woodpecker x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x a x x x
Gila Woodpecker x
Williamson's Sapsucker x x x x a x x
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker x
Red-naped Sapsucker x x a x x
Ladder-backed Woodpecker x
Arizona Woodpecker x x
White-headed Woodpecker x x x x x a x x
Gilded Flicker x x x
Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet x x x x
Olive-sided Flycatcher x xx x a a x x
Greater Pewee x x
Lesser Andtillean Pewee x b
Acadian Flycatcher x x x x x
Buff-breasted Flycatcher x x
Puerto Rican Flycatcher x b
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher x x x x x
Rose-throated Becard x x
Loggerhead Shrike x x x x x x x x x x x x x a x x x x x
Puerto Rican Vireo x b
Bell's Vireo x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x a x x
Gray Vireo x x x x x x a x x x
Black-whiskered Vireo x a
Island Scrub-Jay x x
Pinyon Jay x
Rufous Fantail x c
Elepaio x b x
90
Fiji Shrikebill x c
Horned Lark x a x
Black-capped Chickadee x
Verdin x
Pygmy Nuthatch x
Brown-headed Nuthatch x x x x a x
Cactus Wren x x
Bewick's Wren x x x x x x x x a x x x
Sedge Wren x x x x x x x x x
Marsh Wren x
Arctic Warbler x x x x
Omao x b x
Bicknell's Thrush x x b x x
Wood Thrush x x x x x x x x x x x x a x x
Bridled White-eye x c x
Golden White-eye x c
Mycronesian Myzomela x
Cardinal Myzomela x
Wattled Honeyeater x
Mao x
Bendire's Thrasher x x x x x x
Curve-billed Thrasher x
Crissal Thrasher x x x x a x x
Le Conte's Thrasher x x a x x
Samoan Starling x
Sprague's Pipit x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Olive Warbler x x
Blue-winged Warbler x x x x x
Golden-winged Warbler x x x x x x a x x
Virginia's Warbler x x x x
Colima Warbler x x
Northern Parula x x
Tropical Parula x x x
Yellow Warbler x x x b
Chestnut-sided Warbler x
91
Cape May Warbler x x x
Black-throated Blue Warbler x xx b
Black-throated Gray Warbler x x x
Black-throated Green Warbler x
Yellow-throated Warbler x
Grace's Warbler x xx x x
Adelaide's Warbler x b
Prairie Warbler x x x x x x x x x x ab x x
Bay-breasted Warbler x x
Blackpoll Warbler x x x
Cerulean Warbler x x x x x x x x x x x x x a x x
Elfin-woods Warbler x b x
Prothonotary Warbler x x x x x x x x x a x
Worm-eating Warbler x x x x x x x x x ab x x
Swainson's Warbler x x x x x x x x x x a x x
Northern Waterthrush x b
Louisiana Waterthrush x x x x x x x b x
Kentucky Warbler x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Connecticut Warbler x x
Common Yellowthroat x
Canada Warbler x x x x x x x
Red-faced Warbler x x x
Spotted Towhee x
Rufous-winged Sparrow x x x x
Cassin's Sparrow x x x x x x x x
Bachman's Sparrow x x x x x x x x a x
Botteri's Sparrow x x x
Rufous-crowned Sparrow x
Brewer's Sparrow x x x a x x
Field Sparrow x x x
Black-chinned Sparrow x x x x x x
Vesper Sparrow x
Sage Sparrow x x x x x x
Lark Bunting x x x x x x
Grasshopper Sparrow x x x x x x b x x
92
Baird's Sparrow x x x x x x x
Henslow's Sparrow x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x a x x x
Le Conte's Sparrow x x x x x x x x x x x x x x a x x
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow x x x x x xx a xx x
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow x xx a x x
Seaside Sparrow x xx x x a x x
Song Sparrow x
Harris's Sparrow x x x x x x x
McCown's Longspur x x x x x x x x x x x
Smith's Longspur x x x x x x x x a x x
Chestnut-collared Longspur x x x x x x x x x x x x x
McKay's Bunting x x x x
Pyrrhuloxia x
Varied Bunting x x x x x
Painted Bunting x x x x x x x x x a x
Dickcissel x xx x x x x
Bobolink x x x x x
Tricolored Blackbird x x x x a x
Rusty Blackbird x x x x x
Greater Antillean Oriole x b
Hooded Oriole x x x x
Altamira Oriole x x
Audubon's Oriole x x x
Orchard Oriole x x x xx
Baltimore Oriole x
Lawrence's Goldfinch x x a x
Red Crossbill x
Hawaii Amakihi x b x
Oahu Amakihi x b x
Kauai Amakihi x b x
Anianiau x b x
Akikiki x b x
Maui Alauahio x b x
Akekee x b x
93
Iiwi x b x
Apapane x b x
Number of Species
13
23
98
27
29
28
29
22
16
16
10
29
29
24
19
21
23
35
27
20
30
25
45
27
15
32
48
36
28
39
31
36
48
20
31
41
65
78
43
78
36
45
28
130
94
Appendix D. Index of Scientific Names of Species Appearing in the BCC 2002 Lists
(Tables 4-48), Arranged Alphabetically by Common Name.
Name, Common Scientific Name
Akekee Loxops caeruleirostris
Akikiki Oreomystis bairdi
Alauahio, Maui Paroreomyza maculata
Albatross, Black-footed Phoebastria nigripes
Albatross, Laysan Phoebastria immutalilis
Amakihi, Hawaii Hemignathus virens
Amakihi, Kauai Hemignathus kauaiensis
Amakihi, Oahu Hemignathus flavus
Ani, Smooth-billed Crotophaga ani
Anianiau Hemignathus parvus
Apapane Mimatione sanguinea
Auklet, Cassin's Ptychororamphus aleuticus
Auklet, Whiskered Aethia pygmaea
Avocet, American Recurvirostra americana
Beardless-Tyrannulet, Northern Camptostoma imberbe
Becard, Rose-throated Pachyramphus aglaiae
Bittern, American Botaurus lentiginosus
Blackbird, Rusty Euphagus carolinus
Blackbird, Tricolored Agelaius tricolor
Black-Hawk, Common Buteogallus anthracinus
Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus
Booby, Brown Sula leucogaster
Booby, Masked Sula dactylatra
Booby, Red-footed Sula sula
Bunting, Lark Calamospiza melanocorys
Bunting, McKay's Plectrophenax hyperboreus
Bunting, Painted Passerina ciris
Bunting, Varied Passerina versicolor
Chickadee, Black-capped Poecile atricapilla
Chuck-will's-widow Caprimulgus carolinensis
Coot, Caribbean Fulica caribaea
Cormorant, Red-faced Phalacrocorax urile
Crake, Spotless Porzana tabuensis
Crake, Yellow-breasted Porzana flaviventer
Crossbill, Red Loxia curvirostra
Cuckoo, Black-billed Coccyzus erythropthalmus
Cuckoo, Mangrove Coccyzus minor
Cuckoo, Yellow-billed Coccyzus americanus
Curlew, Bristle-thighed Numenius tahitiensis
Curlew, Long-billed Numenius americanus
Dickcissel Spiza americana
Dowitcher, Short-billed Limnodromus griseus
Duck, Masked Nomonyx dominica
95
Duck, Ruddy Oxyura jamaicensis
Dunlin Calidris alpina
Eagle, Golden Aquila chrysaetos
Egret, Reddish Egretta rufescens
Elepaio Chasiempis sandwichensis
Falcon, Peregrine Falco peregrinus
Falcon, Prairie Falco mexicanus
Fantail, Rufous Rhipidura rufifrons
Flicker, Gilded Colaptes chrysoides
Flycatcher, Acadian Empidonax virescens
Flycatcher, Buff-breasted Empidonax fulvifrons
Flycatcher, Olive-sided Contopus cooperi
Flycatcher, Puerto Rican Myiarchus antillarum
Flycatcher, Scissor-tailed Tyrannus forficatus
Frigatebird, Lesser Fregata ariel
Frigatebird, Magnificent Fregata magnificens
Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned Ptilinopus porphyraceus
Fruit-Dove, Many-colored Ptilinopus superbus
Fruit-Dove, Mariana Ptilinopus roseicapilla
Godwit, Bar-tailed Limosa lapponica
Godwit, Hudsonian Limosa haemastica
Godwit, Marbled Limosa fedoa
Golden-Plover, American Pluvialis dominica
Golden-Plover, Pacific Pluvialis fulva
Goldfinch, Lawrence's Carduelis lawrencei
Goshawk, Northern Accipiter gentilis
Ground-Dove, Common Columbina passerina
Ground-Dove, Friendly Gallicolumba stairi
Ground-Dove, White-throated Gallicolumba xanthonura
Harrier, Northern Circus cyaneus
Hawk, Ferruginous Buteo regalis
Hawk, Gray Asturina nitida
Hawk, Harris's Parabuteo unicinctus
Hawk, Short-tailed Buteo brachyurus
Hawk, Swainson's Buteo swainsoni
Hawk, White-tailed Buteo albicaudatus
Heron, Little Blue Egretta caerulea
Honeyeater, Wattled Foulehaio carunculata
Hummingbird, Broad-billed Cynanthus latirostris
Hummingbird, Buff-bellied Amazilia yucatensis
Hummingbird, Costa's Calypte costae
Hummingbird, Lucifer Calothorax lucifer
Hummingbird, Rufous Selasphorus rufus
Ibis, White Eudocimus albus
Iiwi Vestiaria coccinea
Jay, Pinyon Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus
Kestrel, American Falco sparverius
96
Kite, Mississippi Ictinia mississippiensis
Kite, Swallow-tailed Elanoides forficatus
Kittiwake, Red-legged Rissa brevirostris
Knot, Red Calidris canutus
Koel, Long-tailed Eudynamys taitensis
Lark, Horned Eremophila alpestris
Limpkin Aramus guarauna
Longspur, Chestnut-collared Calcarius ornatus
Longspur, McCown's Calcarius mccownii
Longspur, Smith's Calcarius pictus
Loon, Red-throated Gavia stellata
Loon, Yellow-billed Gavia adamsii
Lorikeet, Blue-crowned Vini australis
Mao Gymnomyza samoensis
Murrelet, Ancient Synthliboramphus antiquus
Murrelet, Kittlitz's Brachyramphus brevirostris
Murrele