Kip Koss oral history transcript

              MR. KIP KOSS SPEAKS ABOUT

HIS GRANDFATHER, J. N. “DING” DARLING

SUMMER 2003

In 1962, I was overseas in the Air Force. And I was pretty well occupied. It was

during what was then known as the Berlin Crisis. I was pretty well occupied, and also in

Germany. Immediately after Darling’s death, a number of admirers of Darling; some

family members, some friends and a lot of folks who had really good credentials in

different areas, and who had admired Darling’s work formed the Darling Foundation to

attempt to continue his work, and to continue his conservation ethic. In particular to

finish some projects that Darling had started to one extent or another. They wanted to

try and bring those projects to fruition. Although I was an early trustee of the

Foundation, I was pretty busy with the Air Force, and then trying to earn a living and

raise a family to become involved with the Foundation in more that just a few areas. It

wasn’t until about twenty years later that my family had pretty well grown up and I was

approaching retirement. We needed a new President of the Darling Foundation, and I was

it. Within I few years I was able to devote quite a bit of time to the Foundation and it’s

work.

The Foundation itself was rather interesting. The first project it did was to try

and consolidate the lands with what is now named the Ding Darling National Wildlife

Refuge, under federal ownership. At the time of Darling’s death the key part of the

refuge was on leased land. It was leased from the state of Florida. There were parcels of

land within the refuge that were owned by others. The Foundation went after

consolidating the lands under federal ownership, which was done and done rather

successfully. Simultaneously with that, the refuge was renamed the Ding Darling

National Wildlife Refuge.

At the time of the consolidation of the lands and a little later when the refuge was

renamed after Darling I assumed like many others, I am sure, that the main reason for

renaming the refuge after Darling was that he had been an important leader in the FWS and

had been at least a part-time resident of Sanibel and Capitva Islands. It was only many

years later that I learned that Darling had actually been responsible for preserving the

lands as a national wildlife refuge clear back in 1945, as the Sanibel National Wildlife

Refuge. It’s a fascinating story. I have learned of it over the years. And I believe I’ve

learned most of it from correspondence that is at National Conservation Training Center,

which came from people like Clarence Cottum and J. Clark Salyer and others. Darling

learned in the early 1940s that the state of Florida, which owned the key lands within

what is now the refuge was getting ready to sell the land to developers for something like

twenty-five cents an acre. When Darling got interested and put together a group to try

and preserve the land, they put in a slightly higher bid. That sort of started off a bidding

war. But still, they were talking about less than a dollar an acre. Darling got very busy

and contacted people with FWS like J. C. Salyer and Ira Gabrielson. I don’t know that he

had a personal relationship with the governor of Florida, who was in fact the landowner,

through the State of Florida. But he said that this was not a good idea. His initiative was

in fact responsible for saving the land from sale to developers.

I always tread lightly on Darling. As his grandson, I didn’t want to make claims for him

that might or might not be correct. I always treaded rather lightly on his role in that, but

it was in later years that I found out that he was in fact…the refuge wouldn’t be there if

he hadn’t shown the initiative in the early 1940s.

There were several other projects that Darling had in one state of development or

another when he died. As I said, the consolidation of the lands of the refuge was the first

goal of the Foundation. A close second was Darling’s idea of the Lewis and Clark Trail as

a “ribbon of conservation across the United States”. Darling had analyzed the Lewis and

Clark trail as a conservationist might. I think that the first thing was that so much of the

trail is along natural flyways, migratory routes. And the second thing was that the great

bulk of the land along the trail was in federal ownership of one sort or another. He felt

that if it could be tied together as a ribbon of conservation that it would be a wonderful

thing. After the Darling Refuge project was completed, the Darling Foundation turned

towards the Lewis and Clark Trail idea. They actually succeeded in getting a federal

commission established with a five-year term. There were very illustrious commission

members. By and large, each state’s senior senator or their governor was appointed to the

commission. There were some representatives of the Darling Foundation, including

myself. The resident of the Darling Foundation was actually the president of the

commission. We all started out with high hopes. I was at the time flying around the

world with Pan American as a very junior pilot who had very little control of my

schedule. I missed a good many of the meetings and really did not have a very good grasp

of the progress that the commission was making or perhaps not making. As those of you

who are listening who are federal employees you may recognize quickly that whenever

legislation is passed establishing a commission like this, there has to be some place within

the government to house it. Unfortunately, the commission was housed in the Bureau of

Outdoor Recreation, which skewed the effort from the very start. Before too long, why, I

think the effort was getting off track. Instead of the senior senator showing up for a

meeting, or the governor, the director of State Tourism or some such might be

representing the Governor or Senator. It really got pretty much lost in the shuffle. There

was an accomplishment, which was marking the trail so that somebody can follow it if

they want to a family on vacation or a student of the trail, or somebody who wants to

know more about it. The trail is well marked. I learned that there are an awful lot of

people in those eleven states along the trail who really care a great deal about Lewis and

Clark. Some of the historians who are involved, they know what Lewis and Clark had for

breakfast every morning, and whether they had a good bowel movement or not! Their

knowledge of the details of the expedition is amazing! I was personally very

disappointed that this effort of the Darling Foundation, to follow through on Darling’s

superb idea of a ribbon of conservation across the United States, pretty well came, at

least in terms of conservation, to naught. It is a great concept. And I hope that some

time, leadership may evolve somewhere. It would take an awful lot of doing to get it

done. It would take real leadership, and a real knowledge of government and an ability to

work within the structure to get it done. But I do hope that sometime, somebody

somewhere will pick up the idea and run with it.

As I look back on it, when I became president of the Ding Darling Foundation in

1983, I was really pretty grossly ignorant of Darling’s work despite the fact that I was

his grandson and had been at least peripherally involved in the Darling Foundation for a

number of years. Actually, back in 1983 I knew Darling drew the first Federal Duck

Stamp, but I was only perhaps faintly aware that he had provided the leadership to get

the program established in the first place. It was not his original idea. The idea had been

kicking around for many years, of producing a revenue stamp to produce funds for

acquiring and preserving habitat. Nobody had made any progress, and as was the case

with Darling; he was a real doer. He could get things done. He drove that bill through the

Congress and past the President. I don’t think the President even knew what was

happening until after the fact! There’s a little, rather amusing story in Darling’s

biography by David Lindt that covers this. As far as I know, as the biography presents

it, it’s absolutely the way it happened. But only in later years have I achieved a real

understanding of how clever a program it was as Darling had drafted it and insured that it

would be run that way. This is a program that has acquired about five million acres of

habitat. The dollars numbers raised by the sales of the federal duck stamp are not really

awe inspiring because, my gosh, these were 1935, 1934 and later dollars when you could

take yourself out for a fine, fine dinner for a dollar in those days. So the numbers in order

to have any significance should really be adjusted for inflation. But the acreage is cold

hard facts, and acreage does not suffer from inflation. The fact that this program does not

have to go through the Congress every year, it’s not dependent on its financing on the

good will of the Congress. It’s a program that is in place and goes on and on. And the

FWS, incidentally, is proscribed from raking off any significant funds. It’s pretty unusual

in this day and age that every dollar that goes into the purchase of a stamp, goes

effectively right through to the purchase of habitat. With time, I’ve come to appreciate

some of these things that Darling did more fully.

I also knew that Darling had been at least a key player in the establishment of the

National Wildlife Federation. Again, it’s been in later years that I have come to recognize

through correspondence and one thing or another and other records, just how key that role

was and what driving determination that it required to accomplish this federation of

conservation organizations. Darling was its first president. I guess I knew he was the

first president, but I really was not aware of the true significance of a number of these

things. In the case of the Federation, Darling recognized very early on that one of the

problems was that wildlife does not have the vote. It is not a constituency. It has to be

represented. It is in fact the hunters and others that make up the bulk of that

constituency to represent the wildlife. Darling felt that there were too many conservation

organizations in the United States. This was back in the 1930s, so you can imagine what

he’d think now. It was not because they didn’t have good purpose, but because he felt

that they were not working together. Those of us who have been involved in

conservation for any length of time, realize that conservation organizations are about the

most provincial groups that you could imagine. They all feel they have their own little

niche and they understand the problem better than anybody else. They are fiercely

independent. Darling wanted, and it was his goal for the Wildlife Federation, to bring

those interests together and speak with one voice in Washington.

I did use the word “hunters” there. I’d just like to make a little comment on that.

Hunters, vis-à-vis conservation; there have been times during my association with the

conservation movement that I was, let’s say nearly put on the defensive by people who

were rather incensed to learn that Darling was a hunter as a younger man. It’s with

experience and more understanding of the conservation movement that I have come to

realize that really, a conservation movement I believe sprung from the hunters! These

were the folks that were out there. These were the folks that were seeing and recognizing

the changes for what they were. They did have the initiative to do something about that.

When somebody from the Sierra Club, or whatever, is critical of the hunters, certainly if

they are talking about over hunting and that sort of thing, there is some justification. But

the hunters and sportsmen and outdoor types should get a lot of credit for the

conservation movement as it exists today.

I also learned of other programs that Darling had initiated. Again, it’s exciting, I

expect to me, to know that he was the one who initiated them. But even more exciting is

his ability to recognize a problem or a deficiency and devise a solution for it. When

Darling went to Washington in 1934, he was disappointed that there were not more

people then in the FWS who had the technical knowledge and experience to deal with

some of the problems whether they be in forestry, botany, biology or whatever. There

were not too many people who were educated in the disciplines that were necessary to

make good decisions and good policy. He was further disappointed because when he did

find somebody who knew his stuff, they were frequently poor communicators. They

couldn’t express themselves well. It was those two frustrations, if you will, plus one

other thing, which I’ll mention in a moment, which led him to form a cooperative fish and

wildlife research program. But even before that, in the early 1930s Darling was appointed

the chairman of the Iowa Conservation Commission, as it was known then. The first

thing he did was to de-politicize the commission. Up until Darlings appointment most of

the members of the commission were buddies of the Governor and not very well versed in

what needed to be done. The first order of business for Darling in the early 1930s with

the Iowa Conservation Commission was to make sure that the seats, as they became

vacant, were filled with people who were talented and knowledgeable in the areas of

conservation and conservation needs. The other thing he did, which is really quite

significant I think, it that he recognized that they had to have a long range plan. Darling’s

goal was to have a twenty-five year plan for Iowa’s natural resources. He recognized that

in order to have a good plan, you’ve got to have a starting point. You’ve got to have

some knowledge, or a database of things as they are today. He hired Aldo Leopold to

come down to Iowa and inventory Iowa’s natural resources. Following that, a twenty-five

year conservation plan for the State of Iowa was drawn. It’s still around and used as

a model today!

Darling put all of these needs that he recognized together and devised the

cooperative fish and wildlife research program, which was designed to give young people

an education in those disciplines that would be potentially supportive of conservation;

and at the same time, develop the knowledge to base wise conservation decisions and

policy. The word ‘cooperative’ comes from Darling’s idea that the funding would be one

third federal, one third state and one third private. Darling himself, very generously, and

he was a very generous person, funded the private third out of his own pocket for the

first years of the program. He then prevailed on his friends in the sporting goods

industry to provide that funding in the future. This becomes an important story

involving the Wildlife Management Institute and a number of other factors. The idea of

devising a program to both educate and develop a database at the same time is I think

extraordinary. As the listener probably knows, this program has spread from the first

unit at Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa basically throughout the entire United

States. I think depending on who is counting and in what year you are counting, there are

probably fifty or so of those programs in effect right now at schools across the country.

I hope you’ll indulge me if I sound like Darling’s proud grandson, which I am.

But I do think it’s justified. As I learn more and more about his contributions in life, I am

immensely proud of him. And I am really in awe of his prolific contributions during his

entire life. Perhaps the moral of the story is; don’t ask me to talk about Darling unless

you’re ready to have an earful. There are countless stories that are still untold. Most of

them are amusing and personal to one extent or another. I would like to mention one more

aspect, if I haven’t already. And pardon me if I have, but one more aspect of Darling’s

character and personality; pretty late in his life I think perhaps just a few years before he

died he was given still another very prestigious award. He was asked and able to attend

to receive this award. He sat there on the stage and listened to the talk. When it became

his turn to accept the award, he said, “Giving awards to conservationists is like giving

medals to Generals who only lose wars.” It was truly a mark of his personality that he

never rested on his laurels. He was always looking ahead to the next project or the next

thing that was still to do, which had been left undone so far. As Lewis and Clark were

want to say, ‘he proceeded on’.

One last word is that I know he would be very, very proud and pleased with the

National Conservation Training Center. He obviously recognized the need for good

education and communications. The Fish and Wildlife Service is spread wide and far and

the opportunity to be able to come together and share knowledge is a wonderful thing. I

personally have been just immensely pleased with, and proud of the FWS for being about

to pull together in one place such a marvelously talented group of people. I have worked

with several individuals on different projects and I just marvel, and am tickled at the

quality of the people. I think it’s a blessing for the FWS to have that facility. Thanks

very much!