Kenai National Wildlife Refuge Skilak Wildlife Recreation Area Final Management Plan

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Kenai
National Wildlife Refuge
Skilak Wildlife Recreation Area
Final Management Plan
January 2007
Prepared by
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Kenai National Wildlife Refuge U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
2139 Ski Hill Road Division of Conservation Planning & Policy
P.O. Box 2139 1011 East Tudor Road
Soldotna, Alaska 99669-2139 Anchorage, Alaska 99503-6199
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Purpose for Action ................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Background............................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Public Involvement .................................................................................................................. 3
1.4 Decision .................................................................................................................................. 5
Chapter 2: Existing Conditions
2.1 Physical Environment .............................................................................................................. 6
2.1.1 Landforms ..................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Air Quality .................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.3 Geology and Soils......................................................................................................... 6
2.1.4 Water Resources ........................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Biological Environment ........................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Vegetation..................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2 Wildlife ....................................................................................................................... 16
2.3 Human Environment.............................................................................................................. 26
2.3.1 Brief History of the Area ............................................................................................ 26
2.3.2 Local Population ......................................................................................................... 27
2.3.3 Summary of Current Use ............................................................................................ 27
2.3.4 Public Use Access....................................................................................................... 28
2.3.5 Public Uses and Related Facilities.............................................................................. 30
2.3.6 Significant Concerns................................................................................................... 42
Chapter 3: Management Direction
3.1 Management Direction........................................................................................................... 43
3.2 Coordination with the State Of Alaska .................................................................................. 51
Chapter 4: Implementation .......................................................................................................... 52
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 59
Appendix A: Decision Notice...................................................................................................... 63
Appendix B: Alaska Board of Game Regulatory Proposal ......................................................... 75
Appendix C: Preparers................................................................................................................. 77
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List of Tables
Table 2.1: Lakes............................................................................................................................ 7
Table 2.2: Streams and Rivers ....................................................................................................... 8
Table 2.3: Habitat Modifications ................................................................................................. 13
Table 2.4: Forest Age Class ......................................................................................................... 15
Table 2.5: Trails ........................................................................................................................... 29
Table 2.6: Access to Public Use Facilities................................................................................... 32
Table 2.7: Campgrounds and Boat Launches .............................................................................. 33
Table 2.8: Bulletin Boards, Interpretive Panels, and Kiosks ....................................................... 34
Table 2.9: Sport Fish by Location................................................................................................ 36
Table 2.10: Parking Areas............................................................................................................. 39
Table 2.11: Sanitary Facilities ...................................................................................................... 40
Table 2.12: Popular Scenic Viewing Locations............................................................................ 41
Table 2.13: Popular Wildlife Viewing Locations ......................................................................... 42
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Location Map .............................................................................................................. 2
Figure 2.1: Vegetation Communities............................................................................................. 9
Figure 2.2: Vegetation Classification .......................................................................................... 10
Figure 2.3: Habitat Disturbance................................................................................................... 12
Figure 2.4: Forest Age Class........................................................................................................ 14
Figure 2.5: Moose Composition .................................................................................................. 19
Figure 2.6: Existing Recreation Facilities.................................................................................... 31
Figure 2.7: Existing Firearm Restrictions.................................................................................... 37
Figure 2.8: Moose Population, Permits, and Harvest Data.......................................................... 38
Figure 3.1: Administrative Boundaries........................................................................................ 44
Figure 3.2: Recreation Facilities .................................................................................................. 45
Figure 3.3: Firearm Restrictions .................................................................................................. 47
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Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter identifies the purpose for developing the Skilak Wildlife Recreation Area (Skilak
WRA) Management Plan; provides information on the events that have led the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service (Service) to undertake this planning effort; public involvement in the planning
process; and the final decision of the Service’s Alaska Regional Director.
1.1 Purpose for Action
The purposes of this final management plan are:
1. To describe wildlife viewing, interpretation, and photography opportunities within the
Skilak WRA;
2. To identify development of compatible facilities and programs to facilitate wildlife
viewing, interpretation, and photography opportunities within the Skilak WRA; and,
3. To identify other wildlife-dependent recreation opportunities that do not conflict with
#1 & #2 above.
1.2 Background
The Refuge Administration Act, as amended, establishes wildlife-dependent recreational uses
(hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, photography, environmental education, and
interpretation) as priority general public uses of the Refuge System, and that if found compatible
with refuge purposes, should receive enhanced and priority consideration in refuge planning and
management over other general public uses.
The 1.98 million acre Kenai National Wildlife Refuge (Kenai NWR) (Figure 1.1) is unique
among Alaskan refuges in that it includes wildlife-oriented recreation, interpretation, and
environmental education among the major purposes for which the refuge was established as
identified in Section 303(4) of the Alaska
National Interest Lands Conservation Act
(ANILCA) of 1980.
Section 304(g) of ANILCA directs the
Secretary of the Interior “to prepare, and
from time to time, revise, a comprehensive
conservation plan…for each refuge (in
Alaska)…”. Kenai Refuge’s Comprehensive
Conservation Plan was developed in 1984.
The planning process involved several years
of data collection and analysis. The general
public and various federal, state, and local
agencies participated in the process, helping
1-0-1: Location Map
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to identify issues and provide comments on Service proposals. In 1985, the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service Alaska Regional Director signed the Record of Decision to begin
implementation of the plan. The Comprehensive Conservation Plan directed the Service to
establish a special area within the refuge that would be managed to increase opportunities for
wildlife viewing, interpretation and photography:
“The entire refuge would remain open to hunting and trapping, except for areas
where public safety is a concern (i.e., campgrounds, the headquarters/visitor
center in Soldotna, etc) and in the Skilak Loop Special Management Area, where
special restrictions on hunting and trapping apply. This area…would be managed
to provide enhanced opportunities for wildlife viewing.” (Kenai NWR
Comprehensive Conservation Plan)
To fulfill management direction identified in the Comprehensive Conservation Plan, the Service
developed a species management plan for the area in December 1986. The plan identified specific
goals for providing wildlife viewing and interpretation opportunities, and hunting and trapping
opportunities were restricted so wildlife would become more abundant, less wary, and easily
viewed. The Service worked closely with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) to
develop regulatory proposals that prohibited trapping, allowed taking of small game by archery,
and provided a moose hunt by special permit. In 1987, the Alaska Board of Game approved these
regulations that provided a framework for achieving the wildlife population objectives for
enhanced wildlife viewing opportunities.
To further support development of wildlife viewing, environmental education, and interpretation
opportunities in the Skilak area, the Service adopted a contractor’s recommendation (Land
Design North, Inc) to name it the Skilak Wildlife Recreation Area, and in 1988, developed a
public use facilities step-down management plan for the area. The Service worked to implement
the plan over a 17 year period as funding permitted.
In March 2005, the Board of Game adopted regulations providing for the use of firearms to hunt
small game and fur animals in the Skilak WRA. In September 2005, the Board delayed
implementation of the authorization until July 2007, supporting efforts of the Service to prepare
a Skilak WRA Management Plan.
1.3 Public Involvement
Scoping (Identification of Issues)
The planning process began in November 2005 with distribution of a planning update and
“issues workbook” to approximately 2,500 individuals, businesses, agencies, and organizations
on the Kenai Peninsula and in the city of Anchorage. The workbook contained a combination of
multiple-choice and open-ended questions that provided a forum for respondents to identify
aspects of refuge management or other issues that concerned them. The Service also hosted
public open house meetings in the towns of Soldotna and Cooper Landing, and in the city of
Anchorage; and invited members of the public to provide comment in any other format (e.g.,
email, fax, phone) that suited them. In addition, the Service met with representatives from the
State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources and Department of Fish and Game on
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December 8, 2005 to solicit their input on issues to consider in the plan. Over 220 responses
were submitted, and many of the responses identified more than one issue for consideration.
Three issue statements were identified through analysis of public comments. The issue
statements described the primary values and uses the planning team focused on to develop
management alternatives identified in the draft plan. These issue statements were:
• How can facilities that support wildlife viewing, interpretation and photography be
enhanced while preserving the natural character of the Skilak WRA while minimizing
impacts to visitors who prefer less development?
• How can trailhead and campground interpretation be enhanced while maintaining the
natural character of the Skilak WRA?
• How can the Service address demand for expanded road maintenance and recreation
support facilities while maintaining the natural character of the Skilak WRA?
• How can the Service address hunting-related opportunities within the Skilak WRA
without conflicting with the area’s priority intended uses?
Public Review and Comment of the Draft Plan
The Service completed the Skilak WRA Draft Management Plan and Environmental Assessment
in October 2006. Approximately 2,500 copies were distributed to individuals, businesses,
agencies, and organizations that had expressed an interest in receiving Kenai NWR planning-related
documents. Notices of availability were distributed to radio stations, television stations,
and newspapers on the Kenai Peninsula and in the city of Anchorage. An electronic version of
the plan was made available on the Kenai NWR planning website, and a Skilak email address
was created to facilitate public comment on the draft plan. Presentations were made to the Alaska
Board of Game and the Friends of Alaska National Wildlife Refuges.
The draft plan and environmental assessment were made available for public review and
comment during a 30-day period ending November 17, 2006. The plan described three
alternatives, including the Service’s preferred alternative, for managing wildlife viewing,
interpretation, photography and other wildlife-dependent recreation opportunities. The
accompanying environmental assessment described the environmental and social consequences
of implementing the alternatives. Eighty-one responses were received by mail, email, and
telephone before the deadline. The majority of responses came from private citizens located in
the greater Soldotna-Kenai area. Sixteen non-governmental organizations, one federal agency,
two local businesses, and the State of Alaska also responded. Just over half of all respondents
expressed support for or opposition to a specific alternative. Of those, the majority supported the
Service’s Preferred Alternative or a modified version of it.
Summary of Substantive Comments
Substantive comments centered on four themes: firearm use and hunting, Skilak Loop Road
maintenance, threats to wildlife and wildlife corridors, and facilities.
Firearm Use and Hunting Opportunities
The single most common opinion expressed among the responses was support for retaining
existing firearm restrictions. Respondents who favored continuing to restrict firearms expressed
concern that wildlife viewers and other non-consumptive users needed a place where they could
recreate free from the perceived dangers associated with hunting. A few respondents indicated
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their concern that calls to expand hunting in the Skilak WRA would lead to expanded hunting
opportunities contrary to a wildlife viewing area. Respondents who favored relaxing firearm
restrictions and/or expanding hunting opportunities typically suggested that conflicts with other
users were unlikely because hunting takes place in the fall and winter when non-consumptive
recreation use is low. Most advocates of expanded hunting called for limited expansion in the
form of small game opportunities and smaller buffer zones, although a few called for virtually
unrestricted hunting.
Skilak Loop Road Maintenance
Maintenance of the Skilak Loop Road was the second-most prevalent topic in respondent’s
comments. Most respondents who commented on this topic were strongly opposed to paving the
road. They suggested that paving would encourage drivers to travel at unsafe speeds and
collisions with wildlife and other vehicles would result. A few respondents worried that the
Service would restrict use of the road if it were to take over management responsibility from the
State of Alaska. Among the respondents that explicitly supported paving, half suggested the
Service should consider speed control measures such as speed bumps or increased speed limit
enforcement. The main reason given for supporting paving was decreased wear and tear on
vehicles and trailers.
Threats to Wildlife and Wildlife Corridors
Respondents who expressed concerns about wildlife impacts typically suggested that one or
more formal “wildlife movement corridors” be identified – one west of Skilak Loop Road to the
refuge’s westernmost boundary, and one along the north shore of Skilak Lake. They suggested
facilities development should be limited or prohibited in these areas to minimize adverse impacts
to wildlife. They cited the vital location of the Skilak WRA within the larger Kenai Peninsula
region, and the potential cumulative impacts to wildlife from current and future developments
and recreation facilities.
Facilities
A relatively small proportion of respondents commented specifically on visitor facilities. Among
those that did, opinions regarding the collection of visitor facilities and upgrades proposed in the
draft plan tended to be negative. Most of those respondents felt that proposed facilities were
unnecessary or too numerous. A few suggested management resources should be aimed at
improved maintenance of existing infrastructure rather than building more.
1.4 Decision
On December 7, 2006, the Alaska Regional Director signed a Decision Notice – a Finding of No
Significant Impact – for the Skilak WRA based on the environmental assessment completed for
the draft plan and comments received during the public review period (Appendix A). The notice
identified, among other things, the Regional Director’s decision and rationale for selecting a
modified version of the Service’s preferred alternative which was described in the draft plan.
Chapter 3 of this final plan reflects the Regional Director’s decision.
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Chapter 2: Existing Conditions
This chapter describes the physical, biological, and social settings of the Skilak WRA prior to
implementation of this plan.
2.1 Physical Environment
2.1.1 Landforms
The Kenai NWR is located in south-central Alaska on the Kenai Peninsula. Three major
landforms are present on the Refuge: the Kenai Lowlands, the Kenai Mountains, and the
Tustumena Benchlands. The Kenai Lowlands and Kenai Mountains are found within the
boundaries of the Skilak WRA.
The west and central portions of the Skilak WRA lie within the Kenai Lowlands which fall
within the Cook Inlet Basin ecoregion. This landform consists of ground moraine and stagnant
ice terrain with low ridges, hills, muskeg, lakes, and ponds. Relief ranges from 50 to 250 feet.
The eastern portion of the Skilak WRA lies within the Kenai Mountains which fall within the
Chugach-St. Elias Mountains ecoregion. The Kenai Mountains rise to 3,000 feet in the Skilak
WRA and over 6,000 feet elsewhere on the refuge.
2.1.2 Air Quality
Kenai Refuge, including the Skilak WRA, is designated a Class II air quality area under the
Clean Air Act. Class II areas allow some incremental increase in pollution over base-line
concentrations. Air quality in the Skilak WRA is generally excellent; however, vehicles using
the Skilak Loop Road during dry periods stir up dust which deteriorates air quality. In addition,
exhaust from these vehicles degrades air quality along the road corridor, particularly during
periods of high public use.
2.1.3 Geology and Soils
Two geologic terranes are found within the Skilak WRA: Tertiary rock found within the Kenai
Lowlands (or western and central portions of the area) known as the Alaska Peninsular terrane,
and Mesozoic rock found in the Kenai Mountains (or eastern portion of the area) known as the
Chugach-Prince William terrane.
The Alaska Peninsular terrane is covered by glacial deposits consisting of siltstone, fine
sandstone, and shale. Lowland soils are mantled by glacial deposits that vary in texture and are
overlain by well-drained to poorly drained silt loams. Depression areas, such as muskeg, are
usually covered by peat soils produced by the slow decomposition of organic materials. Sloped
areas are vulnerable to erosion, especially if vegetation is removed. The Mesozoic rock of the
Chugach-Prince William terrane is mostly greywacke, a marine sandstone derived from igneous
rock, with lesser amounts of basalt, radiolarian chert, and limestone.
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2.1.4 Water Resources
Lentic systems (i.e., lakes, ponds, and wetlands) and lotic systems (i.e., streams and rivers)
account for more then 4,630-acres or approximately 10% of the Skilak WRA. Aquatic and
riparian habitats associated with these systems contain unique plant communities and other
distinguishing features. Riparian habitats account for only 5% of Kenai Refuge but they account
for some of the most valuable habitat for wildlife. Approximately 199 species use riparian
habitats on the Refuge during some cycle of their lives, and 139 vertebrate species use them
specifically for breeding (USFWS 1985). The following provides a short assessment of lentic
and lotic systems in the Skilak WRA.
Lentic Systems
The Skilak WRA contains seventeen lakes totaling approximately 3,490-acres (8%) (Table 2.1).
Three lakes immediately adjacent to the Skilak WRA are also commonly used by wildlife:
Bottenintnin Lake, Skilak Lake, and Watson Lake. These lakes amount to 24,831-acres.
Lakes within the Skilak WRA remain frozen from November to May, and summer water
temperatures rarely exceeds 68 degrees F. Skilak Lake freezes for shorter periods of time due to
its size but does not get as warm as the smaller lakes in summer because much of its inflow is
glacial meltwater. Cold water temperatures and low light levels common in northern latitude
ecosystems severely limit productivity. High oxygen content, lack of pollution, and physical
diversity balances these limitations. The net results are conditions that favor the reproduction and
early growth of anadromous fishes.
1 Table 2.1: Lakes
Name Size (Acres) Name Size (Acres)
Blizzard Lake 57 Marsh Lake 110
Bottenintnin Lake 262 Mox Lake 45
Chatelain Lake 118 Pack Lake 33
Egumen Lake 82 Petersen Lake 92
Engineer Lake 225 Rock Lake 19
Hidden Lake 1,597 Skilak Lake 24,512
Hiker’s Lake 61 Unnamed Lake 21
Kelly Lake 146 Unnamed Lake 13
Lower Jean Lake 113 Upper Ohmer Lake 20
Lower Ohmer Lake 116 Watson Lake 58
Wetland habitats are defined by periodic saturation or coverage of the soil by water. Wetlands
account for only 3% of Kenai Refuge but they are valuable habitat for wildlife contributing to the
survival and reproductive success of 96 vertebrate species (USFWS 1985). Wetlands account for
1,140-acres (2.6%) in the Skilak WRA.
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Lotic Systems
The Skilak WRA contains nine streams and/or rivers totaling approximately 19-miles in length
(Table 2.2). These streams, in addition to transporting water from lake to lake, provide access for
anadromous fish, and reproduction and rearing habitat for resident fish. The productivity of these
systems in subarctic regions is very fragile and dependent on high water quality, proper water
temperature, clean stream gravel, and nutrient cycling (driven by the annual return of
anadromous fish from the sea).
Wildlife species found in riparian habitats include brown bear, black bear, moose, caribou, river
otter, beaver, muskrat, wood frog, bald eagle, common snipe, red-necked phalarope, and a
variety of goldeneyes, grebes, gulls, loons, mergansers, sandpipers, swallows, yellowlegs, and
terns.
2 Table 2.2: Streams and Rivers
Name Length (Miles) Name Length (Miles)
Hidden Creek 2.7 Ohmer Creek 1.7
Hidden Lake Inlet 0.2 Unnamed 1 0.6
Jean Creek 3.1 Unnamed 2 0.4
Kenai River 7.3 Unnamed 3 1.8
Moose River, East Fork 1.7
2.2 Biological Environment
2.2.1 Vegetation
Community Types
Vegetative communities cover approximately 39,368-acres (89.4%) of the Skilak WRA. The
remaining 4,630-acres (10.6%) are water resources. Forested habitats dominate the landscape
accounting for approximately 37,438-acres or 95% of all vegetative cover. Other vegetative
communities, including shrub, herbaceous, and alpine communities make up approximately
1,930-acres (5%).
The following vegetative communities (Viereck, et al., 1992) are found in the Skilak WRA
(Figure 2.1 & Figure 2.2):
Mixed Forests – Mixed forests consist of needleleaf and deciduous trees. In the Skilak WRA,
mixed forests consist of white spruce (Picea glauca), black spruce (Picea mariana), quaking
aspen (Populus tremuloides), and paper birch (Betula papyrifera). These forests account for
approximately 17,272-acres (43.9%). Open mixed forests (25-59% canopy cover) account for
9,417-acres (23.0%). Closed mixed forests (60-100% canopy cover) account for 7,855-acres
(20.0%). Mixed forests are typically found in the east and central sectors of the area with a fairly
2-0-1: Vegetation Communities
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large continuous portion found south of the Skilak Loop Road from the Rock Lake area to the
Lower Skilak Lake Campground.
Deciduous Forests – Deciduous forests consist of broadleaf trees. In the Skilak WRA, deciduous
forests consist of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), paper birch (Betula papyrifera), and
black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera trichocarpa). These forests account for approximately
10,534-acres (26.8%). Open deciduous forests (25-59% canopy cover) account for 1,278-acres
(3.2%). Closed deciduous forests (60-100% canopy cover) account for 9,256-acres (23.5%).
Deciduous forests are typically found in the south-east sector of the Skilak WRA, but a
significant portion is also found in the western sector north of the Skilak Loop Road.
Figure 2.2: Vegetation Classification
23.9%
23.5%
20.0%
14.2%
5.3%
5.0%
3.4%
3.2% 1.2%
0.3% Open Mixed
Closed Deciduous
Closed Mixed
Closed Needleleaf
Woodland Needleleaf
Open Needleleaf
Shrub
Open Deciduous
Herbaceous
Alpine
Needleleaf Forests – Needleleaf forests consist of coniferous trees. In the Skilak WRA,
needleleaf forests consist of white and black spruce. These forests account for approximately
9,632-acres (24.5%). Open needleleaf forests (25-59% canopy cover) account for 1,972 (5.0%).
Closed needleleaf forests (60-100% canopy cover) account for 5,591-acres (14.2%), and
woodland needleleaf forests (10-24% canopy cover) account for 2,069-acres (5.3%). The
majority of the acreage is found in the north-west sector of the Skilak WRA.
Shrub – Shrub communities contains two distinct vegetation categories: Closed Tall Scrub and
Open Low Scrub. This community type accounts for approximately 1,330-acres (3.4%). Closed
Tall Scrub is dominated by Sitka alder (Alnus sinuata) and/or willow (Salix spp.), and is
typically found in wet meadows and near streams. Open Low Scrub primarily consisting of bog
birch (Betula glandulosa),dwarf arctic birch (Betula nana),bog blueberry (Vaccinium
uliginosum), and mountain cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) can be found at higher elevations
on Hideout Mountain.
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Herbaceous – Herbaceous communities are dominated by bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis
canadensis) but also includes various sedges (Carex spp.). This community type is typically
found along flood plains and edges of lakes or drained wetlands. It accounts for approximately
465-acres (1.2%) primarily along Hidden Creek.
Alpine – Alpine communities are dominated by arctic willow (Salix arctica), dwarf arctic birch
(Betula pubescens), and several species of grasses, sedges, and lichens. The highest elevations in
the Skilak WRA support alpine tundra. This community type, found only on Hideout Mountain,
accounts for approximately 135-acres (0.3%).
Habitat Disturbance
Approximately half of the forested areas on the Kenai Lowlands (refuge-wide) are in various
stages of succession largely due to lightening strikes and human-caused fire, but also, as a result
of management activities such as mechanical crushing and prescribed fire use. More than
11,000-acres (29.5%) of the Skilak WRA, and an additional 5,000-acres immediately adjacent to
it, have been managed since 1978 (Figure 2.3, Table 2.3).
Wildfire – The 1947 Skilak Lake Fire, which was started by a road construction crew, burned
approximately 310,000-acres in GMU 15A which included 24,945-acres in the Skilak WRA. In
1963, a 400-acre wildfire burned in the vicinity of Engineer Lake, and in the early and mid-
1990s, two wildland fires, the Pothole Lake and Hidden Creek fires, burned approximately
7,000-acres (18.7%) of the Skilak WRA.
Vegetation Crushing and Prescribed Fire – In 1970, the Refuge purchased three 40-ton
Letourneau timber crushers. From 1974 to 1978 the crushers were used to manage approximately
7,000-acres in the northern portion of the Refuge. They were transferred to ADF&G in 1983.
Over the next four years, approximately 4,000-acres were crushed in and adjacent to the Skilak
WRA by ADF&G. All but 600-acres were subsequently burned by the Refuge using prescribed
fire. ADF&G surplused the Letourneau tree crushers in 1988, marking the end of large scale
mechanical manipulation on Kenai Refuge (USFWS 1996).
Spruce Bark Beetle Infestation – Kenai Refuge has historically suffered periodic infestations of
spruce bark beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis). Dendrochronology studies have shown evidence
of regional bark beetle outbreaks in the 1760s, 1780s, 1810s, 1850s, 1870s, 1910s, 1970s, and
1990s. Approximately 850-acres (2.2%) have been impacted by spruce bark beetle in the Skilak
WRA.
2-0-3: Habitat Disturbance
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3 Table 2.3: Habitat Modifications
Name Treatment
Type
Treatment
Year
Acres % of Forest
Cover
Mystery Creek Vegetation
Management Area
Mechanical
Crushing
1978 4,300 Adjacent to
SWRA
Skilak WRA Vegetation Management
Area (Unit 1)
Mechanical
Crushing
1984 1,225 3.3%
Skilak WRA Vegetation Management
Area (Unit 2)
Mechanical
Crushing
1985 1,972 5.3%
Skilak WRA Vegetation Management
Area (Unit 1)
Prescribed Fire 1986 Same as
above
Same as
above
Lily Lake Vegetation Management
Area
Mechanical
Crushing
1986 700 Adjacent to
SWRA
Skilak WRA Vegetation Management
Area (Unit 2)
Prescribed Fire 1987 Same as
above
Same as
above
Lily Lake Vegetation Management
Area
Prescribed Fire 1987 Same as
above
Adjacent to
SWRA
Unit 3 Pothole Lake Fire Wildland Fire 1991 1,800 4.8%
Unit 4 Hidden Creek Fire Wildland Fire 1996 5,200 13.9%
Throughout Skilak WRA Bark Beetle
Infestation
Ongoing 842 2.2%
Total 16,039
Forest Age Classes
Natural processes and management actions have influenced forest succession throughout the
Skilak WRA. As a result, the Skilak WRA contains a diversity of forest age classes ranging from
early seral (<20 years old) to climax forests (141-180 years old) (Figure 2.4, Table 2.4). A short
description of forest age classes follows:
Mature Forests – Forest communities of this age class are dominated by trees that are 41-60
years old. They are the product of forest succession resulting from the 1947 Skilak Lake Fire.
Mature forests, which account for approximately 24,945-acres (63.3%), dominate the Skilak
WRA and consist of a diversity of deciduous, needleleaf, and mixed forest communities.
Although it is the dominate age class throughout the area, its continuity is disrupted at specific
locations in the western, central, and eastern sectors where additional fire events have occurred
and habitat management actions have been implemented.
Wildlife species found in this age class include black bear, coyote, lynx, porcupine, red-backed
vole, red squirrel, wolf, dark-eyed junco, gray jay, great horned owl, spruce grouse, and a variety
of woodpeckers, chickadees, warblers, and thrushes. Approximately 66 wildlife species are
thought to use this age class for breeding (USFWS 1985).
2-0-4: Forest Age Class
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4 Table 2.4: Forest Age Class
Forest Age Class Acres % of Skilak WRA Diversity
Index1
% of All
Species
Not Aged 4,855 12.4 n/a n/a
Early Seral Stage
(<20 years old) 5,160 13.1 39 19.6
Intermediate Stage
(21-40 years old) 3,320 8.4 47 23.6
Mature Stage
(41-60 years old) 24,945 63.3 66 33.1
Climax Stage
(141-180 years old) 1,100 2.8 68 34.1
Total 39,380 100% - -
Early Seral Stage Forests – Forest communities of this age class are dominated by trees that are less
than 20 years old. They are the product of forest succession resulting from the Pothole Lake and
Hidden Creek wildland fires. Early seral stage forests, which account for approximately 5,160-acres
(13.2%) in the eastern and central sectors of the Skilak WRA, are deciduous forest communities.
Wildlife species found in this age class include black bear, brown bear, coyote, lynx, masked shrew,
moose, red-backed vole, snowshoe hare, wolf, spruce grouse, and a variety of woodpeckers,
sparrows, thrushes, flycatchers, and warblers. Approximately 39 wildlife species are thought to use
this age class for breeding (USFWS 1985).
Intermediate Stage Forests – Forest communities of this age class are dominated by trees that are 21-
40 years old. They are the product of forest succession resulting from vegetation management
activities conducted in the mid-1980s. Additional acreage of this age class can be found in the
vicinity of the Sterling Highway and Skilak Loop Road intersection (East Entrance). Intermediate
stage forests make up approximately 3,320-acres (8.4%) in the Skilak WRA and consist of a
diversity of deciduous and mixed forest communities.
Wildlife species found in this age class include black bear, brown bear, coyote, lynx, moose, red-backed
vole, short-tailed weasel, wolf, and a variety of woodpeckers, sparrows, thrushes,
flycatchers, and warblers. Approximately 47 wildlife species are thought to use this age class for
breeding (USFWS 1985).
Climax Forests – Forest communities of this age class are dominated by trees that are 141-180 years
old. Climax forests make up approximately 1,100-acres (2.8%) in the Skilak WRA. This age class
can be found in the vicinity of the Sterling Highway and Skilak Loop Road intersection (East
Entrance) consisting of closed deciduous and mixed forest communities. It can also be found along
1 Diversity Index is the total number of species using the habitat for breeding purposes.
16
the Skilak Loop Road where deciduous, mixed, and needleleaf forest communities occur. An
additional stand is located in the central sector of the area west of the Upper Skilak Campground
access road below Lower Ohmer Lake. This stand is a closed mixed forest community.
Wildlife species found in this age class include black bear, coyote, masked shrew, red squirrel, wolf,
black-capped chickadee, spruce grouse, and a variety of woodpeckers and warblers. Approximately
68 wildlife species are thought to use this age class for breeding (USFWS 1985).
Not Aged – Approximately 5,420-acres (12.4%) of the eastern sector has not been aged. Much of
this area is identified as shrub and alpine communities found on Hideout Mountain. Other portions
of this area consists of deciduous, needleleaf, and mixed forest communities.
2.2.2 Wildlife
Due to the location of the Skilak WRA situated between the Kenai Lowlands, Kenai Mountains, and
Skilak Lake, the diversity of habitats and relatively undisturbed condition of the area, many if not
most, of the 199 vertebrates common to Kenai Refuge are also thought to inhabit the Skilak WRA. A
short assessment of species common to the area and/or those that could be affected by the
management action follows.
Megafauna
Black bears (Ursus americanus)
Habitat – Black bears are found in all forested habitats on Kenai Refuge, though they are most
abundant in intermediate stage forests (21-40 years old) (USFWS 1985). Although they prefer
forested and shrubby areas, they will also use wet meadows, ridgetops, burned areas, and riparian
areas (Pelton 1987). They prefer wet over dry sites, and timbered over open areas (Unsworth 1989).
Forest habitats dominate the landscape in the Skilak WRA accounting for approximately 37,438-
acres. Intermediate stage forests account for 3,320-acres (8.9%), and mature forests resulting from
the 1947 Skilak Lake Fire accounts for 24,945-acres (62.3%).
Population – The black bear population for the Kenai Peninsula is estimated at 3,000 bears (Del
Frate 2002). Although the population is believed to be stable, fewer moose in the 1969 burn area and
loss of habitat through continuing human encroachment will probably result in declining population
numbers (Del Frate 2002). In GMU 15A, bear densities are estimated at 205 bears/1000 km squared
(or 1 bear per 1,205 acres) for mature forests resulting from the 1947 Skilak Lake Fire (Schwartz and
Franzmann 1991). As such, mature forests in the Skilak WRA may support up to 20 bears. Although
the black bear population for the Skilak WRA is unknown, numerous sightings and encounters with
visitors indicate their use of the area.
Brown Bears (Ursus arctos)
Habitat – Brown bears use 8,800 square kilometers (2,175,000 acres) or 37.7% of the Kenai
Peninsula (Jacobs 1989). Human activities associated with development are altering important
brown bear habitat on the peninsula. The infrastructure associated with this growth fragments habitat
for bears, which need large, undeveloped areas for viability. Kenai Refuge provides the largest
continuous, homogenous block of brown bear habitat on the peninsula. Habitat use varies seasonally
in response to food availability (Jacobs 1989; Schoen 1994). Meat obtained from moose, caribou,
17
and rodents is an important food source during spring and summer. Salmon are a critical resource
from the time they arrive in summer to the time bears den in the fall (Hilderbrand et al. 2000).
Defense of Life and Property (DLP) – Human encroachment into brown bear habitat has led to a
significant increase in the number of bears killed to protect life and property. Over 150 brown bears
have been killed in DLP on the Kenai Peninsula since statehood. For the 17-year period from 1973
through 1989, a total of 38 (2.4 per year) DLP deaths were recorded. The rate of DLP deaths more
than doubled during the 7-year period from 1990 thorough 1996, when a total of 40 (5.7 per year)
bear deaths were recorded (ADF&G 2000). Five DLP deaths have occurred within the boundaries of
the Skilak WRA over the last 25 years.
Population – The Kenai Peninsula brown bear population is listed as a “Species of Special Concern”
(ADF&G 2000). Although there is no statistically reliable estimate of the Kenai Peninsula
population, extrapolation from other regions with assumed similar bear densities has been attempted.
Jacobs (1989) provided an initial estimate of 150-250 bears. ADF&G biologists later increased the
estimate to 277 for management purposes (Del Frate 1993). Although the brown bear population in
the Skilak WRA is unknown, numerous sightings and encounters with visitors indicate their use of
the area.
Caribou (Rangifer tarandus)
Habitat – The Kenai Lowlands Caribou Herd is the only caribou herd on the Kenai Peninsula that
migrates between summer calving grounds and winter ranges. The herd summers in GMU 15A
typically where poorly drained meadows, sedge bogs, and muskeg habitats are found. In October,
they migrate to winter in the Moose River drainage including portions of the Skilak WRA. Their
winter range encompasses 291 square miles (ADF&G et al 2003). They are often observed through
the month of April in black spruce forests located in the western portion of the Skilak WRA.
Population – Caribou were extirpated from the peninsula by 1912. In 1966, a population of 29
caribou (3 males and 26 females) was released at Watson Lake in the vicinity of the present day
Skilak WRA. By 1993, the herd numbered 66 animals (ADF&G et al 1994). The population
continued to increase steadily from 96 animals in 1995-96 to a peak of 140 during spring 1999. The
population has declined slightly since then and is now estimated at 135 animals (Selinger 2005).
Moose (Alces alces)
Habitat – Moose inhabit white and black spruce forests mixed with birch and willow, riparian
communities, and herbaceous bogs. Habitat preference varies with season. In spring and summer
moose can be found in open plant communities where forage is abundant, such as riparian
communities, bogs, and early seral stage forests. During winter, moose prefer forested areas below
3,500 feet and move into denser, needleleaf forests as the winter progresses. Ideal winter range is
composed of needleleaf trees taller than 18 feet with a canopy cover of 75% or greater
(Timmermann, H.R. 1988). The use of needleleaf forests has been suggested for both predator
avoidance (Stephens and Peterson 1984) and thermal protection (VanBallenberghe and Peek 1971).
Moose distribution in winter is limited by the availability of woody food plants and by snow
conditions.
18
Habitat quality has declined throughout most of GMU 15A as forest succession resulting from the
1947 Skilak Lake fire transitions from an intermediate to mature age class. Approximately 85,000-
acres of intermediate stage forests resulting from a 1969 wildland fire in GMU 15A continues to
provide browse for most of the moose wintering in the area. In the Skilak WRA summer habitat
includes early and intermediate stage deciduous and mixed forests and riparian habitats associated
with lentic and lotic systems. Early seral stage deciduous and mixed forests amount to 5,499-acres
(11.7%) and intermediate stage deciduous and mixed forests amount to 3,184-acres (8.5%). Winter
range (i.e., closed needleleaf forests with 50-100% canopy cover) amounts to 5,591-acres (14.2%).
Roadkills – According to State Trooper records,
57 moose were killed by vehicle collisions on the
Sterling Highway in the Skilak WRA (i.e.,
between MP 58-75) from 1998 – 2005 or on
average over 8 moose per year. Most collisions
(63%) have occurred on either side of the East
Fork of the Moose River in the vicinity of
Egumen Lake (MP 69-71; n=20) and Bottenintnin
Lake (MP 73-75; n=16). An interagency effort to
address roadkills along the Sterling Highway is
currently underway.
Population – In 1982, 3,000 moose were
estimated in GMU 15A (Selinger 2004).
Estimations made in 1987 and 1990 indicated a
stable population trend in the range of 3,014-
3,850 animals (Selinger, 2004). The population
exhibited a declining trend through the 1990s,
probably mainly due the result of forest
succession in the 1969 burn. In 1995, the moose
population estimate for GMU 15A was 1,780
animals (USFWS 1996) and 2,097 in 2001
(Selinger 2004).
In the Skilak WRA, moose surveys are conducted
every other year when survey conditions allow.
Lack of complete snow cover prevented surveys
from taking place in 1999-2000, 2000-01, or
2002-03. Survey data show moose numbers have
varied over time (Figure 2.5).
19
Figure 2.5: Moose Composition in the Skilak WRA during Surveyed Years
0
50
100
150
200
250
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1994-95
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
2003-04
2005-06
Year
Number
Bulls
Cows
Total
Wolf (Canis lupus)
Habitat – Wolves are habitat generalists which do not require a specific habitat type for survival.
Wolf habitat is based largely on the density of prey species found in a given habitat. To maintain
wolf habitat, viable, robust ungulate populations must be present.
Population – Wolves were exterminated on the Kenai Peninsula by 1915. Wolves remained absent
from the Kenai Peninsula for about 50 years (except for a few rare sightings) until they naturally
recolonized in the late 1960s. The wolf population on Kenai Refuge reached about 90 animals in the
1970s. In the early 1980s, it was estimated at 82 with 60% of it located in GMU 15A. From the
1980s to the early 1990s, average wolf pack territory size in the northern half of the Refuge ranged
from 180 to 850 square kilometers, and wolf density averaged about 13 wolves per 1,000 square
kilometers. The refuge likely supports an estimated 80-99 wolves in at least five to seven packs in
GMU 15A. The number of wolves using the Skilak WRA is unknown.
Fur Animals
ADF&G categorizes a number of species as fur animals. The following fur animals are found within
the Skilak WRA:
Beaver (Castor canadensis)
Habitat – Beaver require stable aquatic habitat that provides adequate water, a channel gradient of
less than 15%, and quality food species present in sufficient quantity (Allen 1983). Lakes 20-acres in
surface area with irregular shorelines provide optimum habitat for Beaver. All of the lakes in the
Skilak WRA are over 20-acres in size except one and are thought to support beaver. Intermittent
streams or streams that have major fluctuations in discharge have little year-round value.
Population – Population density and trends have not been measured and are poorly understood in
most areas on the Kenai Peninsula, though Beaver numbers are thought to vary dependent upon
habitat quality or predator abundance. Incidental observations and the trend in nuisance beaver
20
complaints indicate that beaver populations peaked about 1984 and have remained relatively stable
(Spraker 2001). Although the beaver population in the Skilak WRA is unknown, numerous sightings
indicate their use of the area.
Coyote (Canis latrans)
Habitat – Coyotes are habitat generalists which do not require a specific habitat type for survival.
Coyote habitat is based largely on the density of prey species found in a given habitat. Smaller
mammals such as snowshoe hares, porcupines, and red-backed voles make up the majority of a
coyote’s diet on the Kenai Peninsula. There is little evident overlap in food habits between coyotes
and wolves because the latter rely primarily on moose.
Population – Coyotes are thought to have colonized the Kenai Peninsula during the same period
wolves were absent (1915-1965). Red fox were abundant prior to 1930 according to long-time Kenai
residents, however they quickly disappeared as coyotes established and rapidly increased during the
1930s (Spraker 2001). Today, coyotes are found throughout the Kenai Peninsula at varying density
levels dependent upon habitat quality or prey abundance, but generally, they are believed to be
widely distributed and abundant (Spraker 2001). Although the coyote population in the Skilak WRA
is unknown, sightings indicate their use of the area.
Lynx (Lynx canadensis)
Habitat – Lynx are cyclically abundant in the forest habitats of the Kenai Peninsula. They require a
mix of early and late stage habitats to meet their food and cover needs. Early successional stage
habitats provide lynx with a prey base, while mature forests provide denning space and cover. Lynx
can also be found in intermediate stage forests when hare are numerous (Heinselman 1973). Early
seral stage mixed forests on the Refuge, particularly within GMU 15A, appear to have a higher
carrying capacity for snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) which are lynx primary prey. In the Skilak
WRA, there are approximately 4,958-acres (13.2%) of early seral stage mixed, deciduous, and
woodland needleleaf forests, and 17,026-acres (45.5%) of mature mixed, deciduous, and woodland
needleleaf forests.
Population – Lynx populations usually
fluctuate in a cycle with snowshoe hare
populations, peaking about every 9 to 10
years (USFWS 1994). Between 1977 and
1982, 25 lynx were estimated to reside in
the northern part of the Refuge. By 1987,
densities had risen in some areas three-fold
after a lynx trapping closure in 1984
(USFWS 1988). In the late 1980s to early
1990s, lynx showed a preference for areas
burned by the 1947 Skilak Lake Fire,
particularly areas that included mature
forest remnants. Lynx density increased
noticeably during the mid-1990s in
response to an increase in the abundance
of snowshoe hares. Harvest records
21
indicate lynx density remained high from 1997-98 to 1999-00 (Spraker 2001). Although the lynx
population in the Skilak WRA is unknown, routine sightings indicate their presence in the area.
Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
Habitat – Although red foxes can survive in many habitats, they prefer areas with a mixture of plant
communities (Ables 1971).
Population – Red fox were abundant prior to 1930 according to long-time Kenai residents, however
they quickly disappeared as coyotes established and rapidly increased during the 1930s (Spraker
2001). Although the red fox population in the Skilak WRA is unknown, it is generally believed to be
rare or absent from the area.
Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)
Habitat – Red squirrel inhabits needleleaf forests and mixed forests, and occasionally can be found
in deciduous forests. They require mature needleleaf trees, preferably white spruce, as a source of
cones and seed (DeGraaf 1986, Brink 1964). There are approximately 16,951-acres (45.2%) of
potential habitat for red squirrel in the Skilak WRA including 6,319-acres (16.9%) of mature
needleleaf forests and 10,632-acres (28.4%) of mature mixed forests. White spruce is found in well-drained
soils typical of uplands areas in the Kenai Lowlands and at higher elevations on Hideout
Mountain. Black spruce dominates poorly drained sites throughout the Kenai Lowlands.
Population – Although the red squirrel population for the Skilak WRA is unknown, numerous
sightings along trails indicate their extensive use of the area.
Small Game
ADF&G categorizes a number of species as small game. The following small game species are
found within the Skilak WRA.
Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago)
Habitat – Snipe are found in lentic and lotic systems, primarily bogs, ponds, and riparian habitats
that contain sedges, rushes, and willows. The Skilak WRA consists of 4,630-acres (10.6%) of lake,
pond, and wetland habitat, and 19-miles of rivers.
Population – Although the snipe population in the Skilak WRA is unknown, sightings are common
in the area.
Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus)
Habitat – Ruffed grouse occupy a variety of plant communities across its distribution range,
however, they seem to have higher survival rates in mixed forests than in pure needleleaf forests
(Barber et al 1989). Throughout most of their range, ruffed grouse prefer pure stands of quaking
aspen if those stands have a mix of age classes (Gullion 1972) or quaking aspen mixed with other
deciduous or needleleaf trees. Newly regenerated aspen stands provide nesting cover for up to 10
years, while 10 to 25-year old aspen are good for overwintering and breeding. Stands over 25 years
provide nesting cover and food (Perala 1977). The Skilak WRA consists of 17,272-acres (43.9%) of
mixed forests and 10,534-acres (26.8%) of deciduous forests. Early seral stage deciduous forests
22
account for 1,689-acres (4.5%) and more than 8,000-acres of deciduous forests are older than 25
years.
Population – Between 1995 and 1997, 232 ruffed grouse were transplanted from Interior Alaska and
released, in part, one mile from the refuge boundary by ADF&G. Within a year of introduction,
broods had been spotted at Lily Lake and along the Skilak Loop Road (Steen 1997). The ruffed
grouse population in the Skilak WRA is unknown. Sightings, although uncommon, indicate their use
of the area.
Sandhill Crane (Grus Canadensis)
Habitat – In the northern part of its range, sandhill cranes inhabit sedge meadows and wetland
communities that contain adequate emergent vegetation for nest building (Melvin 1990). The single
most important factor regulating sandhill crane populations is habitat availability. Nesting effort and
success, as well as survival of young, correlate directly with the amount and quality of nesting
habitat (Sharp 1992). In the Skilak WRA, wetlands account for 1,140-acres (2.6%).
Population – Population estimates and trends have come from direct counts of wintering and
migrating birds. The total population estimate for the species is 652,000 to 715,000 birds. The
number of sandhill cranes using the Skilak WRA is unknown. Sightings, although uncommon,
indicate their use of the area.
Snowshoe Hare (Lepus americanus)
Habitat – Snowshoe hares occupy needleleaf and mixed forests in all stages of succession, but early
seral forests that have dense understories foster peak abundance. Deciduous forests are usually
occupied only in early successional stages (Grange 1965). The presence of understory cover is the
primary determinant of habitat quality and is more significant than food availability (Carreker 1985)
or species composition (Litvaitis 1990). The Skilak WRA consists of 9,639-acres (25.7%) of
needleleaf forests and 17,289-acres (46.1%) of mixed forests in various stages of succession. Early
seral stage deciduous forests account for 1,689-acres (4.5%). The condition of the understory in
these forest communities has not been analyzed.
Population – Snowshoe hare populations undergo cycles
that range from 7 to 17 years between population peaks. The
average time between peaks is approximately 10 years. The
period of abundance usually lasts for 2 to 5 years followed
by a population decline. Based on population density studies
conducted by the Refuge in 1984, average adult hare
densities were 2.5 adults per square mile in GMU 15A.
GMU 15A appears to have a higher carrying capacity for
snowshoe hare than other portions of the Refuge. Hare
populations increased in the early-1990s and remained
stable in the area until 1998 (Spraker 2001) when densities
declined to 1.0 adult per square mile. Although the
snowshoe hare population in the Skilak WRA is unknown,
sightings indicate their use of the area.
23
Spruce Grouse (Falcipennis canadensis)
Habitat – Spruce grouse, a native species to the Kenai
Peninsula, can be found in needleleaf-dominated forest
habitats. Over most of its range, it uses dense, early
successional stage needleleaf forests (<30 years old) that
have well-developed middle canopies. Their association
with needleleaf forests may be less close during periods
of dispersal and migration. There are approximately
9,632-acres (24.5%) of needleleaf forests in the Skilak
WRA with some 1,290-acres (13.4%) of it in early
successional stage.
Population – Although the spruce grouse population for
the Skilak WRA is unknown, sightings along the Skilak
Loop Road and trails indicate their use of the area.
Waterfowl (Anatidae)
Species – Ten species of ducks have been identified in the Skilak WRA including four species of
dabbling ducks (American Widgeon (Anas Americana), Northern Pintail (Anas acuta), Mallard
(Anas platyrhynchos), and Green-winged Teal (Anas crecca)) and six species of diving ducks
(Barrow’s Goldeneye (Bucephala islandica), Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), Common
Merganser (Mergus merganser), Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator), Surf Scoter (Melanitta
perspicillata), and Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola)). Dabbling ducks, which are typically migratory
species, are abundant during the breeding season. Diving ducks, most of which are year round
residents, are common during the non-breeding season but less so during the breeding season.
Habitat – Dabbling ducks are commonly found on small ponds and wetlands in the Skilak WRA,
and diving ducks are more common on deeper lakes.
Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus)
Habitat – Willow ptarmigan are common in areas with patches of dense vegetation, especially where
willow or birch shrubs are abundant (Weeden 1965). They are also found in sedge-willow marshes,
in meadows, and along road and forest edges (Campbell et al 1990).
Population – The willow ptarmigan population in the Skilak WRA is unknown. Sightings, although
uncommon, indicate their use of the area.
Birds
Kenai Refuge provides a mosaic of habitats for over 150 species of birds or approximately 32% of
all bird species identified in Alaska. At least 76 species have been recorded in the Skilak WRA and
87% of those species are known to breed locally (USGS website). Over half of the birds recorded in
the Skilak WRA are migratory birds which spend only a portion of their life cycle in the area.
Twenty-five species are year-round residents (Brown 1999). A short assessment of the most
common bird families follows:
24
Gulls and Terns (Laridae)
Species – Three species of gulls and one tern have been identified in the Skilak WRA: Bonaparte’s
Gull (Larus Philadelphia), Mew Gull (Larus canus), Glaucous-winged Gull (Larus glaucescens),
and Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea). These species are migratory birds that are abundant during the
breeding season.
Habitat – Gulls and terns are found in riparian habitats and black spruce bog forests in the Skilak
WRA. Glaucous-winged gull rookeries occur on various islands in Skilak Lake.
Raptors (Accipitridae)
Species – Five species of raptors have been identified in the Skilak WRA: Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus
leucocephalus), Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentiles), Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus), Red-tailed
Hawk (Buteo jamaicensus), and Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus). These species are
residents or short-distance migrants that are common during the breeding season.
Habitat – Bald eagles are regularly found in riverine systems, particularly along the Kenai River
where salmon and other fish species are readily available. Three Bald Eagle nests are present in the
Skilak WRA. Northern Goshawks use a wide variety of forest ages, structural conditions, and
successional stages including transitional zones from bog to forest and forest to shrubland. Riparian
zones and mosaics of forested and open areas are important hunting habitats, and climax stands are
typically used for nesting. Sharp-shinned hawks occur primarily in coniferous forests, but are also
found in woodland needleleaf forests. Northern harriers prefer sloughs, wet meadows, and
shrublands, and hunt in large forest openings.
Sandpipers (Scolopacidae)
Species – Six species of sandpipers have been recorded in the Skilak WRA: Red-necked Phalarope
(Phalaropus lobatus), Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia), Least Sandpiper (Calidris minutilla),
Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago), Greater Yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca), and Lesser
Yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes). These species are migratory birds that are abundant during the
breeding season.
Habitat – Sandpipers are found in riparian habitats and black spruce bog forests in the Skilak WRA.
Sparrows and Juncos (Emberizidae)
Species – Eight species of sparrows and juncos have been recorded in the Skilak WRA: Fox Sparrow
(Passerella iliaca), American Tree Sparrow (Spizella arborea), Slate-colored Junco (Junco
hyemalis), Lincoln’s Sparrow (Melospiza lincolnii), Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus
sandwichensis), White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys), Song Sparrow (Melospiza
melodia), and Golden-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia atricapilla). These species are migratory birds
that are abundant during the breeding season.
Habitat – Sparrows and juncos are found in all forest communities and age classes in the Skilak
WRA.
25
Thrushes (Turdidae)
Species – Five species of thrushes have been identified in the Skilak WRA: Gray-cheeked thrush
(Catharus minimus), Varied Thrush (Ixoreus naevius), Swainson’s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus),
Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus), and American Robin (Turdus migratorius). These species are
migratory birds that are common during the breeding season.
Habitat – Thrushes are found in all forest communities and age classes except black spruce bogs and
riparian habitats in the Skilak WRA.
Waterbirds (Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, and Phalacrocoracidae)
Species – Six species of waterbirds have been identified in the Skilak WRA: Pacific Loon (Gavia
pacifica), Common Loon (Gavia immer), Red-throated Loon (Gavia stellata), Double-crested
Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), Horned Grebe (Podiceps auritus), and Red-necked Grebe
(Podiceps grisegena). These species are migratory birds that are common during the breeding
season.
Habitat – Waterbirds are found in lake systems throughout the Skilak WRA.
Woodpeckers (Picidae)
Species – Three species of woodpeckers have been identified in the Skilak WRA: Hairy (Picoides
villosus), Downy (Picoides pubescens), and Three-toed woodpeckers (Picoides tridactylus). These
species are year-round residents that are common throughout the year.
Habitat – Woodpeckers are found in all forest communities of all age classes in the Skilak WRA.
Wood Warblers (Parulidae)
Species – Seven species of wood warblers have been identified in the Skilak WRA: Townsend’s
Warbler (Dendroica townsendi), Myrtle Warbler (Dendroica coronata), Orange-crowned Warbler
(Vermivora celata), Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia), Wilson’s Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla),
Blackpoll Warbler (Dendroica striata) and Northern Waterthrush (Seivrus noveboralensis). These
species are migratory birds that are common during the breeding season.
Habitat – Wood warblers are found in all forest communities and age classes except black spruce
bog forests and riparian habitats in the Skilak WRA.
Fish
Fish are an important resource on the Kenai Peninsula and in the Skilak WRA. Not only are various
fish species found in the Skilak WRA attractive to anglers for recreational fishing, they also provide
an important food source for some of the wildlife that inhabit the region.
Anadromous Fish
Waters within the Skilak WRA contain several species of anadromous fish. Anadromous fish are
those species of fish that migrate upriver from the ocean to reproduce in freshwater. In the Skilak
WRA, these include Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), sockeye
(Oncorhynchus nerka), and pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) salmon as well as Dolly Varden
26
(Salvelinus malma Walbaum). Anadromous fish are found in the Kenai River, as well as Skilak and
Hidden Lakes. In addition, several lakes attached to the east fork of the Moose River are spawning
grounds for coho and sockeye salmon.
Resident Fish
The Kenai River and most lakes in the Skilak WRA contain populations of resident fish. Resident
fish are those fish species that remain in freshwater systems (streams, rivers, or lakes) throughout
their lives. In the Skilak WRA, important resident fish species include rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss), lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), and Dolly Varden. Rainbow trout are found in the Kenai
River and in many lakes, such as Hidden, Engineer, and Peterson Lakes. Lake trout are found in the
Kenai River and larger lakes, such as Skilak and Hidden Lakes. There are several species of resident
fish found in the Skilak WRA, such as sculpins (Cottus spp.) stickleback (Gasterosteidae) and
whitefish (Coregonus), which have no recreational significance, but are important food sources for
other fish and wildlife.
Many of the isolated lakes in the Skilak WRA are not very productive biologically for resident fish.
Because of the low biological productivity, populations of resident fish remain sparse and growth is
slow. In the lakes and river systems containing anadromous fish, resident fish often grow at a faster
rate because of the high amount of food available from spawning salmonids. Resident fish, such as
rainbow trout and Dolly Varden, gorge themselves on salmon eggs and spawned out salmon flesh.
These fish reach much larger sizes than the same species located in isolated lakes in the Skilak
WRA.
Both anadromous and resident fishes are attractive to recreational anglers in the Skilak WRA. The
resident populations, because of their low levels and slow growth, warrant especially careful
management to protect them from excessive harvesting. Some of the lakes can support recreational
fishing naturally; others cannot. Controlling factors seem to be lake depth, which must be sufficient
to prevent freezing to the bottom in winter, and the availability of suitable reproductive habitat for
resident fish.
2.3 Human Environment
2.3.1 Brief History of the Area
The Skilak Lake area has been occupied by humans for at least 5,000 and possibly 9,000 years. The
earliest inhabitants were big game hunters, pursuing caribou and sheep in the highlands. By about
1000 BC people were living along the rivers and had a mixed economy based on hunting and salmon
fishing. The river corridor and Skilak and Kenai Lakes have been major transportation corridors
across the Kenai Peninsula for hundreds if not thousands of years.
Russian explorers and traders established trading outposts along the shores of Cook Inlet beginning
in 1786. By 1794 there were forts at English Bay, Kasilof River, Kenai River and on the north
Forelands. No more than 150 Russians ever occupied the area but the economic system centered on
furs established during this time remained intact after the sale of Alaska to the U.S. in 1867.
In 1848, the mining engineer Petyr Doroshin explored Skilak Lake and the upper Kenai River for
gold. Although he found traces of it he discouraged further development as unprofitable. An
27
American named Stone searched the Skilak Lake area in 1868. In 1884, Joseph Cooper opened a
trading post at present day Cooper Landing. Gold was found in commercial quantities on the upper
Kenai River in 1895 by Charles Sickles and James Stetson (McMahan and Buzzell 1986). By 1910-
11, the Kenai River from Cooper Landing to Skilak Lake was claimed for dredging operations.
Dredging was attempted until 1914 but with little success (Buzzell 1985). Mining activity peaked in
1910 and tapered off rapidly (McMahan and Buzzell 1986).
After WWI the economy shifted from mining to a mixed based on summertime mining, big game
guiding, fur farming, winter trapping, and other activities. Fishing and gardening were important
subsistence pursuits. The first homestead applications were filed in 1915 (McMahan and Buzzell
1986; Buzzell 1985). The Skilak Lake area was the focus of these families economic and social
activities and an elaborate annual subsistence routine developed to use local resources. World War II
brought a huge influx of new people and recreational development. The Skilak Military Recreation
Site at the outlet of Skilak Lake was built in the early 1940’s. It was eventually turned over to the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1958. Also during the 1950’s, the Seward Army Recreational
Center maintained temporary camps on Hidden Lake.
The Kenai River corridor has always been a major travel route across the Kenai Peninsula.
Surveying for the Sterling Highway began in 1946 (McMahan and Buzzell 1986). Actual
construction began in 1947 and the road was graveled in 1948. Though graveled the road was only
passable in good weather. A portion of the original highway is now the Skilak Loop Road located in
the Skilak WRA. At first the road was too poor to encourage much traffic and had little impact on
the area between Sterling and Cooper Landing. In the mid-1950s, oil companies began to explore the
northern part of the Peninsula along the Swanson River. Increasing development led to road
improvements and the present highway was paved in 1956.
2.3.2 Local Population
Kenai NWR lies within the Kenai Peninsula Borough, which is comprised of the Kenai Peninsula,
Cook Inlet, and a large, mostly unpopulated area, northeast of the Alaska Peninsula. The total
population of the Borough was 50,980 in 2004 (Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and
Economic Development). The twin cities of Kenai and Soldotna, along with nearby Sterling, form
the population center of the Borough. The Borough also includes the cities of Homer and Seward as
well as numerous smaller communities along the road system and several villages accessible only by
boat or aircraft
The population of the Kenai Peninsula Borough is dwarfed by that of the Municipality of
Anchorage, which is only three hours by road and 15-20 minutes by air from Kenai Refuge.
Anchorage is the largest city in Alaska, home to 277, 498 people in 2004, or about 43% of the total
state population (Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development). The
Anchorage population has grown by nearly 100,000 since the first Kenai Refuge Comprehensive
Conservation Plan was completed in 1985. At the same time, continuous road improvements have
made travel between Anchorage and the Kenai Peninsula more convenient.
2.3.3 Summary of Current Use
The Skilak WRA is one of the most heavily used areas, if not the most heavily used area, of Kenai
NWR due to its close proximity to population centers, easy access, and diversity of public use
28
facilities provided in a natural setting. Recreational choices range from passive to active recreation
and occur throughout the area during all seasons of the year. In the spring, summer, and fall,
recreation activities include archery hunting, camping, freshwater sport fishing, hiking, nature
photography, sightseeing, and wildlife viewing. During the winter, recreation activities include
cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, and wildlife viewing. Most visitors participate in several
activities while using the area.
2.3.4 Public Use Access
Access to the Skilak WRA is facilitated by two developed roads into and around the area: the
Sterling Highway and the Skilak Loop Road. Most visitors approaching from the east enter the
Skilak WRA from the Sterling Highway via the Skilak Loop Road at MP 58. Soldotna, Kenai, and
Homer residents generally use the Skilak Loop Road west entrance at MP 75. Visitors can access the
“backcountry” of the Skilak WRA via a number of developed trails, or they can embark on a cross
country journey off-trail through a variety of habitats. Boaters can access the area via the Kenai
River or Skilak Lake; pilots can land their aircraft on Hidden Lake, Bottenintnin Lake, and/or Skilak
Lake; and canoeists can explore a number of lakes accessible from campgrounds and the
Bottenintnin Day Use Area.
Roads
Sterling Highway
The Sterling Highway is a two lane, paved highway that runs east to west for nearly fifteen (15)
miles along the northern border of the Skilak WRA. It has a speed limit of 55 mph and is a major
route for intrastate commerce and travel. In recognition of its spectacular scenery, rich cultural
heritage, diverse recreational opportunities, archeological importance, wildlife, and natural beauty
the Sterling Highway from MP 37 to the Skilak Lake Loop Road near MP 75 is designated a state
scenic byway.
According to Alaska Department of Transportation (ADOT) traffic figures, in 1996, 2,367 vehicles
passed through the Skilak WRA using the Sterling Highway on average each day (863,955 vehicles
per year). In 2004, 3,280 vehicles passed through the Skilak WRA using the Sterling Highway on
average each day (or 1,197,200 vehicles per year). The Sterling Highway provides access to a
number of Skilak WRA facilities.
Access roads originating from the Sterling Highway include: Kelly/Peterson Lake Campground
Access Road (0.93 mile) and Watson Lake Campground Access Road (0.43 mile).
Skilak Loop Road
The Skilak Loop Road is a two lane, gravel road that runs east to west through the southern portion
of the Skilak WRA. It is 18.8 miles in length and has a speed limit of 35 mph. It is the main artery
into the Skilak WRA. According to ADOT traffic figures, in 1996, 210 vehicles passed through the
Skilak WRA using the Skilak Loop Road on average each day (76,650 vehicles per year). In 2004,
398 vehicles passed through the Skilak WRA using the Skilak Loop Road on average each day
(145,270 vehicles per year). The road provides access to the majority of facilities located within the
Skilak WRA.
The Skilak Loop Road, and the access roads leading into Hidden Lake, and Upper and Lower Skilak
29
campgrounds, are state roads. Campground access roads are gravel except for the access road to
Hidden Lake Campground which is paved. The ADOT is responsible for maintenance of these roads.
ADOT maintenance is performed in accordance with district-wide priorities. Due to budget
reductions, the Skilak Loop Road receives sporadic maintenance. When road conditions become
intolerable and ADOT has not responded to requests for maintenance, Refuge maintenance crews
grade or plow the road to ensure visitor safety.
Access roads adjoining the Skilak Loop Road include: Bottenintnin Lake Day Use Area (0.36 mile),
Lower Skilak Lake Campground (1.3 miles), Engineer Lake Campground (0.30 mile), Upper Skilak
Lake Campground (2.4 miles), Hidden Lake Campground (1.5 miles), and Jim’s Landing (0.20
mile).
Trails
Trails are one of the most effective ways for visitors to observe wildlife in a boreal forest setting
where vegetation is often thick and difficult to see and/or bushwhack through. The Skilak WRA has
eleven (11) designated hiking trails totaling 19.5-miles in length (Table 2.5). There is an additional
1-mile spur trail originating from the Seven Lakes Trail that provides access to the northern shore of
Hidden Lake.
5 Table 2.5: Trails
Name Vegetative Communities and Age Classes Length
(one-way)
Bear Mountain Closed deciduous forest, open mixed forest, closed tall scrub;
mostly 20-39 yrs old, some >60 yrs old
0.8
Burney’s Closed deciduous forest, closed mixed forest; <39 yrs old 0.6
Egumen Lake Open needleleaf forest; <19 yrs old 0.3
Hidden Creek Open needleleaf forest, woodland needleleaf forest, closed
deciduous forest, dry forb herbaceous; <39 yrs old
1.3
Hideout
Mountain
Closed deciduous forest, open mixed forest, closed tall scrub;
<15 yrs old
0.75
Kenai River
(East)
Closed needleleaf forest, closed deciduous forest, open
deciduous forest, closed mixed forest; <39 yrs old
2.8
Kenai River
(West)
Open deciduous forest, closed mixed forest, closed tall scrub;
<39 yrs old
2.3
Seven Lakes Closed needleleaf forest, open mixed forest; <39 yrs old, some
>60 yrs old
4.4
Seven Lakes
Spur
Open mixed forest; <39 yrs old, some >60 yrs old 1.0
Skilak Lookout Closed deciduous forest, closed mixed forest; <39 yrs old 2.0
Skyline Open deciduous forest, closed mixed forest, closed tall scrub;
>60 yrs old
1.9
Vista Closed mixed forest; <39 yrs old 1.5
30
Trails provide opportunities for visitors to access every vegetative community in the Skilak WRA
except wetland and alpine communities which are susceptible to human-related impacts. Access to a
diversity of habitats increases one’s chances of viewing a wide variety of wildlife. Six (6) trails
provide access to closed deciduous forests, five (5) trails provide access to closed and open mixed
forests, and five (5) trails provide access to herbaceous and tall scrub communities. Only four (4)
trails pass through portions of needleleaf communities where opportunities for viewing wildlife are
limited; one of which is the short 0.3 mile trail to Egumen Lake. Because there are few designated
hiking trails throughout Alaska, particularly in boreal forest settings, the number of trails and
diversity of habitats within the Skilak WRA makes it a unique destination point for hiking and
wildlife viewing.
Rivers and Lakes
Rivers and lakes provide access to large portions of the Skilak WRA where scenic/wildlife viewing
can be enjoyed. The most popular river on the refuge (and possibly throughout the entire state) for
outdoor recreation activities is the Kenai River. The river flows eighteen (18) river miles from Kenai
Lake to Skilak Lake, and then on for another fifty (50) river miles before entering into the Cook
Inlet. It flows for nearly twelve (12) river miles through Kenai Refuge; seven of which, as the
eastern boundary of the Skilak WRA. Users typically put their crafts in at the Cooper Landing boat
launch (Sterling Highway MP 48), Sportsman’s Lodge (Sterling Highway MP 55), or Jim’s Landing
(Skilak Loop Road MP 58) and float to either Jim’s Landing or through the Kenai River Canyon to
Skilak Lake. Crafts are towed, motored or paddled (note: paddling rafts or other small crafts is not
advised due to high wind conditions on the lake) around Skilak Lake to the Upper Skilak Lake
Campground boat launch. Nearly 7,000 crafts and 25,000 visitors floated the upper river section for
either fishing or scenic viewing pleasure in 2004. Nearly 2,000 visitors floated through the Kenai
River Canyon to Skilak Lake that same year with nearly two thirds of them specifically doing so for
scenic viewing purposes.
2.3.5 Public Uses and Related Facilities
Overview
The Skilak WRA contains a wide variety of public use facilities that directly or indirectly provide
services for a multitude of outdoor recreation opportunities year-round including cross country
skiing, fishing, hunting, photography, snowshoeing, and scenic and wildlife viewing (Figure 2.6,
Table 2.6). Construction and/or rehabilitation of these facilities began in the late 1980’s as directed
by the Refuge’s Public Use Facilities Step-Down Management Plan as funding was available.
Current Uses and Facilities
Administrative Facilities
One (1) administrative facility is located in the Skilak WRA; a 600-square foot log cabin at MP 13.5
along the Skilak Loop Road which is used for seasonal employee housing, and storage of
maintenance equipment and supplies during the summer.
2-0-6: Existing Recreation Facilities
32
6 Table 2.6: Access to Public Use Facilities
Facility Type Sterling
Highway
Skilak
Loop Rd.
Total
Administrative 0 1 1
Boat Launches 4 7 11
Bulletin Boards / Kiosks 7 14 21
Cabins 0 2 2
Campgrounds 4 5 9
Campsites (“Walk-in”) 0 14 14
Day Use Area 0 3 3
Interpretive Sites 0 9 9
Parking Areas 5 13 18
Sanitary Facility Sites 5 8 13
Signs 7 12 19
Trails 2 9 11
Viewing Facilities 0 1 1
Visitor Contact Station 1 0 1
Wayside Pullout 0 3 3
Boating and Boat Launches
There are eleven (11) boat launches in the Skilak WRA. Nine (9) of these are located in
campgrounds (Table 2.7) and two (2) are located in day-use areas (i.e., Bottenintnin Lake and
Jim’s Landing). Boat launches vary in construction from simple, one vessel-capable gravel or
dirt ramps, to concrete, two vessel-capable ramps. Motorboat use is allowed on all lakes within
the Skilak WRA, Skilak Lake, and the Kenai River downstream of Skilak Lake; some lakes have
a “no wake” restriction to minimize disturbance to water birds. Canoes, rafts, and kayaks are
unrestricted on all waterbodies. Personal watercraft (i.e., jet skis) are not allowed on any waters
within the Refuge.
Cabins
Two public use cabins are available by reservation only: Upper Ohmer Lake and Engineer Lake
cabins. These 800-square foot cabins were built in 2004 – 2005. Approximately 341 visitors
have used these cabins since their construction in August 2004.
Campgrounds
There are nine (9) campgrounds containing ninety-three (93) vehicle sites in the Skilak WRA
(Table 2.7). Eight (8) campgrounds have potable water available and two (2) campgrounds have
a user fee associated with them.
33
7 Table 2.7: Campgrounds and Boat Launches
Location MP Number
of Sites
Potable
Water
Boat
Launch
Fee (per
night)
Engineer Lake 9.4 3 Yes Gravel Free
Hidden Lake 3.6 44 Yes Concrete $10.00
Kelly Lake 67.0 (Sterling
Highway)
3 Yes Gravel Free
Lower Jean Lake 60.0 (Sterling
Highway)
3 Yes Gravel Free
Lower Ohmer Lake 8.5 4 No Gravel Free
Lower Skilak Lake 13.6 14 Yes Concrete Free
Peterson Lake 67.0 (Sterling
Highway)
4 Yes Gravel Free
Upper Skilak Lake 8.4 15 Yes Concrete $8 - $10.00
Watson Lake 71.0 (Sterling
Highway)
3 Yes Gravel Free
Campsites (Backcountry & Walk-In)
There are fourteen (14) “walk-in” campsites located at two (2) campgrounds: Lower Ohmer
Lake Campground (4 sites) and Upper Skilak Lake Campground (10 sites). The Lower Ohmer
Campground walk-in campsites have defined gravel pads containing campfire rings and concrete
picnic tables. These sites are accessible via a short foot path from the parking area. The Upper
Skilak Campground walk-in campsites are located along a loop trail beginning at the parking lot.
Amenities are the same as the ones at Lower Ohmer Lake. A gull/cormorant colony on a rock
outcropping in Skilak Lake is an added attraction at this site.
Although the majority of camping occurs at campgrounds and designated “walk-in” sites
associated with campgrounds, “backcountry” camping is allowed and occurs at undesignated
sites along trails (particularly the Kenai River and Seven Lakes trails), gravel bars along the
Kenai River, the shoreline of Skilak Lake, and islands in Hidden Lake. Although some of these
undesignated campsites show signs of impact, the impact is not believed to be detrimental to
refuge resources at this point in time, and as such, have not been treated to ensure resource
protection.
Commercial Services
Commercial (or guided) services are provided in the Skilak WRA. These services are typically
associated with sport fishing on the Kenai River, but hiking and tour guides also provide
services. Guides authorized to offer their services must obtain a special use permit from the
Refuge and are subject to the requirements of the permit’s general and special conditions.
Permitted guides operating on the upper and lower Kenai River utilize the boat ramps at Jim’s
Landing, and the Upper and Lower Skilak campgrounds. Other permitted guides use various
hiking trails and campgrounds. There are approximately sixty (60) permittees using the facilities
and resources in the Skilak WRA.
34
Day Use Areas
There are three (3) day use areas located within the Skilak WRA: Bottenintnin Lake, Jims’
Landing, and Lower Ohmer Lake. Bottenintnin Lake is primarily used by canoeists and cross-country
skiers, and Jims’ Landing is primarily used as a takeout for those floating the Upper
Kenai River. Lower Ohmer Lake day use area was created in 2006 and is associated with a
campground. Each site has a boat ramp. Jims Landing and Lower Ohmer Lake have sanitary
facilities. All day use areas have bulletin boards/kiosks associated with them except Bottenintnin
Lake.
Environmental Education & Interpretation Facilities
Environmental Education and Interpretation facilities consists of a variety of structures (e.g.,
bulletin boards, kiosks, and panels) which are used to provide information on wildlife and their
habitats, resource management practices, and other information which increases visitor
knowledge about the Refuge.
Amphitheater
One (1) 50-seat amphitheater is located at the Hidden Lake Campground. Interpretive programs
are offered from June thru August.
Birdhouse Bulletin Boards
Small informational structures, or birdhouse bulletin boards, are located at all eleven (11)
trailheads in the Skilak WRA (Table 2.8).
8 Table 2.8: Birdhouse Bulletin Boards (BBB), Interpretive Panels (IP), and Kiosks (K)
Location Type Location Type
Bear Mountain Trail BBB Kenai River Trail (West) BBB, IP
Burney’s Trail BBB Lower Jean Lake Campground K
Egumen Lake Trail BBB Lower Ohmer Lake Campground K
Engineer Lake Campground K Lower Skilak Campground K, IP
Engineer Lake Wayside IP Peterson Lake Campground K
Hidden Creek Trail BBB Pothole Lake Fire Wayside IP
Hidden Creek Wayside IP Seven Lakes Trail (Engineer Lake
& Kelly Lake)
BBB
Hidden Lake Campground K, IP Skilak Lookout Trail BBB
Hideout Mountain Trail BBB Skyline Trail BBB
Jim’s Landing Day Use Area K, IP Vista Trail BBB
Kelly Lake Campground BBB Upper Skilak Lake Campground K, IP
Kenai River Trail (East) K, IP West Entrance K
35
Interpretive Panels
There are thirty-four (34) interpretive panels located at nine (9) sites within the Skilak WRA
(Table 2.8).
Kiosks
Large information structures, or kiosks, are located at seven (7) campgrounds, one (1) day use
area, one (1) trailhead, and the West Entrance (Table 2.8).
Environmental Education & Interpretation Programs
Environmental education (EE) is an education process that deals with the interrelationships
among the natural world and its man-made surroundings. It is experienced-based and
interdisciplinary in nature. It is a continuous, lifelong process that provides citizens with the
basic knowledge and skills necessary to individually and collectively encourage positive actions
for achieving and maintaining a sustainable balance between humans and their environment
(North American Association for Environmental Education). Interpretation is a communication
process that forges emotional and intellectual connections between the interests of the audience
and the meanings inherent in the resource (National Association of Interpretation).
Refuge staff and interns conduct a
number of environmental education
programs throughout the Skilak
WRA including “The Role of Fire in
Alaska” where students hike the
Hidden Creek Trail to explore a re-vegetating
burn site, and “Leave No
Trace” where students learn the
seven (7) Leave No Trace principles
through hands-on activities on the
Seven Lakes Trail. Environmental
education programs typically are
conducted in the spring and fall. The
following is a representation of the
number of participants attending all
Refuge EE programs: 1,863 (2003);
2,276 (2004); 2,630 (2005).
Refuge staff and interns interpret refuge resources to citizens with the desire to intrigue and
motivate them so that they will go on to learn more about and take actions to protect those
resources. Each summer, interpretive programs are offered at the Hidden Lake and Upper Skilak
Lake campgrounds. Additional interpretive programs are offered through “Discovery Hikes” on
Burney’s and Vista trails. Examples of subject matter include “Bear Safety” and “Survivor:
Techniques and Strategies to Help You Survive in the Alaskan Outdoors.” The following is a
representation of participants attending all Refuge Interpretive Programs: 1,457 (2003); 1,274
(2004); 1,174 (2005).
36
Outreach Materials and Media for Visitor Orientation
The Refuge provides flyers and brochures that identify the location of public use facilities
including cabins, points of interest, and common wildlife species. In addition, the Refuge,
through a cooperative effort with the Alaska Natural History Association, produces “Refuge
Reflections” – a newspaper-style publication that provides more comprehensive information on
facilities and recreational opportunities throughout the Refuge including the Skilak WRA.
Fishing
Fishing occurs on the Kenai River and on every lake in the Skilak WRA that has harvestable
populations (Table 2.9). Highly sought after species include sockeye salmon, Coho salmon,
kokanee, and lake trout.
9 Table 2.9: Sport Fish by Location
Waterbody Coho Sockeye King Pink White-fish
Rainbow
Trout
Lake
Trout
Dolly
Varden
Artic
Grayling
Lnose
Sucker
N.
Pike
Egumen X X X X
Engineer X X X
Hidden Creek X X X
Hidden Lake X X X X
Kelly X X
Kenai X X X X X X X X
L. Jean X X X X X X
L. Ohmer X
Peterson X X X X
Skilak X X X X X X X X X
U. Ohmer X X X
Watson X X X
Human Health and Safety (Firearm Use Restrictions)
To provide for public safety, discharging firearms within a ¼-mile of designated public
campgrounds, trailheads, waysides, buildings, or the Sterling Highway from the east refuge
boundary to the east junction of the Skilak Loop Road is not permitted by refuge regulation
(Figure 2.7).
Hunting
Cow Moose Hunt
To fulfill public use and resource protection goals in the Skilak WRA, a permitted, antlerless
moose hunt is allowed when the results of a fall survey (conducted cooperatively between
ADF&G and Kenai NWR every other year at a minimum if snow cover is adequate) tallies at
least 130 animals (1.8 – 2.0 moose per square mile of habitat) (Figure 2.8). These surveys have
been conducted since 1989.
2-0-7: Existing Firearm Restrictions
38
Figure 2.8: Moose Populations, Permits, and Harvest Data
Over the course of 11 separate surveys, overall moose counts have ranged from a high of 225
during the 1994-95 seasons, to a low of 79 during the recent 2005-06 season. The average count
has been about 145 moose. Because of the survey methods used, these data should be interpreted
cautiously; they represent annual “snapshots” of moose within the Skilak WRA rather than
reliable estimates of the number of moose that reside in or rely on the WRA and adjacent
habitats.
ADF&G issued cow moose harvest permits in all but one season (1996-97) during the period
1989-2000. No permits have been issued since 2000. From 1989 through 1993, 20 permits were
issued each season (80 permits total) and about 44% of active permit recipients (those that
actually that hunted) harvested a moose. Thirty-two (32) moose were harvested during this four
year period. Over the remaining six permitted years (1993-2000) between 20 and 60 permits
were issued each season and the harvest success rate dropped to about 26 percent. Fifty (50)
moose were harvested during this period.
Bull Moose Hunt
A permitted spike-fork bull hunt is allowed when aerial composition surveys conducted each
year before December 1 indicate the bull:cow ratio is greater than 40:100. On three occasions
(1994, 1996, and 1998) the observed bull/cow ratio exceeded 40:100 allowing a spike-fork bull
hunt during the season following these surveys. Twenty (20) of the 60 total permits issued in
each of these seasons were for the special spike-fork bull hunt. A total of two spike-fork bulls
were harvested (one each in 1995-96 and 1997-98).
157
162
126
225
136
175
164
98
79
169
20
30
60
40
60
30
20 20 20
8 10 13
130 Minimum Population Threshold
11
8 8
6
11
7
0
50
100
150
200
250
Year 1989-
90
1990-
91
1991-
92
1992-
93
1993-
94
1994-
95
1995-
96
1996-
97
1997-
98
1998-
99
1999-
00
2000-
01
2001-
02
2002-
03
2003-
04
2004-
05
2005-
06
Total Moose Surveyed Number of Permits Issued Number of Moose Harvested 130 Minimum Population Threshold
39
Moose Hunt Summary
Overall, more than 300 hunting permits were issued and 83 moose (8.3 moose/year on average)
were harvested during the 10 year period permits were issued in the Skilak WRA. There is no
clear relationship between overall moose survey numbers and the number of permits issued or
harvest success rates.
Small Game Hunting
A small game harvest is allowed by bow and arrow between October 1 and March 1 each year.
There is no data on the number of individuals participating in this activity or the number of
animals harvested.
Fur Animals and Bear Hunting
Fur animals and bears can not be harvested in the Skilak WRA.
Parking Areas
In addition to vehicle parking provided at campgrounds for campers, parking areas are provided
at eighteen (18) additional locations within the Skilak WRA: eight (8) areas are located at
trailheads, four (4) areas are located at day use areas, and six (6) areas are associated with boat
launches and trailheads within campgrounds (Table 2.10).
10 Table 2.10: Parking Areas
Location No. of
Sites
Location No. of
Sites
Bear Mountain Trail 3 Kenai River Trail (East) 18
Bottenintnin Lake Day Use
Area
6 Kenai River Trail (West) 4
Egumen Lake Trail 6 Lower Ohmer Lake Day Use
Area
3
Engineer Lake Campground 3 Lower Skilak Campground 50
Hidden Creek Trail 8 Peterson Lake Campground 3
Hidden Lake Campground 36 Skilak Lookout Trail 10
Hideout Mountain Trail 4 Skyline Trail 10
Jim’s Landing Day Use Area 18 Upper Skilak Campground 24
Kelly Lake Campground 3 Watson Lake Day Use Area 3
Photography
Scenic and wildlife photography opportunities are abundant in the Skilak WRA due to the nature
of the topography, the variety and abundance of natural features, habitats and wildlife, and road
accessibility. Photographing scenic views typically occurs along the Skilak Loop Road,
particularly at designated waysides, but also from trail vistas, views provided at campgrounds,
and from lakes. Although there are no designated wildlife photography sites or facilities provided
to enhance wildlife photography opportunities (e.g., photography blinds), wildlife can be
40
commonly seen at specific locations with the
Skilak WRA (Table 2.14). Commonly seen and
photographed wildlife include moose, black
bears, beaver, and a wide variety of birds
including eagles, ravens, gray jays, and
passerines.
Sanitary Facilities
There are twenty-one (21) concrete sanitary
units and two (2) dump stations located at
thirteen (13) locations within the Skilak WRA
(Table 2.11). Sanitary unit vaults are serviced when approximately 80% full; interiors are
cleaned and serviced daily in fee campgrounds and at least weekly at other sites during periods
of heaviest use; unit servicing and interior cleaning at other times of the year are performed on
an as-needed basis. The dump stations located at Hidden Lake Campground and at MP 11.5 are
provided for recreational vehicles or trailers with self-contained sanitary systems.
11 Table 2.11: Sanitary Facilities
Location Number
of Units
Location Number
of Units
Engineer Lake Campground 1 Lower Ohmer Lake
Campground
1
Hidden Lake Campground 4 Lower Skilak Lake
Campground
2
Hidden Lake Campground
Dump Station
1 Peterson Lake Campground 1
Jim’s Landing Day Use Area 1 Skilak Loop Road Dump
Station
1
Kelly Lake Campground 1 Upper Skilak Lake
Campground
3
Kenai River Trail (East) 1 Visitor Contact Station 2
Lower Jean Lake
Campground
1 Watson Lake Campground 1
Scenic Viewing
Scenic viewing opportunities are abundant in the Skilak WRA due to the topography of the
landscape, the variety and abundance of natural features and habitats, and the ability to see it
from a variety of access points. The typography of the Skilak WRA varies from low elevation
rolling hills to majestic mountains towering nearly 3,000 feet above sea level. The transition
point from one landform to the other is easy to recognize driving along the Skilak Loop Road.
Scenic viewing opportunities, though afforded along the entire Skilak Loop Road are enhanced
by the availability of three (3) waysides (Table 2.12). Additional scenic viewing opportunities
are found at trail vistas, along the Kenai River corridor, views provided at various campgrounds,
and from various lakes.
41
12 Table 2.12: Popular Scenic Viewing Locations
Location MP View Interpretation Provided
Pothole Lake Wayside 2.4 1991 Pothole Lake Fire
and Succession
Wildlife & Vegetative
Response to Fire
Kenai River Trail 0.6 Kenai River Canyon Natural Geologic Features,
Wildlife Species
Hidden Creek Wayside 5.1 Hidden Creek, Kenai
River, Skilak Lake
Identification of Natural
Features, Wildlife Species,
Human History
Skilak Lookout Trail 5.4 Skilak Lake, Designated
Kenai Wilderness
---
Bear Mountain Trail 6.0 Hidden Creek, Kenai
River, Skilak Lake
---
Engineer Lake Wayside 9.3 Engineer Lake Identification of Natural
Features, Wildlife Species
Lower Skilak Lake
Campground
13.6 Skilak Lake, Designated
Kenai Wilderness
Salmon and Other Fish,
Wildlife Species, Bear Safety
Information, Kenai
Wilderness
Hideout Mt. Trailhead
Parking Area
1.9 1991 Pothole Lake Fire /
2004 Kenai Trail Fire
and Succession
---
Signs
Information, direction, and location signs are located throughout the Skilak WRA. Signs consist
of a variety of types ranging from small, wooden trailhead designators to large, aluminum road
signs posted for visitor safety.
Trapping
Trapping is prohibited by regulation within the Skilak WRA.
Viewing Facilities
One (1) viewing platform is provided at Hidden Lake Campground. This facility is a wooden
deck, approximately 6 ft. X 10 ft., located on the lake shoreline between the boat ramp and the
picnic shelters in the campground day-use area. In addition to scenic views of the lake and
surrounding forested areas, common wildlife seen include loons, gulls, terns, and other
waterfowl, as well as immature salmon and lake trout in shallow areas below the platform.
Visitor Contact Station
The Visitor Contact Station (VCS) is a 500-square foot log cabin located at MP 58 of the
Sterling Highway on the north side of the road, located approximately 100 yards east of the east
entrance. The VCS is a primary contact point for Refuge visitors who stop to obtain general or
specific information about the Refuge or the Kenai Peninsula. There are interpretive displays, an
42
Alaska Natural History Association sales outlet, restrooms, and potable water. The VCS is
staffed from approximately Memorial Day until mid-August, with open hours from
approximately 9:00 am - 6:00 pm.
Waysides
There are three (3) designated waysides located along the Skilak Loop Road: Hidden Creek
Overlook (MP 5.1), Pothole Lake Fire Overlook (MP 2.4), and Engineer Lake Overlook (MP
9.3). Each wayside has interpretive panels that provide information on wildlife and their habitats,
management practices, and other information which increases visitor knowledge about the
Refuge. There are a number of other “undeveloped” locations along the Skilak Loop Road where
visitors typically pull off the road to enjoy scenic vistas and/or observe wildlife.
Wildlife Viewing
Wildlife viewing opportunities are abundant in the Skilak WRA due to the variety and
undisturbed nature of habitats which wildlife depend, and the ability to access the area through a
variety of transportation methods. Although there are no designated wildlife viewing sites or
facilities provided to enhance such opportunities (e.g., platforms, spotting scopes, etc), wildlife
can be commonly seen at specific locations with the Skilak WRA (Table 2.13). Wildlife
commonly seen include moose, black bears, beaver, and a wide variety of birds.
13 Table 2.13: Popular Wildlife Viewing Locations
Location MP Location MP
Bear Mountain Trail 6.0 Pothole Lake Fire Wayside 2.4
Engineer Lake Wayside 9.3 Skilak Lookout Trail 5.4
Hidden Creek Wayside 5.1 Skilak Loop Road All
Kenai River Trail (East & West) 0.6 & 2.3 Upper Skilak Lake Campground 8.4
Lower Skilak Lake Campground 13.6
Winter Recreation/Activities
Winter recreation activities include camping and cabin use, cross-country skiing, ice-fishing,
photography, small game hunting, and snowshoeing.
2.3.6 Significant Concerns
Water skiing and the use of personal watercraft (e.g., jet skis) at Hidden Lake and Skilak Lake
are not wildlife-dependent recreation activities and may negatively impact wildlife (especially
waterbirds) and other human users. Increasing incidents of these activities have been observed by
Refuge staff.
43
Chapter 3: Management Direction
This chapter describes the management direction adopted in this plan. It was prepared from the
draft plan’s preferred alternative and modified by the Service’s Alaska Regional Director in
response to public comment. Regulations will be required to implement proposed changes to
current hunting opportunities. Appendix B contains the Service’s regulatory proposal to the
Alaska Board of Game to implement a youth hunt in the Skilak WRA.
3.1 Management Direction
Administrative Boundaries
The Skilak Wildlife Recreation Area will be bounded by a line at the eastern most boundary of
the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge (Mile 55 Sterling Highway), then southerly along the south
bank of the Kenai River to its confluence with Skilak Lake, then westerly along the north shore
of Skilak Lake to Lower Skilak Campground, then northerly along the Lower Skilak Lake
Campground Road and the Skilak Lake Road to its westernmost junction with the Sterling
Highway (Mile 75.1), then easterly along the Sterling Highway to the point of beginning (Figure
3.1).
Administrative Facility
The existing Administrative Facility located off the Skilak Loop Road at MP 5.3 will be
maintained and enhanced as needed (Figure 3.2). The following amenities will be considered:
1) 500-square foot seasonal office space, 2) 350-square foot shop, and 3) 1,000-square foot
housing facility for Visitor Services staff.
Boat Launches
The existing boat launch at Engineer Lake will be improved. Through a cooperative effort with
State of Alaska Department of Transportation, construct a boat launch at the Lower Jean Lake
Day Use Area (north shore) (Figure 3.2).
Bulletin Boards & Kiosks
Bulletin boards or kiosks will be provided at the following five (5) locations (Figure 3.2):
1) Burney’s Trailhead Parking Area, 2) East Entrance Parking Area, 3) Moose Habitat
Enhancement Loop Trailhead Parking Area, 4) Mox/Chatelain Trailhead Parking Area, and
5) Visitor Contact Station Parking Area (West Entrance).
Existing bulletin boards will be upgraded to kiosks at the following five (5) locations: 1) Hidden
Creek Trailhead, 2) Hideout Mountain Trailhead, 3) Kenai River Trailhead (West), 4) Skilak
Lookout Trailhead, and 5) Vista Trailhead.
Campgrounds
The following campground-related work would be implemented (Figure 3.2): 1) Relocate the
Engineer Lake Campground to the bluff above the lake to include designation of six (6) vehicle
camping sites, 2) Rehabilitate the Kelly Lake Campground to include designation of eight (8)
3-0-1: Administrative Boundaries
3-0-2: Recreation Facilities
46
vehicle camping sites, and 3) Rehabilitate the Peterson Lake Campground to include designation
of four (4) vehicle camping sites.
To address public safety concerns associated with entry and exit from/to the Sterling Highway at
Lower Jean Lake the existing campground would be replaced, through a cooperative effort with
the State of Alaska Department of Transportation, with a day use area and related facilities
located on the lake’s north shore (see Day Use Areas below).
Day Use Areas
The existing Engineer Lake Campground will be converted to a day use area after the new
campground is constructed on the bluff above the lake (Figure 3.2).
To address public safety concerns associated with entry and exit from/to the Sterling Highway at
Lower Jean Lake the existing campground will be replaced, through a cooperative effort with the
State of Alaska Department of Transportation, with a day use area and related facilities located
on the lake’s north shore (Figure 3.2).
Environmental Education Complex
An Environmental Education Complex consisting of two buildings – a 2,000 square foot Nature
Center, and a 10,000 square foot Boreal Forest Lands Research and Management Training
Facility – will be constructed west of Pack Lake off of the Skilak Loop Road at MP 8.8 (Figure
3.2).
Environmental Education “Ranger” Programs
Campfire programs and Discovery Hikes offered by Refuge personnel will be increased by 20%
and offered year-round, including the shoulder seasons (September – May), and a “Roving
Ranger” program will be initiated.
Hardened Campsites (“Walk-in” and “Backcountry” Campsites)
Two (2) hardened “walk-in” campsites would be provided at Kelly Lake Campground, and one
(1) hardened “walk-in” campsite will be provided at Peterson Lake campground (Figure 3.2).
To protect refuge resources, hardened “backcountry” campsites will be identified and developed
for voluntary use along the Seven Lakes Long Distance Loop Trail. Campsites will be no closer
than 0.5 mile apart (Figure 3.2).
Human Health and Safety (Firearm Use Restrictions)
Discharging firearms within ¼ mile of designated public campgrounds, trailheads, waysides,
buildings, or the Sterling Highway from the east refuge boundary to the east junction of the
Skilak Loop Road will not be allowed (Figure 3.3).
Interpretive Drives
A self-guided Vegetation Management Interpretive Loop Drive will be constructed along the
Skilak Loop Road at MP 2.0 (Figure 3.2). Interpretive materials will be developed for this road
3-0-3: Firearm Use Restrictions
48
and the Skilak Loop Wildlife Drive (see Outreach Materials and Media below).
Interpretive Panels
Interpretive panels will be provided at the
following ten (10) locations (Figure 3.2):
1) Engineer Lake Day Use Area Platform (west
shore), 2) Kelly Lake Viewing Platform (north
shore), 3) Lower Jean Lake Day Use Area
(north shore), 4) Lower Ohmer Lake Family
Loop Trailhead, 5) Marsh Lake Viewing
Platform (east shore), 6) Nature Center
Disability-Accessible Interpretive Trail,
7) Peterson Lake Viewing Platform (south
shore), 8) Skilak Lake/Redoubt Mountain
Wayside, 9) Upper Ohmer Lake Viewing
Platform, and 10) Vegetation Management
Interpretive Loop Drive.
Interpretive Trail
A 1.0-mile long disability-accessible Interpretive Trail will be constructed at the Pack Lake
Environmental Education Complex.
Outreach Materials and Media for Visitor Orientation
A variety of outreach materials (e.g., brochures, pamphlets, etc) and media formats (e.g., audio
tapes, CD, DVD, MP3) will be developed to educate visitors about the Skilak WRA. Educational
topics may include: 1) Purpose and management of the Skilak WRA, 2) Recreation opportunities
and related facilities, 3) Interpretive / educational opportunities and related facilities, 4) Common
wildlife species and opportunities to view them identified by milepost, 5) Recorded calls of
common avian species, and 6) Human history of the area.
Parking Areas
The existing Engineer Lake Campground parking area will be rehabilitated. The Refuge will
construct three (3) parking areas at the following locations (Figure 3.2): 1) Moose Habitat
Enhancement Loop Trailhead, 2) Pack Lake Environmental Education Complex, and 3)
Vegetation Management Interpretive Drive. Through a cooperative effort with State of Alaska
Department of Transportation, parking areas would be constructed at the following locations:
1) East Entrance (Skilak Loop/Sterling Highway Intersection), 2) Lower Jean Lake Day Use
Area, 3) Mox/Chatelain Lakes Trailhead, and 4) West Entrance (Skilak/Sterling Intersection).
Sanitary Facilities
Sanitary facilities will be provided at the following four (4) locations (Figure 3.2): 1) Lower Jean
Lake Day Use Area (1 unit), 2) Mox/Chatelain Lakes Trailhead (1 unit), 3) Pack Lake
Environmental Education Complex (1 unit), and 4) Visitor Contact Station (West Entrance). The
frequency of servicing sanitary facilities will be increased during the highest visitor use months,
and will occur weekly during the shoulder season (September – May).
49
Signs (Information, Direction, Location)
The following actions will be implemented: 1) Signs containing the “binocular” wildlife viewing
logo will be placed on the Sterling Highway in advance of the East and West Entrances,
2) “Welcome to the Skilak WRA” monuments will be constructed at the East and West
Entrances, 3) Information, direction, and location signs for all public use facilities will be
provided / enhanced along the Skilak Loop Wildlife Drive and Sterling Highway, and 4)
Milepost markers will be provided along the Skilak Loop Wildlife Drive.
Skilak Loop Road
The Service will continue to pursue ongoing efforts to improve road maintenance and year-round
public access through a cooperative effort with the Alaska Department of Transportation.
Trails
The following trails segments will be constructed (Figure 3.2):
1) Hideout Mountain Scenic Trail (2.5 miles)
• Connect Burney’s Trail to Hideout Mountain Trail via 1.5-mile connector trail
2) Kenai River Extension Trail
• Construct 1-mile trail initiating from the end of the existing Kenai River Trail
southwest towards, but not to, Hidden Creek/Skilak Lake.
3) Skilak Lookout Extension Trail
• Connect existing Skilak Lookout Trail to existing Vista Trail (1.6 miles)
4) Lower Ohmer Lake Campground Family Loop Trail (1.4 miles)
5) Seven Lakes Long Distance Loop Trail (10.0 miles)
• Construct a Moose Habitat Enhancement Loop Trail off the Skilak Loop Road
(1.2 miles)
• Connect the Moose Habitat Enhancement Loop Trail to Marsh Lake (1.0 mile)
• Connect Marsh Lake to Egumen/Peterson/Kelly Lakes (2.0 miles)
• Connect Egumen/Peterson/Kelly Lakes trail to existing Seven Lakes Trail
(2.5 miles)
• Connect Seven Lakes Trail to the Pack Lake Environmental Education Complex
(1.0 mile)
• Connect the Pack Lake Environmental Education Complex to the Moose Habitat
Enhancement Loop Trailhead (1.5 miles)
6) Mox/Chatelain Lake Trail (4.5 miles)
• Sterling Highway Trailhead Parking Area to Mox Lake (1.0 mile)
• Connect Mox Lake to Chatelain Lake (2.0 miles)
• Connect Mox Lake to existing Seven Lake Trail (1.5 miles)
Vegetation Management
Prescribed and wildland fire use, and mechanical treatment (if applicable) will be used to
enhance wildlife viewing, environmental education/interpretation and photography opportunities
at the following two (2) locations (Figure 3.2): 1) Moose Habitat Enhancement Loop Trail
northwest of the Pack Lake Environmental Education Complex, and 2) Vegetation Management
Interpretive Drive. Treatment would be conducted on approximately 50 – 100 acres/year when
conditions permit.
50
Viewing Facilities
Viewing platforms with spotting scopes will be constructed at the following five (5) locations
(Figure 3.2): 1) Engineer Lake (west shore), 2) Kelly Lake (north shore), 3) Marsh Lake (east
shore), 4) Peterson Lake (south shore), and 5) Upper Ohmer Lake (east shore).
Photo blinds will be constructed at the following two (2) locations (Figure 3.3): 1) Egumen Lake
(north shore), and 2) Rock Lake (east shore).
A viewing tower with spotting scope(s) will be constructed along the Vegetation Management
Interpretive Drive.
Additional spotting scopes will be provided at the following two (2) locations: 1) Hidden Creek
Wayside Pullout, and 2) Skilak Lake / Redoubt Mountain Wayside Pullout.
In addition, refuge biologists, public use specialists, and maintenance personnel will consider
and evaluate the feasibility of developing a Track Trap facility at an appropriate location. The
facility will capture animal track impressions for interpretation and education purposes.
Visitor Contact Station
A Visitor Contact Station will be constructed at the West Entrance (Figure 3.2). Information will
be provided year-round including periods when the facility is not attended by staff.
Wayside Pullouts
An undeveloped wayside pullout located at MP 12.6 along the Skilak Loop Road will be
enhanced (Figure 3.2).
Wildlife Management
Moose:
To provide opportunities to view moose populations in relatively natural settings throughout the
year; to interpret various components of the moose population, their behavior, and habitat; and to
provide opportunities for the public to harvest moose when removal is desirable to achieve
public use and resource protection goals the following wildlife management strategies will be
implemented:
Resident moose population densities of 130 animals (1.8 – 2.0 animals per square mile of
habitat) will be managed for. Population density will be determined utilizing the standard density
census as defined by ADF&G and FWS and will be conducted every second year at a minimum
assuming adequate snow cover. Sex ratios will be allowed to rise to a minimum of 40 bulls/100
cows as measured with the standard composition survey. This survey will be conducted before
December 1 each year. To avoid habitat damage, harvest of cow moose by firearm will be
allowed by permit only when populations exceed density objectives. Harvest of spike-fork bulls
by firearm will be allowed by permit only when ratio objectives are exceeded.
Kenai NWR and ADF&G will jointly re-evaluate moose population objectives to provide for
healthy moose populations and enhance viewing opportunities based on currently ongoing
studies and/or other scientific information provided in the future.
51
Small Game:
To provide opportunities to view small game populations in a relatively natural setting; to
interpret and provide prey for predators particularly raptors such as bald eagles, goshawks, and
great-horned owls, and lynx and coyotes; and to provide opportunities for the public to harvest
these species the following wildlife management strategy will be implemented:
During the period October 1 to March 1, each year, harvest of small game by bow and arrow will
be allowed, and a shotgun only youth hunt of hare and grouse is allowed up to a 9 day period
between November and March west of the Seven Lakes Trail. The specifics of the hunt will be
determined through a cooperative effort with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, and
implemented, if possible, through Alaska Board of Game regulations.
Fur Animals and Bears:
Harvest will not be allowed.
Wildlife Travel Corridor
A wildlife travel corridor will be identified along the north shore of Skilak Lake within the
administrative boundaries of the Skilak WRA (Figure 3.2). The ½-mile wide corridor, from
Lower Skilak Lake Campground to the outlet of the Kenai River into Skilak Lake, will be free of
development except for the existing Lower Skilak Lake Campground and Upper Skilak Lake
Campground which will remain as currently designed, and maintained to facilitate continued
public use.
3.2 Coordination with the State Of Alaska
In 1982, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) and the Alaska Department of Fish and
Game (ADF&G) signed a Master Memorandum of Understanding that defines the cooperative
management roles of each agency and identifies the framework for cooperation between the two
agencies. In this agreement the agencies recognized the Service as the agency with the
responsibility to conserve fish and wildlife and their habitats and regulate human use on Service
lands. The ADF&G was recognized as the agency with the primary responsibility to manage fish
and resident wildlife within the State of Alaska. Furthermore, the Department agreed to manage
fish and resident wildlife populations in their natural diversity on Service lands. The Service and
ADF&G share a concern for all fish and wildlife resources and their habitats, and both agencies
are engaged in extensive fish and wildlife conservation, management, and protection programs.
52
Chapter 4: Implementation
The budget/funding process of the National Wildlife Refuge System is structured so that the Refuge System submits funding requests to
Congress through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Department of Interior. Wildlife refuges develop projects or programs to meet
management objectives, develop a monetary figure to accomplish the project/program, and assign a station priority. The projects are then
entered into a national database; regional and national offices assign priorities as they develop annual funding requests submitted to the
Department. Consequently, there are no means for a wildlife refuge to accurately predict when a project or program may receive funding.
Kenai Refuge’s priorities for implementing the management direction in this plan are listed below:
Direction Schedule Priority
Administrative Boundaries
The Skilak Wildlife Recreation Area will be bounded by a line at the eastern most boundary of
the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge (Mile 55 Sterling Highway), then southerly along the south
bank of the Kenai River to its confluence with Skilak Lake, then westerly along the north shore of
Skilak Lake to Lower Skilak Campground, then northerly along the Skilak Lake Campground
Road and the Skilak Lake Road to its westernmost junction with the Sterling Highway (Mile
75.1), then easterly along the Sterling Highway to the point of beginning.
The Service, with support of the
ADF&G, has submitted the propose
adjustment to the State of Alaska
Board of Game through its regulatory
proposal process.
1
Administrative Facility
The existing Administrative Facility located off the Skilak Loop Road at MP 5.3 will be
maintained and enhanced as needed.
This facility will be entered into the
appropriate funding database
immediately.
1
Boat Launches
The existing boat launch at Engineer Lake will be improved.
Through a cooperative effort with the State of Alaska Department of Transportation, construct a
boat launch at the Lower Jean Lake Day Use Area (north shore).
This facility will be entered into the
appropriate funding database
immediately.
The Service will initiate discussions
with state DOT to request appropriate
development funds immediately.
1
1
53
Direction Schedule Priority
Bulletin Boards & Kiosks
Bulletin boards or kiosks will be provided at the following five (5) locations:
• Burney’s Trailhead Parking Area
• East Entrance Parking Area
• Moose Habitat Enhancement Loop Trailhead Parking Area
• Mox/Chatelain Trailhead Parking Area
• Visitor Contact Station Parking Area (West)
These facilities will be entered into
the appropriate funding database
immediately.
1
1
2
2
1
Existing bulletin boards will be upgraded to kiosks at the following five (5) locations:
• Hidden Creek Trailhead
• Hideout Mountain Trailhead
• Kenai River Trailhead (West)
• Skilak Lookout Trailhead
• Vista Trailhead
2
2
2
2
2
Campgrounds
The following campground-related work will be implemented:
• Relocate the Engineer Lake Campground to the bluff above the lake to include
designation of six (6) vehicle camping sites
• Rehabilitate the Kelly Lake Campground to include designation of eight (8) vehicle
camping sites
• Rehabilitate the Peterson Lake Campground to include designation of four (4) vehicle
camping sites
To address public safety concerns associated with entry and exit from/to the Sterling Highway at
Lower Jean Lake the existing campground will be replaced, through a cooperative effort with the
Alaska Department of Transportation, with a day use area located on the lake’s north shore.
These facilities will be entered into
the appropriate funding database
immediately if not already entered.
The Service will initiate discussions
with state DOT to request
development funds for this project.
1
1
1
1
Day Use Areas
The existing Engineer Lake Campground will be converted to a day use area after the new
campground is constructed on the bluff above the lake.
To address public safety concerns associated with entry and exit from/to the Sterling Highway at
Lower Jean Lake the existing campground will be replaced, through a cooperative effort with the
Alaska Department of Transportation, with a day use area located on the lake’s north shore.
These facilities will be entered into
the appropriate funding database
immediately if not already entered.
The Service will initiate discussions
with state DOT to request
development funds for this project.
1
1
54
Direction Schedule Priority
Environmental Education Complex
An Environmental Education Complex consisting of two buildings – a 2,000 square foot Nature
Center, and a 10,000 square foot Boreal Forest Lands Research and Management Training
Facility – will be constructed west of Pack Lake off of the Skilak Loop Road at MP 8.8.
These facilities will be entered into
the appropriate funding database
immediately.
1
Environmental Education “Ranger” Programs
Campfire programs and Discovery Hikes offered by Refuge personnel will be increased by 20%
and offered year-round, including the shoulder seasons (September – May), and a “Roving
Ranger” program will be initiated.
Additional staff positions to
accomplish these program increases
will be entered into the appropriate
funding database immediately.
1
Hardened Campsites (“Walk-in” and “Backcountry” Campsites)
Two (2) hardened “walk-in” campsites would be provided at Kelly Lake Campground, and one
(1) hardened “walk-in” campsite will be provided at Peterson Lake campground.
To protect refuge resources, hardened “backcountry” campsites will be identified and developed
for voluntary use along the Seven Lakes Long Distance Loop Trail. Campsites will be no closer
than 0.5 mile apart.
These facilities will be entered into
the appropriate funding database
immediately if not already entered.
1
1
2
Human Health and Safety
Discharging firearms within ¼ mile of designated public campgrounds, trailheads, waysides,
buildings, or the Sterling Highway from the east refuge boundary to the east junction of the
Skilak Loop Road will not be allowed.
Immediately. 1
Interpretive Drive
A self-guided Vegetation Management Interpretive Loop Drive will be constructed along the
Skilak Loop Road at MP 2.0.
This facility will be entered into the
appropriate funding database
immediately.
2
Interpretive Panels
Interpretive panels will be provided at the following ten (10) locations:
• Engineer Lake Day Use Area Platform (West Shore)
• Kelly Lake Viewing Platform (North Shore)
• Lower Jean Lake Day Use Area (North Shore)
• Lower Ohmer Lake Family Loop Trailhead
• Marsh Lake Viewing Platform (East Shore)
• EE Complex Disability-Accessible Interpretive Trail
• Peterson Lake Viewing Platform (South Shore)
• Skilak Lake/Redoubt Mountain Wayside
• Upper Ohmer Lake Viewing Platform
• Vegetation Management Interpretive Loop Drive
These facilities will be entered into
the appropriate funding database
immediately.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
55
Direction Schedule Priority
Interpretive Trail
A 1.0 mile long disability-accessible Interpretive Trail will be constructed at the Pack Lake
Environmental Education Complex.
This facility will be entered into the
appropriate funding database
immediately.
2
Outreach Materials and Media for Visitor Orientation
A variety of outreach materials (e.g., brochures, pamphlets, etc) and media formats (e.g., audio
tapes, CD, DVD, MP3) will be developed and used to educate visitors about the Skilak WRA.
These program enhancements will be
entered into the appropriate funding
database immediately.
1
Parking Areas
The existing Engineer Lake Campground parking area will be rehabilitated.
Parking areas will be constructed at the following three (3) locations:
• Moose Habitat Enhancement Loop Trailhead
• Pack Lake Environmental Education Complex
• Vegetation Management Interpretive Drive.
Through a cooperative effort with State of Alaska Department of Transportation, parking areas
will be constructed at the following locations:
• East Entrance (Skilak Loop/Sterling Highway Intersection)
• Lower Jean Lake Day Use Area
• Mox/Chatelain Lakes Trailhead
• West Entrance (Skilak/Sterling Intersection).
These facilities will be entered into
the appropriate funding database
immediately if not already entered.
Additionally, the Service will initiate
discussions with state DOT to request
appropriate development funds for
this project.
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
Sanitary Facilities
Sanitary facilities will be provided at the following four (4) locations:
• Lower Jean Lake Day Use Area (1 unit)
• Mox/Chatelain Lakes Trailhead (1 unit)
• Pack Lake Environmental Education Complex (1 unit)
• Visitor Contact Station (West Entrance).
The frequency of servicing sanitary facilities will be increased during the highest visitor use
months, and will occur weekly during the shoulder season (September – May).
These facilities will be entered into
the appropriate funding database
immediately.
2
2
1
1
1
56
Direction Schedule Priority
Signs (Information, Direction, Location)
The following actions will be implemented:
• Signs containing the “binocular” wildlife viewing logo will be placed on the Sterling
Highway in advance of the East and West Entrances
• “Welcome to the Skilak WRA” monuments will be constructed at the East and West
Entrances
• Information, direction, and location signs for all public use facilities will be provided /
enhanced along the Skilak Loop Wildlife Drive and Sterling Highway
• Milepost markers will be provided along the Skilak Loop Wildlife Drive.
These facilities will be entered into
the appropriate funding database
immediately.
1
1
1
1
Skilak Loop Road
The Service will continue to pursue ongoing efforts to improve road maintenance and year-round
public access through a cooperative effort with the Alaska Department of Transportation.
Immediately. 1
Trails
The following trails / trail segments will be constructed:
1. Hideout Mountain Scenic Trail
• Connect Burney’s Trail to Hideout Mountain Trail via 1.5 mile connector trail
These facilities will be entered into
the appropriate funding database
immediately.
1
2. Kenai River Extension Trail
• Construct 1-mile trail initiating from the end of the existing Kenai River Trail
southwards towards, but not to, Hidden Creek/Skilak Lake.
2
3. Skilak Lookout Extension Trail
• Connect existing Skilak Lookout Trail to existing Vista Trail (1.6 miles)
2
4. Lower Ohmer Lake Campground Family Loop Trail (1.4 miles)
5. Seven Lakes Long Distance Loop Trail
• Construct a Moose Habitat Enhancement Loop Trail off the Skilak Loop Road
(1.2 miles)
• Connect the Moose Habitat Enhancement Loop Trail to Marsh Lake (1.0 mile)
• Connect Marsh Lake to Egumen/Peterson/Kelly Lakes (2.0 miles)
• Connect Egumen/Peterson/Kelly Lakes trail to existing Seven Lakes Trail (2.5
miles)
• Connect Seven Lakes Trail to the Pack Lake Environmental Education Complex
(1.0 mile)
• Connect the Pack Lake Environmental Education Complex to the Moose Habitat
Enhancement Loop Trailhead (1.5 miles)
2
2
57
Direction Schedule Priority
6. Mox / Chatelain Lake Trail
• Sterling Highway Trailhead Parking Area to Mox Lake
• Connect Mox Lake to Chatelain Lake
• Connect Mox Lake to existing Seven Lakes Trail
2
Vegetation Management
Initiate vegetation management activities at the following two (2) locations:
• Moose Habitat Enhancement Loop Trail northwest of the Pack Lake Environmental
Education Complex
• Vegetation Management Interpretive Drive
Treatment will be conducted on approximately 50 – 100 acres/year when conditions permit.
These facilities will be entered into
the appropriate funding database
immediately.
1
Viewing Facilities
1) Viewing platforms will be constructed at the following five (5) locations:
• Engineer Lake (west shore)
• Kelly Lake (north shore)
• Marsh Lake (east shore)
• Peterson Lake (south shore)
• Upper Ohmer Lake (eas