Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan Environmental Impact Statement... 
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| Rating | |
| Title | Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan Environmental Impact Statement Wilderness Review Wild River Plans Final |
| Description | Arctic01.pdf |
| FWS Resource Links | http://library.fws.gov |
| Subject |
Document Wildlife refuges Planning |
| Location |
Region 7 Alaska |
| FWS Site |
ARCTIC NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE |
| Publisher | U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |
| Date of Original | 1988 |
| Type | Text |
| Format | |
| Source | NCTC Conservation Library |
| Rights | Public domain |
| File Size | 52857820 Bytes |
| Original Format | Document |
| Length | 656 |
| Full Resolution File Size | 52857820 Bytes |
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" :,:.::i . ::.... . . . ... . .,:-i!::: W. ... ... :,.: " i rN,.:: E . . - . .::..: . . . , a : 11 ... .. . . ... , - .: . : . . . . ....... . . ..... . .::.::.:, :.C.:.:.::@.: .::: ..:: : .: . . . .. . ::. .:A .. -:!-!i-..-, y::.:, . .. r:: . .. jq: ... .. ..: . . .:::.@... .::... -J1@-.-..PI.E,.@C,..;-:-:: . : .. . ..: ,.,...: .: Ki:-..,A.-1i;-."I".". . . : 'P.M. -, .... . . , , : -: ,:. @::!j!!:-::-.;:::::,-i- . ..: . ,-14 @ L - ... . . . .,. :.@.--..@-M`@r..3'-Y1!1-S.: . . . .. . . .....Z: ! A.. :. L. J..: ,.:.r.,: -.-.::i.i...n;.. .: .. . .... ... .. . .. I.. . i . .: ... . ...: , . . . :..:.: , " : : :,: .: , . , . .@:: - : : ..: : - - - ..-:' - ... - ...::.. . , ,,, . . :: . ..:.:: . .. .. --, ..- ..... A. % : . . ., - ::. 4. . .:.:.::.:..:. ..:..., . . -.. :... ........ .. .. . N. ... : . . . : ::% . : . . . . : : .. .:::: : ---- - i. - ..-Ii: ! '. - -! . : . . . . ... . . .. ..i:.-@!!:!!:;@...@.!,@-@-!---@! . ::: . @ : .: ... . , . . ...:.: . . . .. . - . , ..: . .::.....: . . .. . . . .. . : .. ..-:': . . .. . . .. . . . . @.`, . - , - .. . .. .. .. ..---- ------ . UnitedStatesDepartmentoftheInterior FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE IN REPLY REFER TO: 101 I E. TUDOR RD. ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99503 PL/0213S SEP 1 2 tY Dear Reader: Enclosed is the Final Comprehensive Conservation Plan, Environmental Impact Statement, Wilderness Review, and Wild River Plans (Plan) for the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. The Plan has been prepared pursuant to Sections 304(g), 605, 1008, and 1317 of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 (the Alaska Lands Act), Section 3(d) of the Wilderness Act of 1964, and Section 102(2)(C) of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. When producing long-term management plans for the nation's national wildlife refuges, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (the Service) actively seeks comments from the general public on the development of management alternatives and on the choice of a preferred management strategy. The Plan includes seven alternative strategies for long-term management of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Management of national wildlife refuges in Alaska must conform to the legal and administrative requirements that are listed in the first section of this document. Those that have a direct impact on the development of a long-range plan and on the choice of the preferred management alternative are discussed below. According to the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act and Section 304(b) of the Alaska Lands Act, no discretionary use of a national wildlife refuge will be permitted by the Service unless it is first determined to be compatible with the purposes for which the refuge was established. Uses specifically mandated by Congress, or.for which separate legal standards are legislatively established, are exempt from the compatibility requirement. Section 304(g) of the Alaska Lands Act requires the preparation of a comprehensive conservation plan for each unit of the National Wildlife Refuge System established or enlarged by the Act. Such a plan designates areas within a refuge according to their resources and values, outlines programs for conserving fish and wildlife resource values, and specifies uses within each area that may be compatible with the major purposes of the refuge. Furthermore, such a plan discusses opportunities that will be made available for fish and wildlife oriented recreation, ecological research, environmental education and interpretation, and economic use of refuge lands. In addition to presenting the Service's long range management strategies for the Arctic Refuge, the Plan evaluates the effect of the-proposed management alternatives on subsistence uses and needs, as required by Section 810 of the Alaska Lands Act. The law requires the Service to evaluate the effects on subsistence use and needs before implementing any part of a plan that would withdraw, reserve, lease, or otherwise permit the use, occupancy or disposition of public lands. The Service is required to give notice and hold public hearings on any action that would "significantly restrict" subsistence uses. Public hearings to be held in conjunction with the development of the Plan, the Section 810 evaluation found as part of the text, and the consideration of comments received on the Plan are designed to meet these requirements. The question of oil and gas development on the Arctic Refuge, particularly development of the coastal plain, is of special Interest to many groups. Section 1003 of the Alaska Lands Act specifically prohibits oil and gas leasing, development, and production anywhere on the Arctic Refuge. Until Congress takes action to change this provision, the Service will not permit oil and gas leasing in the refuge under any of the alternatives in the Plan. When Congress makes a management decision, that action will be incorporated into the Plan and implemented. The Plan covers all of the Arctic Refuge, including the "1002" coastal plain area. However, actions that Congress might take in the "1002" area, including permitting oil and gas development or designating the area as wilderness, are not addressed In this document. Section 1002(h) of the Alaska Lands Act directed the Department of the Interior to provide the Congress with a separate report on the future management of the "1002' area. The 1002(h) report and legislative environmental impact statement, submitted to Congress on June 1, 1987, analyzes five alternatives and contains the Secretary of the Interior's recommendation that the entire area be made available for leasing. The Congress will determine the future management of the "1002" area. In the interim, in all of the alternatives in the Plan the 1.5 million acres of federally managed lands in the "1002" area are treated as a minimal management area. During the process of developing plans for Alaska refuges, the public has an opportunity to suggest what additional lands, if any, should be placed in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Section 1317 of the Alaska Lands Act requires the Service to review all non-designated lands in the National Wildlife Refuge System in Alaska to determine their suitability or non-suitability as wilderness. Although large tracts of land on Alaska refuges may be found to be suitable as wilderness, not all land that is suitable will be proposed for wilderness designation because of the management strategies that will be used to meet refuge purposes. As a result, the range of wilderness alternatives is evaluated subsequent to the Service's selection of its preferred management alternative. A wilderness proposal is examined for each of the management alternatives in the Plan. Congress established more than 19 million acres of wilderness on Alaska refuges with the passage of the Alaska Lands Act. Therefore, the criteria used to determine what land the Service additionally proposed for wilderness designation include (1) the need for wilderness unit boundary adjustment and (2) the addition of selected areas with outstanding resource values that may have been inadvertently overlooked during the original wilderness review and subsequent designations undertaken by Congress. A summary of public comments on the Service's recommended wilderness proposal is included in the final Arctic Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan, which is part of the wilderness package sent to Congress. Comments provided on the draft Plan have been taken into account in preparation of this Plan. A record of decision will be published no sooner than 45 days following the publication of the document, and the Service will begin implementing the management directions in the preferred alternative. Requests for further information should be directed to the Regional Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1011 E. Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska 99503, Attention: Bill Knauer, or contact Mr. Knauer at (907) 786-3399. ly, ional Director Enclosure NOTICE TO READER Section 304(g) of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (the Alaska Lands Act) of 1980 directed the Secretary of the Interior to prepare a comprehensive conservation plan for the 19-million-acre Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in northeastern Alaska. This plan is being prepared to fulfill that requirement. Section 1002 of the Alaska Lands Act further directed the Secretary of the Interior to: 0 conduct biological and geological studies of the 1.5-million-acre coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (the "1002" area); 0 report the results of those studies to the Congress; and 0 recommend to the Congress whether the "1002" area should be made available for oil and gas exploration and development. The 1002(h) report and legislative environmental impact statement--which analyzes five alternatives and contains the Secretary of the Interior's recommendation--was submitted to the Congress on June 1, 1987. The five alternatives in the report include: 0 Alternative A--which would make the entire "1002" area available for oil and gas exploration and development; 0 Alternative B--which would limit the amount of the "1002" area available for exploration and development by excluding the upper Jago River area; 0 Alternative C--which would provide for further exploration before the Congress enacts leasing authority; 0 Alternative D--which would allow the management of the "1002" area to continue under existing legal authority guided by the Arctic Refuge comprehensive conservation plan, requiring no additional congressional action; and 0 Alternative E--which calls for designation of the "1002" area as wilderness pursuant to the 1964 Wilderness Act and the Alaska Lands Act. In the report the Secretary of the Interior recommended that the Congress enact legislation directing him to conduct an orderly oil and gas leasing program for the entire "1002" area (Alternative A) at such a pace and in such circumstances as he determines will avoid unnecessary adverse effect on the environment. Thus, future management of the "1002" area is currently in the hands of the Congress. This includes the potential for wilderness management of these lands as directed by the Alaska Lands Act, Title 13, Section 1317. The Fish and Wildlife Service (the Service) is presently managing the "1002" area as it has done in the past, essentially as a minimal management area. Until the Congress takes action on the future of the "1002" area the Service will continue this practice. In all alternatives included in this comprehensive conservation plan for the Arctic Refuge, the "1002" area is treated as a minimal management area. Actions that the Congress may take in the "1002" area--including making it available for oil and gas exploration and development or designating it as wilderness--will not be addressed in this plan. Any decision made by the Congress regarding the future management of the "1002" area will be incorporated into this plan and implemented. Should any additional studies or a wilderness review of the "1002" area be required, they will be undertaken and completed at that time (see also the "Wilderness Review of the 1002 Area" in the Introduction). ARCTIC NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE FINAL COMPREHENSIVE CONSERVATION PLAN, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTO WILDERNESS REVIEW, AND WILD RIVER PLANS September, 1988 U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE REGION 7, 1011 E. TUDOR RD. ANCHORAGE, AK 99503 The 19-miliion acre Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is located on the extreme northeastern corner of Alaska. This draft comprehensive conservation plan and environmental impact statement describes seven alternatives for managing the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, and evaluates the effects of implementing each alternative. An alternative reflecting current management (no action), is included. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's preferred alternative is identified and the criteria used in its selection are described. The document also includes a wilderness review, which evaluates the suitability of lands for wilderness designation, and management directions for the Ivishak, upper Sheenjek and Wind rivers, three units of the National Wild River System. For further information contact William W. Knauer (907) 786-3399. THE ALASKA LANDS ACT REQUIREMENTS Section 304(g) of the Alaska Lands Act requires the preparation of a comprehensive conservation plan (CCP) for each unit ot the National Wildlife Refuge System established or enlarged by the Alaska Lands Act. These plans are to designate areas within the refuge according to their respective resources and values, specify the programs for conserving fish and wildlife resource values, and specify the uses within each area that may be compatible with the major purposes of the refuge. The plan also will set forth those opportunities that will be provided within the refuge for fish and wildlife-oriented recreation, ecological research, environmental education and interpretation of refuge resources and values, and economic uses. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PLANNINC DOCUMENTS The Fish and Wildlife Service planning process for each refuge involves a number of stages progressing from the development of a broad comprehensive conservation plan/environmentai impact statement/wilderness review, to the formulation of detailed management plans for implementing specific components of the comprehensive conservation plan. The comprehensive conservation plan addresses topics of resource management, visitor use, refuge operations, and development in general terms. The wilderness review determines which lands are suitable for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The goal of this plan is to establish a consensus between the Service and interested agencies, groups, and individuals about the types and levels of visitor use, development and resource management that will occur. These decisions are based on the purposes of the refuge, its significant values, the activities occurring there now, and the resolution of any major issues surrounding possible land use conflicts within and adjacent to the refuge. Detailed Panagement plans are prepared after completion of the CCP. lRefuge management plans identify the actions that will be taken to preserve and protect natural and cultural resources. Examples include a fishery management plan, a wildlife habitat management plan, a fire management plan, a land protection t plan, and a public use management plan. Annual work plans identify specific tasks or projects to be completed in the current year to implement the detailed management plans. Public involvement and cooperative planning efforts are continued through the completion of the detailed management plans. -ii- T A B L K 0 F C 0 N T 9 N T S Page Table of Contents . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Table of Contents - Wilderness Designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X. I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Purpose and Need for Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Overview of the Refuge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Purposes of the Arctic Refuge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Legal Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 The Arctic Refuge Planning Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Implementation and Revision of the Comprehensive Conservation Plan . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 II. IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Public Involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Public Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 State of Alaska Policy Position Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Management Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Identification of Significant Planning and Wilderness Issues . . 31 Issues for the Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan . . . 33 Issue. for Wilderness Designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Public Rev ew of the Draft Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Revisions LO the Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan . . . . . 47 Future Public Involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 III. SPECIAL VALUES OF ARCTIC REFUGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Wilderness Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Ecological Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Geological/Paleontological Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Scenic/Recreational Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 IV. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Land Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Physical Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 -iii- Page Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 . . . . . . 63 Water Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Biological Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 0 . . 79 Vegetation and Cover Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Wetland Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Fish and Wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . . 0 . 92 Threatened and Endangered Species--Plants and Animals . . . . 125 Human Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Cultural and Historic Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Archaeological Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Population Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Sociocultural Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Community Infrastructure . . . * . a . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Economic Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Access and Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Subsistence Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 142 Public Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Economic Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Wilderness Review . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Criteria for Wilderness Review and Evaiua'ti:on' 165 Evaluation of Wilderness Review Units . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 V. MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Management Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Intensive Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Moderate Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Minimal Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Wild River Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Wilderness Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Management of the "1002" Coastal Plain Area . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Management of Native Conveyed Lands Subject to Section 22(g) . . 186 Management of Selected Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Management Directions Common to All Alternatives . . . . . . . . 187 Management Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Compatibility Determination Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Management of the Firth River-Mancha Creek and the Shublik Rese.rrch Natural Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Management of the Neruokpuk Lakes Public Use Natural Area . . 189 Land Exchanges and Acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Cooperation with Owners of Refuge Inholdings and Adjacent Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Cooperation and Coordination with Other Government A;encies . 191 Coastal Zone Consistency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Data Collection and Research/Management Studies . . . . . . . 192 Resource Management Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Public Access and Transportation Management Directions . . . 203 Subsistence Use Management Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Public Use Management Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Wilderness Proposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Wild River Management Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 -iv- Page Economic Use Management Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Refuge Administration and Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Refuge Management Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Description of the Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Alternative A (Current Situation & Preferred Alternative) . . 221 Alternative B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Alternative C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Alternative D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Alternative E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Alternative F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Alternative C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Other Alternatives Considered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 VI. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . 262 Ceneral Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Alternative A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Biological Effects of Alternative A . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Socioeconomic Effects of Alternative A . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Wilderness Designation Effects of Alternative A . . . . . . . 279 Alternative B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 285 Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Biological Effects of Alternative B . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Socioeconomic Effects of Alternative 3 . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Wilderness Designation Effects of Alternative B . . . . . . . 311 Alternative C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Scenarios . . . . . 318 Biological Effects oi @1;e;n;tiv; . . . . . . 319 Socioeconomic Effects of Alternative C . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Wilderness Designation Effects of Alternative C . . . . . . . 328 Alternative D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Scenarios . 333 Biological Eff;cts'ai @1;e;natiiv; . . . . 334 Socioeconomic Effects of Alternative D . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Wilderness Designation Effects of Alternative D . . . . . . . 340 Alternative E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Biological Effects of Alternative E . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Socioeconomic Effects of Alternative E . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Wilderness Designation Effects of Alternative E . . . . . . . 352 Alternative F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 Biological Effects of Alternative 359 Socioeconomic Effects of Alternative F . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Wilderness Designation Effects of Alternative F . . . . . . . 364 Alternative G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Biological Effects of Alternative @ : : : : : : : : : . . . . 370 Socioeconomic Effects of Alternative G . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Wilderness Designation Effects of Alternative C . . . . . . . 375 -V- Page Suminaryof the Section 810(a) Evaluation and Findings 395 Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 Short-Term Uses Versus Long-Term Productivity . . . . . : . . . . 397 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources 0 398 VII. EVALUATION OF THE ALTERNATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Evaluation Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Relative Costs of the Alternatives . . . . . . . . . a . . 0 . . 407 Selection of the Preferred Alternative . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 A. List of Preparers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 B. Consultation and Coordination . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . 416 C. Bibliography . . . . 0 . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 D. Land Cover Type Classification for the Arctic Refuge . . . . . . 442 E. Fishes of the Arctic Refuge . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 F. Birds of the Arctic Refuge e . * . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 G. Mammals of the Arctic Refuge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 H. Master Memorandum of Understanding Between the Alaska Department of Fish and Game and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . . . . 461 I. Consistency Determination for Alaska Coastal Zone Management Policies . . . : : : : : : : : : : : : : : , , 0 , 464 J. Internationai Tirea@ie's . . . . . . 467 K. Possible RS 2477 Rights of Way in Arctic Refuge . . . . . . . . . 470 L. Secretary's Recommendation in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, Coastal Plain Resource Assessment . . . . . . . 471 M. Description of the Ivishak, Upper Sheenjek, and Wind National Wild River Corridors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 N. Soil classification for the Arctic Refuge . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 0. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Refuge Manual on Compatibility Determinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 P. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service R;g:ion'aI' ;oii;y'onMechanical Manipulation in Minimal Management Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 Q. Selected Written Comments on the Draft Arctic Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan/Environmentai Impact Statement, and Fish and Wildlife Service responses . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608 -vi- TABLE OF CONTENTS - WILDERNESS DESIGNATION Page Issues for Wilderness Designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Significant issues for Wilderness Designation . . . . . . . . . . 45 Wilderness Review . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Criteria for Wilderness Review and E;aiu;tion': : : '. : : '. . . 165 Wilderness Review Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Wilderness Management Category Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Common Management Direction: Wilderness Proposals . . . . . . . . . . 211 Wilderness Proposal and Associated Management Actions for Alternative A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Wilderness Proposal and Associated Management Actions for Alternative B . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Wilderness Proposal and Associated Management Actions for Alternative C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Wilderness Proposal and Associated Management Actions for Alternative D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Wilderness Proposal and Associated Management Actions for Alternative E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Wilderness Proposal and Associated Management Actions for Alternative F . . . . . . . . . 256 Wilderness Proposal a,nd' L;o;i;t;d'M;n;g;m;n@ @ct'io'ns for Alternative G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Environmental Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Wilderness Designation Effects of Alternative A . . . . . . . . . 288 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources . . . 293 Unavoidable Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Short-term Use Versus Long-term Productivity . . . . . . . . 293 Wilderness Designation Effects of Alternative B . . . . . . . . . 322 Wilderness Designation Effects of Alternative C . . . . . . . . . 339 Wilderness Designation Effects of Alternative D . . . . . . . . . 351 Wilderness Designation Effects of Alternative E . . . . . . . . . 364 Wilderness Designation Effects of Alternative F . . . . . . . . . 377 Wilderness Designation Effects of Alternative G . . . . . . . . . 390 -vii- LIST OF TABLES Number Page I Public responses to the workbook management alternatives . . . . 16 2 Major issues and concerns identified for the Arctic Refuge Plan . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . 32 3 Analysis of public comments on the draft Arctic Refuge Plan . . 46 4 Land status of Arctic Refuge as of June, 1986 . . . . . . . . 0 59 5 Correlation of cover types and equivalent wetland types within the Arctic Refuge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 6 Population forecasts for communities in the Arctic Refuge area . 130 7 Annual cycle of subsistence activities for Kaktovik residents . 147 8 Annual cycle of subsistence activities for Arctic Village, Chalkyitsik, Fort Yukon, and Venetie residents . . . . . . . . 151 9 Estimated annual revenues'generated by guided trips in the Arctic Refuge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 10 Summary of management activities, public'u'se'sand economic uses permitted in the management categories . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 11 Current population estimates for selected species in the Arctic Refuge . . . . . . . . . ;I;e;n;t'v; . . . 196 12 Size of management categories in i 222 13 Size of management categories in Alternative B . . . . . . . . . 229 14 Size of management categories in Alternative C . . . . . . . . . 236 15 Size of management categories in Alternative D . . . . . . . . . 242 16 Size of management categories in Alternative E . . . . . . . . . 248 17 Size of management categories in Alternative F . . . . . . . . . 254 18 Size of management categories in Alternative C . . . . . . . . . 259 19 Comparison of the alternatives for the Arctic Refuge . . . . . . 268 20 Projected level of recreational hunting in the year 2000 for the Alternative A scenario . . . . . . . . . 275 21 Projected level of float trips in the year ;00'0'f;r't@e' Alternative A scenario . . . . . . . . . . 276 22 Projected level of hiking in the ;e:r'2;0; io; ;h; ' Alternative A scenario ' ' - ' * 277 23 Summary of the biological imp;c;s'resu'l;in'g'f;om@'h; ;even' ' management alternatives for Arctic Refuge . . . . . . . . . * a 400 24 Summary of the socioeconomic impacts resulting from the seven management alternatives for Arctic Refuge . . . . . . . . . . * 402 25 Summary of the effects of the alternative wilderness proposals on the significant wilderness issues for Arctic Refuge . . . . 404 26 Evaluation of alternatives based on refuge purposes. . . . . . 0 408 27 Evaluation of alternatives based on significant issues . . . . . 410 28 Relative cost of implementing the seven alternatives . . . . . * 412 29 Estimated staffing levels and costs of the seven alternatives . 413 -Viii- LIST OF FIGURES Number Page 1 National wildlife refuges in Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 Location of the Arctic Refuge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3 The refuge comprehensive conservation planning process . . . . . 13 4 Selected areas with special values in the Arctic Refuge . . . . . 50 5 Land status as of June, 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6 Mineral occurrences and potential mineral sources in the Arctic Refuge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 7 Cover types-barren scree and barren floodplain . . . . . . . . . 82 8 Cover types - scarcely vegetated scree and scarcely vegetated floodplain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 9 Cover types - wet graminoid and very wet graminoid . . . . . . . 84 10 Cover types - moist graminoid tussock and moist/wet tundra complex . . . . . . . . . . 85 11 Cover types - mesic e;ect'dw'a;f'shruband m;i;t p;o;t;a;e dwarf shrub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 12 Cover types - alluvial deciduous and dry prostrate dwarf scrub . 87 13 Cover types - open needleleaf and closed needleleaf . . . . . . 88 14 Cover type - needleleaf woodland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 15 Cover types - mixed forest and deciduous forest/tallshrub . . . 90 16 Cover types - shadow and clouds/snow/ice . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 17 Important fish habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 18 Waterfowl concentration areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 19 General distribution of moose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 20 General distribution of caribou . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . 108 21 Porcupine caribou herd range and migration routes . . . . . . . 110 22 Major drainages used by muskox, 1982-1985 . . . . . . . . . . . 114 23 General distribution of Dall sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 24 Brown bear denning areas . . . . . . e . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 25 Polar bear denning areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e . . . 123 26 Popular access routes into Arctic Refuge . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 27 Composite of general areas where local residents harvest resources in or near the Arctic Refuge. . . . . . . . . . . 144 28 General areas where Kaktovik residents harvest resources . . . . 146 29 General areas where Arctic Village residents harvest resources in or near the Arctic Refuge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 30 General areas where Chalkyitsik, Fort Yukon, and Venetie residents harvest resources in or-near the Arctic Refuge . . . 153 31 General areas where non-village based residents harvest resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . a . . . . . 155 32 Popular sport hunting areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 33 Popular rafting and hiking areas . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . 159 34 Wilderness review units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s . . . . . 168 35 Alternative A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 36 Alternative B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 37 Alternative C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 38 Alternative D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 39 Alternative E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 247 40 Alternative F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 41 Alternative C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 42 General locations of developments in the Alternativ; B scenario. 295 43 Oil development scenario in the Porcupine/Coleen river area 301 -ix- cr 22D CO SUMMY INTRODUCTION The Final Arctic Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan/Environmental Impact Statement/Wilderness Review/Wild River Plan (the plan) describes seven alternatives for managing the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, and identifies the possible consequences of implementing the alternatives. Each alternative provides broad policy guidance for managing the refuge. The plan also includes an evaluation of the wilderness suitability of all the lands south of the existing Arctic Refuge Wilderness and the "1002" area. Each management alternative includes a wilderness proposal based in part on this review. Finally, the plan includes management directions for the three designated wild rivers within the refuge (the Ivishak, upper Sheenjek, and Wind rivers). The Arctic Refuge encompasses about 19.5 million acres (7.9 million ha) in northeastern Alaska, of which 19.2 million acres (7.7 million ha) are in federal ownership--an area almost as large as all of New England. Fairbanks, the largest city near the refuge, is about 180 air miles (290 km) south of the refuge boundary. The Arctic Refuge is the most northerly unit, and the second largest, in the National.Wildlife Refuge System. The refuge is the only area in the United States where people may practicably travel on foot or by boat and traverse a full range of boreal forest, mountain, and north slope landscapes and habitats because of the close proximity of the arctic coast and mountains. The four tallest peaks in the Brooks Range, and the largest number of glaciers, occur here. The northern slope descends to the Beaufort Sea and a series of barrier islands and lagoons on the coast. Valleys are dotted with lakes, sloughs and wetlands. Groves of stunted black spruce grade into tall dense spruce forests in the Porcupine River area in the southeastern portion of the refuge. The refuge includes fish and wildlife species common to arctic and subarctic Alaska. Major portions of the calving ground for the Porcupine caribou herd, one of the largest in Alaska, and critical habitat for the endangered peregrine falcon are found here. Polar bear den on refuge land. Other wildlife species found in the refuge include snow goose, tundra swan, golden eagle, snowy owl, gyrfalcon, muskox (reintroduced into the refuge), Dall sheep, brown and black bear, wolf, wolverine, arctic fox, lynx, marten, snowshoe hare, and moose. Arctic grayling, lake trout, arctic chary chum, chinook, coho and pink salmon, whitefish, northern pike, burbot and arctic cod are found in the area's waters. The waters offshore of the refuge harbor summering bowhead whales, and the coastal lagoons provide year-round habitat for polar bear and ringed and bearded seals. The Arctic National Wildlife Range was established on December 9, 1960, when Secretary of Interior Fred A. Seaton signed Public Land Order 2214. The order set aside 8.9 million acres (3.6 million ha) in the range. In 1971, Congress enacted the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA). Under the provisions of this statute, the Secretary of Interior proposed 3.7 million acres (1.5 million ha) be added to the existing Arctic National Wildlife Range. (This proposal was ultimately incorporated into the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act.) Also under the Native Claims Act (and the Alaska Lands Act), the Kaktovik Inupiat Corporation (KIC) has statutory entitlement to ownership of about 92,000 surface acres (37,000 ha) along the coast; the subsurface estate for this area was conveyed to the Arctic Slope Regional _x_ Corporation (ASR0 in 1983, 1984, and 1986 pursuant to a land exchange agreement. In December, 1980, Congress enacted the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (the Alaska Lands Act). This act, among other things, redesignatedthe original 8.9 million-acre (3.6-millionhectare (ha)) Arctic National Wildlife Range as the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. All the lands, waters, interests and whatever submerged lands, if any, that were retained in federal ownership at the time of statehood were included in the refuge. The Alaska Lands Act added to the original refuge about 9.1 million acres 0.7 million ha) of adjoining public lands west to the Trans-Alaska Pipeline and south to the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge. The upper Sheenjek, Wind and Ivishak rivers were designated as wild rivers. An area of about 8 million acres (3 million ha), comprising most of the original refuge, was designated as wilderness, while 1.5 million acres (607,000 ha) on the arctic coastal plain was opened under Section 1002 to a limited exploration program for oil and gas sufficient for a preparation of a report to Congress. Leasing, development and production of oil and gas in the refuge were prohibited by Section 1003 of the Alaska Lands Act, unless authorized by further congressional action. The Alaska Lands Act declared the purposes for which Arctic Refuge was established and shall be managed include: M to conserve fish and wildlife populations and habitats in their natural diversity including, but not limited to, the Porcupine caribou herd (including the participation in coordinated ecological studies and management of this herd and the Western Arctic caribou herd), polar bears, grizzly bears, muskox, Dall sheep, wolves, wolverines, snow geesep peregrine falcons and other migratory birds and Arctic char and grayling; (ii) to fulfill the internationaltreaty obligationsof the United States with respect to fish and wildlife and their habitats; (iii) to T-ovide, in a manner consistent with purposes set forth in subparagredhs M and 00, the opportunity for continued subsistence uses by local residents; and (iv) to ensure, to the maximum extent practicable and in a manner consistent with the purposes set forth in subparagraph (i), water quality and necessary water quantity within the refuge. PLANNING PROCESS The first step in developing a comprehensive conservation plan for the Arctic Refuge was to collect information. Field inventories, remote sensing, and literature searches produced information about refuge resources and uses. Public meetings, workshops, and other means were used to learn what people were concerned about, and what they felt should be done on the refuge. All available information was then analyzed with the help of resource specialists from several agencies and the private sector to identify special values, problems and issues as required by the Alaska Lands Act. -xi- The Service identified a number of special values in Arctic Refuge, including: wilderness qualities; ecological values; geological/paleontological resources; and scenic/recreational values. Examples of areas with these special values include: upper Sheenjek, Ivishak and Wind wild rivers; ramparts of the Porcupine River; Atigun Canyon; Firth River-Mancha Creek Research Natural Area; Okpilak River valley; Old John Lake; Peters and Schrader lakes; Porcupine Lake; Sadierochit Mountains and Warm Springs area; Shublik Spring and Canning Forest; upper Coleen River; Beaufort Lagoon-Icy Reef-Kongakut River area; Ignek Mesa; Echooka River; Fire Creek; and Ignek Creek. The Service identified ten concerns that may affect management of the Arctic Refuge in the future: oil and gas development within the refuge; mining within the refuge; development and use of adjacent lands; use and development of private inholdings within the refuge boundary; illegal harvesting of wildlife; impacts to fish and wildlife due to increasing public use; conflicts between users; loss of wilderness vatues; subsistence, commercial and sport harvests of fish; and the need for additional resource and user data. The Service conducted an extensive public involvement program in developing this plan. Issues and concerns raised by the public included: protection of fish and wildlife resources; maintaining subsistence opportunities; protecting wilderness qualities; providing for oil and gas activities; providing for access and transportation; impacts of recreational use; impacts of researchers; use and development of Native allotments and inhoidings; the effect of proposed Land exchanges; providing for cabins; the Service's management of the refuge; and the refuge planning process. After reviewing the issues raised by the public, including refuge users, local residents, and the State, and agency management concerns, the Service identified eight significant issues for the comprehensive conservation plan: 0 What effect will the plan have on the refuge's fish and wildlife populations and habitats, particularly the Porcupine caribou herd? 0 What effect will.the plan have on the designation of additional wilderness in the refuge? 0 What effect will the plan have on the refuge's wilderness values? 0 What effect will the plan have on aircraft and other motorized access into the refuge? 0 What effect will.the plan have on public use (guided and unguided recreational use) levels in the refuge? 0 What effect will the plan have on oil and gas activities south of the "1002" area? 0 What effect will the plan have on mining of active claims on refuge lands? 0 What effect will the plan have on other economic uses, such as commercial timber harvesting? The Service identified 14 potential issues relating to designating additional portions of the Arctic Refuge as wilderness, of which four were determined to be significant: -xii- 0 What effect would wilderness designation have on the refuge's wilderness values? 0 What effect would wilderness designation have on oil and gas activities south of the "1002" area? 0 What effect would wilderness designation have on mining of active claims on refuge lands? 0 What effect would wilderness designation have on commercial timber harvesting? Public Comments on the Draft Plan In response to comments on the draft plan by government agencies, Native corporations, special interest groups, and the general public, the Service has revised the document. The following major changes were made in the draft document: 0 The Alternative D, E and F wilderness proposals were modified to address concerns expressed by the International Porcupine Caribou Commission and Arctic Village. Refuge lands around Old John Lake, on the Junjik River from Timber Lake to its confluence with the East Fork of the Chandalar River, along the East Fork of the Chandalar River north to Red Sheep Creek, and on the lower Wind River have been deleted from the wilderness proposals. In addition, the proposed wilderness boundary in the southeast corner in Alternative E was drawn back to the Porcupine River. NANACENENT OF THE "1002" COASTAL PLAIN AREA All discussions of the resources, uses, and consequences of those uses in the "1002" coastal plain area are addressed in the 1002(h) report (Clough, Patton and Christiansen, 1987). The Service is presently managing the "1002" area as it has done in the past, essentially as a minimal management area. Until the Congress takes action on the future of the "1002" area the Service will continue this practice. In all alternatives included in this comprehensive conservation plan for the Arctic Refuge, the "1002" area is treated as a minimal management area. Actions that the Congress may take in the "1002" area--including making it available for oil and gas exploration and development or designating it as wilderness--will not be addressed in this plan. Any decision made by the Congress regarding the future management of the "1002" area will be incorporated into this plan and implemented. Should any additional studies or a wilderness review of the "1002" area be required, they will be undertaken and completed at that time (see also the "Wilderness Review of the 1002 Area" in the Introduction). KANAGMENT OF NATIVE CONVEYED LANDS SUBJECT M SECTION 22(g) The 92,000 acres (37,000 ha) of lands owned by Kaktovik Inupiat Corporation (KIC) and Arctic Slope Regional Corporation (ASRC) are subject to the provisions of Section 22(g) of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA). The Service is concerned with protecting the important resource values of these private lands, while also enabling the Native landowners to derive economic benefits from their land. Oil and gas activities on the Native corporation lands which are subject to the terms of the Chandler Lake land exchange agreement will be subject to environmental standards established -xiii- by Congress for the "1002" coastal plain area. For all other uses and developments the Service will work cooperatively with the Native corporations to ensure that Native and federal interests an 22(g) lands are protected. COMMON MANACKKENT DIRECTIONS Management of the refuge under any alternative is governed by federal laws, Service policies, and principles of sound resource management--all of which restrict the range of potential activities. Accordinglyp certain management directions must be implemented in all of the management alternatives for Arctic Refuge. These common management directions include: 0 maintaining the Firth River-Mancha Creek and Shublik research natural areas in a natural condition, with no improvement or disturbance of the habitats; 0 maintaining the Neruokpuk Lakes Public Use Natural Area essentially unmodified for public use. 0 managing the Ivishak, upper Sheenjek, and Wind wild rivers to protect their biological, physical, esthetic, historic, archeologic, and scenic features, and to provide opportunities for research and recreation; 0 coordinating management with other resource management agencies, and cooperating with owners of refuge inholdings and adjacent lands; 0 working with the State to ensure that all Service actions taken under this plan are consistent, to the maximum extent practicable, with the State approved coastal zone management plan; 0 collecting data on fish and wildlife species, public use, and other topics that are of high management concern; 0 ensuring that fish and wildlife populations and ecological relationships necessary to conserve natural diversity are maintained; 0 working with the Alaska Department of Fish and Came (ADF&G) to maintain or increase the refuge's arctic peregrine falcons caribou, Dall sheep, muskox, moose, black and brown bear, wolf, and forbearer populations; 0 ensuring that water quality and quantity and air quality are protected in compliance with federal and state laws and regulations; 0 ensuring that all significant historic, archeological, paleontological, and cultural resources an the refuge are protected and managed in accordance with federal and state laws; 0 ensuring that subsistence opportunities are maintained by assessing potential impacts of proposed uses or activities, conducting research, enforcing regulations, and monitoring fish and wildlife populations and uses; -xiv- • maintainingopportunitiesfor hunting, fishing, trapping,and other wildlife-orientedactivitieson the refuge; • allowing reasonable access onto the refuge so visitors can participatein fish and wildlife-orientedrecreationalactivities; • permitting the use of snowmachines (during periods of adequate snow cover), motorboats, airplanes, and non-motorized surface transportationmethods for traditionalactivities on refuge lands and for travel to and from villages and homesites, subject to reasonable regulations; • prohibiting productionof oil and gas leasing or other development leading to productionof oil and gas, and construction of oil and gas support facilities in the refuge, unless authorized by Congress; and • permittingguides and outfitters to use the refuge, subject to stipulationsto reduce the potential for resource impacts. ALTERNATIVES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES The following section briefly describes the alternatives and the environmental consequences that could result from their implementation. The alternatives are general in nature and provide broad strategies for management of refuge resources and users. Each of the alternatives designates areas within the refuge using management categories described in Chapter V. To evalu te the effects of each alternative the Service developed seven scenarios that describe events likely to occur on the refuge. These scenarios, and the definitionsof the magnitudes of the impacts, are described in Chapter VI. All of the scenarios assume increased public use of the refuge. Five of the seven scenarios assume one placer mine would be developed at an existing active claim. Two scenarios (AlternativesB and 0 assume small-scale commercial timber harvesting would occur on the Porcupine River, and one scenario (Alternative B) assumes an oil development on the Porcupine Plateau (with congressionalapproval). ALTERNATIVE A (THE CURRENT SITUATION AND PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE) AlternativeA is the Service'spreferred alternativefor managing the Arctic Refuge. This alternative,the "no action" alternative,would maintain the existing range and intensity of management and recreational and economic uses. AlternativeA would protect and maintain the refuge's fish and wildlife values and natural diversity. Disturbancesof fish and wildlife habitats and populationswould be minimized. Opportunities for trapping, hunting, fishing, and other public uses would be maintained, as would scientific research and wildlifeobservationopportunities. The existing Arctic Refuge Wilderness would continue to be managed in accordance with the provisions of the Wilderness Act as amended by the Alaska Lands Act. No additional areas would be proposed for wilderness designation. -xv- Kanagement Directions Alternative A would: • maintain the refuge in an undeveloped state; • emphasize the maintenance of the refuge's natural diversity and key fish and wildlife populationsand habitats; • maintain traditionalaccess opportunities; • provide for continued subsistence use of refuge resources; • maintain opportunities for trapping, sport hunting and fishing, and nonconsumptiverecreational activities; • permit guides and outfitters to operate in the refuge; • permit oil and gas studies where compatible with refuge purposes; and • propose no additional areas for wilderness designation. Environmental Consequences of'Alternative el Vegetation a No significantadverse effect on vegetation. Fish and Wildlife • Negligibleeffects an fish, waterfowl, shorebirds,raptors, marine mammals, caribou, moose, Dail sheep, and furbearers. • Minor adverse impacts to the refuge's raptors, black and brown bears. • No effect on most of the refuge's threatened and endangered species; minor to negligible adverse impacts to the threatened and endangered peregrine falcon subspecies from recreational use. Water Quality and Quantity 0 Minor adverse impact to water quality in localized areas from increased public use 0 No signifi,cant changes in water quantity. Air Quality 0 No significantchanges in air quality. Ecosystems 0 Negligible effect on the refuge's ecosystems. Population and Economy • Negligible change in the population of the local communities. • Negligible benefits to the local economy, primarily from recreation-relatedbusinesses. Subsistence 0 No significantadverse effect on important resources or the harvest of these resources. a/The assessment of Alternative A assumes valid mining claims would remain undeveloped. -Xvi- Recreation 0 Negligible overall effect on recreation within the refuge. 0 Minor adverse impact on recreation in localized areas (i.e.v Atigun Corge, Hulahula River) due to increased public use. Cultural Resources 0 Negligible overall effect on cultural resources. Environmental Consequences of the Wilderness Proposal (No new areas proposed) Wilderness Values 0 Wilderness values would be maintained in over 99% of the refuge. 0 In a few localized areas (e.g., Atigun Gorge, Kongakut River, Hulahula River) increased public use could diminish wilderness values. Oil and Gas Activities South of the "1002" Area a No effect on potential oil and gas activities; only oil and gas studies could be permitted, with restrictions in the Arctic Wilderness and the wild river corridors. 0 Oil and gas leasing and development would continue to be prohibited unless Congress amends the Alaska Lands Act. Mining Development a No effect; only 9 active claims exist on the refuge that could be developed. Commercial Timber Harvesting 0 No effect; this use would be precluded as all of the federal lands in the refuge would be designated wilderness, minimal management, or wild river management areas. ALTERNATIVE B This alternative was developed in response to comments from the Resource Development Council for Alaska during the planning process. Under Alternative B the Service would continue to protect key fish and wildlife populations and habitats, while providing opportunities for commercial timber harvesting on refuge lands south of the Brooks Range. This alternative also would include a recommendation to Congress that all lands in intensive:and moderate management be made available for oil and gas leasing. Extensive stipulations and mitigation work would be required to minimize adverse impacts from these economic uses. The use of habitat improvement techniques, including mechanical manipulation, could be permitted in designated areas in this alternative. The Service would manage public use in the refuge as it has in the past, subject to restrictions which would be required with development activity. The existing Arctic Wilderness would continue to be managed in accordance with the Wilderness Act of 1964 as amended by the Alaska Lands Act. The Service would recommend that no additional refuge lands be proposed for wilderness designation under Alternative B. -xvii- Alternative B shares the following management directions with Alternative A (the Current Situation). Alternative B would: 0 maintain the refuge's natural diversity and key fiah and wildlife populations and habitats; 0 maintain traditional access opportunities; 0 provide for continued subsistence use of refuge resources; 0 permit oil and gas studies where compatible with refuge purposes; and 0 propose no additional areas for wilderness designation. The following management directions indicate the major differences in Alternative B from Alternative A. Alternative B would: 0 provide opportunities for commercial timber harvesting in designated areas in the refuge; 0 provide opportunities for oil and gas leasing on the Porcupine Plateau pursuant to Section 1008 of the Alaska Lands Act if Congress repeals Section 1003 of the Alaska Lands Act; and 0 provide opportunities for habitat improvements, including mechanical manipulation, if necessary in the future. Environmental Consequences of Alternative B Vegetation 0 Overall, minor adverse impacts to the refuge's vegetation. 0 Major, long-term adverse impacts to vegetation in localized areas from mining and oil development, and minor adverse impacts from timber harvesting operations. Fish and Wildlife 0 From a refuge-wide perspective, negligible impacts to waterfowl, shorebirds, marine mammals, moose, Dall sheep, muskox, black and brown bear, and furbearers; minor adverse impacts to fish, raptors, and caribou. 0 Moderate adverse impacts to caribou and raptors possible in localized areas from oil development, and timber harvesting; moderate to major adverse impacts to fish in localized areas from oil development and mining. 0 No effect on most of the refuge's threatened and endangered species; potential for a moderate, long-term, adverse impact to the endangered American peregrine falcon that occurs on the refuge. Water Quality and Quantity 0 Negligible overall impact to water quality and water quantity. 0 Minor to major adverse impacts to water quality and quantity possible in localized areas from public use, timber harvesting, mining and oil development. Air Quality 0 Negligible changes overall in air quality. 0 Minor adverse impacts to air quality possible in localized areas from oil development. -Xviii- Ecosystems 0 Minor adverse impact overall on the refuge's ecosystems. 0 Mining and oil development would have a moderate adverse impact on ecosystems on a site-specific basis. Population and Economy 0 Negligible overall change in the population of the local communities, with moderate short-term populations increases in Fort Yukon. 0 Moderate short-term benefits to the local economy, primarily in Fort Yukon from oil development activities; some benefits to the local, state, and federal governments from oil leasing. 0 Negligible benefits to the local economy from mining and commercial timber harvest operations. Subsistence 0 Overall, negligible effect on subsistence resources and harvests. 0 Timber harvesting on the Porcupine River has the potential to result in temporary minor adverse impacts to trapping. 0 Oil development has the potential to significantly restrict the activities of some Arctic Village and Venetie residents in localized areas in the refuge. Recreation 0 Minor effect overall an recreation within the refuge. 0 Minor adverse impact on recreation in localized areas (e.g., Atigun Gorge, Hulahula and Kongakut drainages) due to increased public use. 0 Oil development could reduce or eliminate opportunities to recreate in localized areas, and increase the level of recreational use. Cultural Resources 0 Negligible effect on cultural resources with cultural resource inventories and the application of mitigation measures. Environmental Consequences of the Wilderness Proposal (No new areas proposed) Wilderness Values 0 Wilderness values would be maintained in over 95% of the refuge. 0 In a few localized areas (e.g., Atigun Gorge, Kongakut River, Hulahula River) increased puHic use could diminish wilderness values. 0 Oil development, commercial timber harvesting, and mining could adversely affect refuge wilderness values in localized areas. Oil and Gas Activities South of the "1002" Area 0 No effect on potential oil and gas activities; oil and gas studies could be permitted, with restrictions in the Arctic Wilderness and wild river corridors. 0 Oil and gas leasing and development could be permitted under Section 1008 of the Alaska Lands Act if Congress repeals Section 1003 thereof. Mining Development 0 No effect; only 9 active claims exist on the refuge that could be developed. -xix- Commercial Timber Harvesting 0 No effect; this use could be permitted in the intensive and moderate management areas (up to 29% of the refuge) if compatible with refuge purposes. ALTERNATIVE C Alternative C was developed in response to comments from the Resource Development Council for Alaska during the planning process. In Alternative C the Service would continue to protect key fish and wildlife populations and habitats while providing opportunities for commercial timber harvesting on refuge lands on the Porcupine Plateau, south of the Brooks Range. Alternative C differs from Alternative B in that all lands in the moderate management category would remain closed to oil and gas leasing. This alternative also would keep open options for habitat improvements, including mechanical manipulation, in designated areas. The Service would manage public use in the refuge as it has in the past. The existing Arctic Wilderness would continue to be managed in accordance with the Wilderness Act of 1964 as amended by the Alaska Lands Act. The Service would recommend that no additional refuge lands be proposed for wilderness designation under Alternative C. Alternative C shares the following management directions with Alternative A (the Current Situation). Alternative C would: 0 maintain the refuge's natural diversity and key fish and wildlife populations and habitats; 0 maintain traditional access opportunities; 0 provide for continued subsistence use of refuge resources; 0 permit oi.1and gas studies where compatible with refuge purposes; and 0 propose ro additional areas for wilderness designation. The major differences in management directions between Alternative C and Alternative A are that Alternative C would: 0 provide opportunities for commercial timber harvesting in designated areas in the refuge; and 0 provide opportunities for habitat improvements, including mechanical manipulation, if necessary in the future. Environmental Consequences of Alternative C Vegetation 0 Overall, negligible impact to the refuge's vegetation. 0 Major long-term adverse impacts to vegetation in localized areas from mining and minor adverse impacts from timber harvesting operations. Fish and Wildlife 0 From a refuge-wide perspective, negligible impacts to waterfowl, shorebirds, marine mammals, moose, Dall sheep, muskox, black and brown bear, and furbearers; minor adverse impacts to fish, raptors, and caribou. _XX_ 0 Moderate adverse impacts to raptors possible in localized areas from timber harvesting; major adverse impacts possible to fish in localized areas from mining. 0 No effect on most of the refuge's threatened and endangered species; minor to negligible adverse impacts to the threatened and endangered peregrine falcon subspecies from recreational use. Water Quality and Quantity 0 Negligible overall impact to water quality and water quantity. 0 Minor adverse impacts to water quality possible in localized areas from increased public use and timber harvesting; major adverse impacts possible to water quality and quantity in localized areas from mining. Air Quality 0 Negligible changes in air quality. Ecosystems 0 Minor adverse impact overall on the refuge's ecosystems. 0 Mining would have a moderate adverse impact on ecosystems on a site-specific basis. Population and Economy 0 Negligible overall change in the population of the local communities. 0 Negligible benefits to the local economy from mining and commercial timber harvest operations. Subsistence 0 Minor localized adverse effect on subsistence resources and harvests; no significant restrictions on subsistence uses in the refuge. 0 Commercial timber harvesting on the Porcupine River has the potential to result in temporary minor adverse impacts to trapping. Recreation 0 Negligible effect overall on recreation within the refuge. 0 Minor adverse impact on recreation in localized areas (i.e., Atigun Gorge, Hulahula and Kongakut drainages) due to'increased public use. Cultural Resources 0 Negligible effect on cultural resources with cultural resource inventories and the application of mitigation measures. Environmental Consequences of the Wilderness Proposal (No new areas proposed) Wilderness Values 0 Wilderness values would be maintained in over 99% of the refuge. 0 In a few localized areas (eege, Atigun Gorge, Kongakut River, Hulahula River) increased public use could diminish wilderness values. 0 Commercial timber harvesting and mining could adversely affect refuge wilderness values in localized areas. -xxi- Oil and Gas Activities South of the "1002" Area 0 No effect on potential oil and gas activities; only oil and gas studies could be permitted, with restrictions in the Arctic Wilderness and wild river corridors. 0 Oil and gas leasing and development would continue to be prohibited unless Congress amends the Alaska Lands Act. Mining Development 0 No effect; only 9 active claims exist on the refuge that could be developed. Commercial Timber Harvesting 0 No effect; this use could be permitted in the moderate management areas (up to 29% of the refuge) if compatible with refuge purposes. ALTERNATIVE D Alternative D emphasizes protection of fish and wildlife populations and habitats. Disturbances to fish and wildlife habitats and populations would be minimized. Opportunities for hunting, fishing, trapping, and other public uses would be maintained, as would scientific research and wildlife observation opportunities. Guiding and outfitting would be the primary permitted commercial use of the refuge south of and within the Brooks Range. The Service would manage public use on the refuge as it has in the past. The existing Arctic Wilderness would continue to be managed in accordance with the Wilderness Act of 1964 as amended by the Alaska Lands Act. The Service also would recommend 5.2 million acres (about 46% of the non-wilderness lands in the refuge) be added to the Arctic Wilderness in this alternative. Alternative D shares the following management directions with Alternative A (the Current Situation). Alternative D would: 0 maintain the refuge in an undeveloped state; 0 emphasize the maintenance of the refuge's natural diversity and key fish and wildlife populations and habitats; 0 maintain traditional access opportunities; 0 provide for continued subsistence use of refuge resources; 0 maintain opportunities for trapping, sport hunting and fishing, and nonconsumptive recreational activities; 0 permit guides and outfitters to operate in the refuge; and 0 permit oil and gas studies where compatible with refuge purposes. The major difference between Alternative D and Alternative A is that Alternative D would: 0 propose most of the refuge lands in the Brooks Range west of the Canning River and the East Fork of the Chandalar River, covering 5.2 million acres (2.1 million ha), for wilderness designation. -xxii- Environmental Consequences of Alternative D Vegetation • Overall, negligible impacts to the refuge's vegetation. • Major, long-term adverse impacts to vegetation in localized areas from mining. Fish and Wildlife • From a refuge-wide perspective, negligible impacts to waterfowl, shorebirds, marine mammals, moose, Dall sheep, muskox, black and brown bear, and turbearers; mitioradverse impacts to fish, and raptors. • Major adverse impacts to fish possible in localized areas from mining. • No effect on most of the refuge's threatened and endangered species; minor to negligible adverse impacts to the threatened and endangered peregrine falcon sunspecies from recreational use. Water Quality and Quancity • Neg - Ligibie impact overalL to water quality and water quantity. • Minor aavexse impacrs Lo waLer quality possible in localized areas from increasea puoLic use; major adverse impacts possible to water quality and quality III1OLalized areas from mining. Air Quality 0 Negligible cnanges in air quality. Ecusysceins * Hinur aavetse impact overall on the refuge's ecosystems. * MiriitLgwuuia Five a moderate adverse impact on ecosystems on a sice-specitic basis. Populaciun ana Ecuuumy • Negligible overall cnarLgein the population of the local communities. • Negligible berietitsfur the local economy. Subsistence 0 Negligible eitect on subsistence resources and harvests; no significant rescriCL1011SUh subsistence uses in the refuge. Recreation • Negligible ettecc overall on recreation within the refuge. • Minor adverse impact on recreation in localized areas (e.g., Atigun Gorge, Hulanuia and Kongakut drainages) due to increased public use. Cultural Resuutces 0 Negligivie eiteCL un cultural resources. Environmental. Goxisautai@es of the Wilderness Proposal (46% of the non-wiAderness refuge lands proposed for wilderness designation) Wilderness Values 0 Wilderness vatues would be maintained in over 99% of the refuge. -xxiii- 0 The proposal would help maintain wilderness values in a 5.2 million acre portion of the Brooks Range not already in the Arctic Wilderness. 0 In a few localized areas (eegov Atigun Gorge, Kongakut River, Hulahula River) increased public use could diminish wilderness values. Oil and Cas Activities South of the "1002" Area 0 No effect on potential oil and gas activities; only oil and gas studies could be permitted, with restrictions in the Arctic Wilderness and wild river corridors. 0 Oil and gas leasing and development would continue to be prohibited unless Congress amends the Alaska Lands Act. Mining Development a No effect; only 9 active claims exist on the refuge (2 within the area proposed for wilderness) that could be developed. Commercial Timber Harvesting 0 No effect; this use would be precluded as all of the federal lands in the refuge would be designated wilderness, minimal management, or wild river management areas. ALTERNATIVE E Alternative E is identical to Alternative D except for the size of the wilderness proposal. The alternative emphasizes protection of fish and wildlife populations and habitats. Disturbances to fish and wildlife habitats and populations would be minimized. Opportunities for hunting, fishing, trapping, and other public uses would be maintained, as would scientific research and wildlife observation opportunities. Guiding and outfitting would be the primary permitted commercial use of the refuge south of the Brooks Range. The Service would manage public use on the refuge as it has in the past. The existing Arctic Wilderness would continue to be managed in accordance with the Wilderness Act of 1964 as amended by the Alaska Lands Act. The Service also would recommend 8.1 million acres (72% of the non-wilderness refuge lands) be added to the existing Arctic Wilderness in this alternative. Alternative E shares the following management directions with Alternative A (the Current Situation). Alternative E would: 0 maintain the refuge in an undeveloped state; 0 emphasize the maintenance of the refuge's natural diversity and key fish and wildlife populations and habitats; 0 maintain traditional access opportunities; 0 provide for continued subsistence use of refuge resources; 0 maintain opportunities for trapping, sport hunting and fishing, and nonconsumptive recreational activities; 0 permit guides and outfitters to operate in the refuge; and 0 permit oil and gas studies where compatible with refuge purposes. -XXiv- The major difference between Alternative K and Alternative A is that Alternative E would'. 0 propose most refuge lands west of the Canning River and the East Fork of the Chandalar River in the Brooks Range, and between the existing Arctic Wilderness and the Porcupine River for wilderness designation, covering a total of 8.1 million acres 0.4 million ha). Environmental Consequences of Alternative 9 Vegetation 0 Overall, negligible impacts to the refuge's vegetation. 0 Major, long-term adverse impacts to vegetation in localized areas from mining. Fish and Wildlife 0 From a refuge-wide perspective, negligible impacts to waterfowl, shorebirds, marine mammals, moose, Dall sheep, muskox, black and brown bear, and furbearers; minor adverse impacts to fish and raptors. 0 Major adverse impacts to fish possible in localized areas from mining. 0 No effect on most of the refuge's threatened and endangered species; minor to negligible adverse impacts to the threatened and Endangered peregrine falcon subspecies from recreational use. Water Quality and Quantity 0 Negligible overall impact to water quality and water quantity. 0 Minor adverse impacts to water quality possible in localized areas from increased public use; major adverse impacts possible to water quality and quantity in localized areas from mining. Air Quality a Negligible changes in air quality. Ecosystems 0 Negligible impact overall on the refuge's ecosystems. a Mining would have a moderate adverse impact on ecosystems on a site-specific basis. Population and Economy 0 Negligible overall change in the population of the local communities. a Negligible benefits to the local economy. Subsistence 0 Negligible effect on subsistence resources and harvests; no significant restrictions on subsistence uses in the refuge. Recreation 0 Negligible overall effect on recreation within the refuge. 0 Minor adverse impact on recreation in localized areas (i.e.9 Atigun Gorge, Hulahula and Kongakut drainages) due to increased public use. _xxv- Cultural Resources 0 Negligible effect on cultural resources. Environmental Consequences of the Wilderness Proposal (72% of the non-wilderness refuge lands proposed for wilderness designation) Wilderness Values 0 Wilderness values would be maintained in over 99% of the refuge. 0 The proposal would help maintain wilderness values in a 8.1 million acre area in the Brooks Range and Porcupine Plateau not already in the Arctic Wilderness. 0 In a few localized areas (e.g., Atigun Gorge, Kongakut River, Hulahula River) increased public use could diminish wilderness values. Oil and Gas Activities South of the "1002" Area 0 No effect on potential oil and gas activities; only limited oil and gas studies could be permitted. 0 Oil and gas leasing and development would continue to be prohibited unless Congress amends the Alaska Lands Act. Mining Development 0 No effect; only 9 active claims exist on the refuge (4 within the area proposed for wilderness) that could be developed. Commercial Timber Harvesting 0 This use would be prohibited on most of the Porcupine Plateau, precluding the possibility of a commercial timber harvest in the Porcupine River drainage; some potential economic benefits consequently would be foregone. ALTERNATIVE F Alternative F is identical to Alternatives D and E except for the increased size of the wilderness proposal. Alternative F emphasizes protection of fish and wildlife populations and habitats. Disturbances to fish and wildlife habitats and populations would be minimized. Opportunities for hunting, fishing, trapping, and other public uses would be maintained, as would scientific research and wildlife observation opportunities. Guiding and outfitting would be the primary permitted commercial use of the refuge south of the Brooks Range. The existing Arctic Wilderness would continue to be managed in accordance with the Wilderness Act of 1964 as amended by the Alaska Lands Act. The Service would recommend 8.9 million acres (79% of the non-wilderness refuge lands) be added to the existing Arctic Wilderness in this alternative. Alternative F shares the following management directions with Alternative A (the Current Situation). Alternative F would: 0 maintain the refuge in an undeveloped state; 0 emphasize the maintenance of the refuge's natural diversity and key fish and wildlife populations and habitats; 0 maintain traditional access opportunities; -xxvi- 0 provide for continued subsistenceuse of refuge resources; a maintain opportunities for trapping, sport hunting and fishing, and nonconsumptive recreational uses; 0 permit existing economicactivities (such as guides and outfitters)to continue to operate in the refuge; and 0 permit limited oil and gas studies where compatible with refuge purposes. The major differencebetween AlternativeF and AlternativeA is that Alternative F would: 0 propose most of the refuge lands south and west of the existing Arctic Wilderness(8.9 million acres or 3.6 million ha) for wilderness designation. Environmental Consequences of Alternative F Vegetation 0 Overall, negligible impacts to the refuge's vegetation. 0 Major adverse long-term impacts to vegetation in localized areas possible from mining. Fish and Wildlife 0 From a refuge-wide perspective, negligible impacts to waterfowl, shorebirds, marine mammals, moose, Dall sheep, muskox, black and brown bear, and furbearers; minor adverse impacts to fish and raptors. 0 Major adverse impacts to fish possible in localized areas from mining. 0 Minor to negligible adverse impacts to the threatened and endangered peregrine falcon subspecies on the refuge from increased recreational use. Water Quality and Quantity 0 Negligible overall impact to water quality and water quantity. 0 Minor adverse impacts to water quality possible in localized areas from increased public use; major adverse impacts possible to water quality and quantity in localized areas from mining. Air Quality 0 Negligiblechanges in air quality. Ecosystems 0 Negligible impact overall on the refuge's ecosystems. 0 Mining would have a moderate adverse impact on ecosystems on a site-specificbasis. Population and Economy 0 Negligible overall change in the population of the local communities. 0 Negligible benefits to the local economy. Subsistence 0 Negligible effect on subsistenceresources and harvests; no significant restrictionson subsistenceuses in the refuge. -xxvii- Recreation 0 Negligible effect overall on recreation within the refuge. 0 Minor adverse impact on recreation in localized areas (i.e., Atigun Gorge, Hulahula, Kongakut drainages) due to increased public use. Cultural Resources 0 Negligible effect an cultural resources. Environmental Consequences of the Wilderness Proposal (79% of the non-wilderness refuge lands proposed for wilderness designation) Wilderness Values 0 Wilderness values would be maintained in over 99% of the refuge. 0 The proposal would help maintain wilderness values in a 8.9-million acre area in the Brooks Range and Porcupine Plateau not already in the Arctic Wilderness. 0 In a few localized areas (e.g., Atigun Gorge, Kongakut River, Hulahula River) increased public use could diminish wilderness values. Oil and Gas Activities South of the "1002" Area 0 No effect on potential oil and gas activities; only limited oil and gas studies could be permitted. 0 Oil and gas leasing and development would continue to be prohibited unless Congress amends the Alaska Lands Act. Mining Development 0 The wilderness proposal would have a negligible effect on mineral development within the refuge; only 4 active claims exist within the area proposed for wilderness that could be developed. Commercial Timber Harvesting 0 This use would be prohibited on the Porcupine Plateau, precluding the possibility of a commercial timber harvest in the Porcupine River drainage; some potential economic benefits consequently would be foregone. ALTERNATIVE C This alternative was developed in response to an alternative proposed by the Northern Alaska Environmental Center and other conservation groups during the planning process. Alternative G is intended to maximize protection to the refuge's wilderness qualities, maximize protection of the refuge's fish and wildlife populations and habitats in their natural diversity, and maintain high quality opportunities for hunting, fishing, trapping, and nonconsumptive recreational activities. The alternative emphasizes visitor self-reliance, independence, freedom and challenge, and minimizes government involvement in the experience. Reasonable access would be provided, but limits would be placed on mechanized access into the refuge. Development of facilities and economic uses would be highly restricted. -xxviii- Under Alternative G the Service would propose all the refuge lands outside of the existing Arctic Wilderness for wilderness designation, with the exception of the "1002" area. The alternative would place an additional layer of protection on refuge lands to address existing and potential threats that face the refuge's wilderness qualities. Several of the provisions are not consistent with the Alaska Lands Act--congressional action would be required to fully implement this alternative. Consequently, all of the major actions proposed in this alternative would be included in the wilderness proposal sent to Congress. Alternative G shares the following management directions with Alternative A (the Current Situation). Alternative G would: • maintain the refuge in an undeveloped state; • emphasize the maintenance of the refuge's natural diversity and key fish and wildlife populations and habitats; • provide for continued subsistence use of refuge resources using motorboats, snowmobiles, and other means of surface transportation traditionally employed for such purposes by local residents; The following management directions indicate the major differences in Alternative G from Alternative A. Alternative G would: • propose all of the non-wilderness federal lands south of the "1002" coastal plain area for wilderness designation; • prohibit the construction of any permanent administrative, research or recreational facilities, and require the removal of several existing structures within the refuge; • limit mechanized activities and access by both administrative agencies and the public in the refuge; aircraft landings would be restricted in the Firth River-Mancha Creek Research Natural Area; • make acquisition of inholdings from willing sellers in the refuge a high priority,with a portion of the refuge's annual funding dedicated to this purpose; • prohibit oil and gas studies in the refuge (except for studies mandated under Section 1010 of the Alaska Lands Act); • prohibit development of new recreational facilities and other "improvements" in the refuge; • prohibit habitat improvements or manipulation of fish and wildlife populations, including predator control and fishery management activities and facilities; • if.necessary limit the size and number of guided and unguided recreational groups using popular areas in the refuge; and • limit interpretativeactivities in the refuge. Environmental Consequences of Alternative el Vegetation 0 Overall, negligible impacts to the refuge's vegetation. a/The assessment of Alternative G assumes valid mining claims would remain undeveloped. -xxix- Fish and Wildlife 0 From a refuge-wide perspective, negligible impacts to fish and wildlife; minor adverse impact to raptors possible in localized areas with an increase in public use. 0 Minor to negligible adverse impacts to the threatened and endangered peregrine falcon subspecies on the refuge from increased recreational use. Water Quality and Quantity 0 Negligible impact overall to water quality and water quantity. 0 Minor adverse impacts to water quality possible in localized areas if public use increases. Air Quality 0 Negligible changes in air quality. Ecosystems 0 Negligible impact on the refuge's ecosystems* Population and Economy 0 Negligible overall change in the population of the local communities. 0 Negligible benefits to the local economy. Subsistence 0 Negligible effect on subsistence resources and harvests; no significant restrictions on subsistence uses or the means of access in the refuge. Recreation 0 Negligible effect overall on recreation within the refuge. 0 The level of recreational use in localized areas may be reduced, which could both decrease the potential for perceived overcrowding and recreational conflicts, and displace recreational users to other areas in the refuge. 0 Aircraft access would be restricted in the Mancha Creek-Firth River area, which would both limit the freedom of visitors to land aircraft in this area and assure a high quality wilderness recreational experience. Cultural Resources 0 Negligible effect on cultural resources. Environmental Consequences of the Wilderness Proposal (86% of the non-wilderness refuge lands proposed for wilderness designation) Refuge Management 0 The special provisions of the wilderness proposal would have a minor effect on refuge management; management flexibility of the agency could be limited in certain areas in the future. Wilderness Values 0 The proposal would help maintain wilderness values in a 9.7 million acre area in the Brooks Range and Porcupine Plateau not already in the Arctic Wilderness, as well as the rest of the refuge. -xxx- Oil and Gas Activities South of the "1002" Area 0 Only surface geologic studies could be permitted; oil and gas studies generally would be precluded. 0 Oil and gas leasing and development would continue to be prohibited unless Congress amends the Alaska Lands Act. Kining Development 0 The wilderness proposal would have a negligible effect on mineral development within the refuge; only 9 active claims exist within the area proposed for wilderness that could be developed. Commercial Timber Harvesting 0 This use would be prohibited on the Porcupine Plateau, precluding the possibility of a commercial timber harvest in the Porcupine River drainage; some potential economic benefits consequently would be foregone. SECTION 810(a) EVALUATION The Service has determined in its Section 810(a) evaluation that Alternative A, the preferred alternative, would not significantly restrict subsistence uses in Arctic Refuge--opportunities for subsistence would be maintained. Any impacts that occur to fish and wildlife resources in this alternative would be localized, and would not significantly affect subsistence activities. Increased numbers of sport hunters in this alternative would harvest more game in the refuge than in 1987, but sufficient fish and wildl-ife should be available for local residents to satisfy their needs. The Service would work with the Native corporations, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, and the State Boards of Fisheries and Game to ensure that opportunities for subsistence harvests are maintained in this alternative. With the possible exception of Alternative B, none of the alternatives the Service proposed for the Arctic Refuge would significantly affect the availability of important subsistence fish and wildlife populations or significantly restrict subsistence uses. The oil development in Alternative B could significantly restrict subsistence activities of some Arctic Village and Venetie residents. SELECTION OF THE PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE The Service has selected Alternative A as its preferred alternative for managing Arctic Refuge on the basis that it would both satisfy the purposes of the refuge, and provide a balanced approach to meeting the needs and concerns of the public. The alternative would maintain management options for the non-wilderness portion of the refuge. The Service would carefully monitor and regulate all uses and activities within the refuge to ensure that adverse impacts to refuge resources and users are minimized. -xxxi- The Service will not begin to implement the management directions in the preferred alternative until a 45-day waiting period following the publication of the final refuge comprehensive conservation plan/environmental impact statement has elapsed and a record of decision has been published. IINPLEKMATION AND REVISION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE CONSERVATION PIAN Implementation of the proposed actions in this plan will depend upon the availability of funds and personnel, and upon the coordination of many governmental activities. These factors will determine the extent of development, management and maintenance the refuge receives in any given year. The Arctic Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan/Environmental Impact Statement provides broad policy guidance for managing Arctic Refuge over the next 10 to 15 years. It should be viewed as a dynamic document that will need to be reviewed and updated periodically. Every three to five years the Service will review public comments, local and state government recommendations, staff recommendations, and research studies, among other sources, to determine if revisions to the plan are necessary. If major changes are proposed, public meetings may be held, or new environmental assessments/environmental impact statements may be necessary. Full review and updating of the plan will occur every 10 to 15 years, more often if necessary. If and when Congress takes action on the management of the "1002" area the Service will revise the refuge comprehensive conservation plan to incorporate congressional directives. Management of the "1002" area may have a significant bearing on management of the rest of the refuge (e.g., on the need for transportationand utility corridors, air and water quality, fish and wildlife management). If necessary, major revisions outside the "1002" area will be made in the plan following the National Environmental Policy Act process. Following adoption of the plan, the Service will, as necessary, undertake detailed "management planning" to guide implementation of the plan and operation of the refuge. In accordance with Service policy, detailed management plans will be prepared to address specific resource and public use management activities such as wilderness, fisheries, fire, habitat, and recreation management. -xxxii- z 0 D 0 0cr F-z I. INTRODUCTION PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION The purpose of this planning action is to develop a comprehensive conservation plan (the plan) for the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. This congressionally mandated plan serves as a refuge "master" plan, providing broad policy guidance and establishing the long-term goals and objectives for Fish and Wildlife Service management of the refuge. It also is a means of informing interested parties how the lands and resources in the refuge will be managed over the next 10 to 15 years. The plan should be viewed as a dynamic document that will need to be reviewed and updated periodically. Supplemental management plans will be prepared in the future to specifically address the management of rivers, fish and wildlife, and other topics. This document incorporates a draft environmental impact statement (EIS). It describes seven alternative plans for managing Arctic Refuge. The document includes a description of the existing environment on the refuge and an assessment of the effects of implementing these alternatives. Each alternative provides differing choices for addressing internal management concerns and for resolving public issues. After public review, the Service will evaluate comments on this draft environmental impact statement, make revisions as necessary, and publish a final environmental impact statement. Federal statute requires preparation of a plan to guide management of Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Section 304(g) of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 (the Alaska Lands Act; PL 96-487) directs the Secretary of the Interior to prepare, and from time to time, revise, a comprehensive conservation plan ... for each refuge (in Alaska)...." This document also serves as the wilderness review for the Arctic Refuge south of the "1002" area and the existing Arctic Wilderness. Section 1317 of the Alaska Lands Act directs the Secretary to review all non-wilderness lands in the refuge as to their suitability for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System, and report his findings to the President. The document identifies lands that would be suitable for wilderness designation. Each alternative includes a wilderness recommendation based on this evaluation and the management directions of the alternative. In addition to the above requirements, a comprehensive conservation plan is needed to: • ensure that national policy direction is incorporated in the management of the refuge; • provide a systematic process for making and documenting refuge decisions; • establish broad management strategies for refuge management programs and activities; • provide continuity in the management of the refuge; • provide a basis for budget requests; and • provide a basis for evaluating accomplishments. OVERVIEW OF THE REFUGE Alaska's arctic region has generated interest and concerns for Americans since the early 1900s. Robert Marshall, a nationally known Alaska explorer and conservationist, first pleaded that much of northern Alaska should be set aside and protected. The federal government was interested in the arctic in part because of its oil potential. On January 22, 1943, the Department of Interior issued Public Land Order (PLO) 82, which withdrew more than 98 million acres (40 million ha) in northern and southeastern Alaska. All of the lands north of the crest of the Brooks Range between Cape Lisburne and Canada were closed to all forms of appropriation under the public lands laws, including the mining and mineral leasing laws. The order was issued to assist the war effort, ensuring that federal oil and gas exploratory activities undertaken in the state could proceed without complications. In 1949, while the Navy was searching for oil and gas, the National Park Service began a survey of Alaska's recreational potential. In 1954, after surveying the eastern Brooks Range, George L. Collins and Lowell Sumner of the National Park Service recommended that the northeast corner of Alaska be preserved for its wildlife, wilderness, recreational, scientific and cultural values. They further recommended that the area be an international park, to include contiguous lands between the Alaska-Canada border and the MacKenzie Delta. Nationally prominent conservationists, including A. Starker Leopold, Olaus Murie, and Howard Zahniser, supported this idea and began to work to establish an arctic wilderness reserve in northeastern Alaska. During the ne@t seven years there ensued a political struggle over the future of the area.a While there was considerable support for protecting the area, there was strong opposition to the arctic wilderness proposal from those concerned with future industrial development in the territory. The oil industry and those branches of government responsible for energy development already recognized the oil and gas potential of the area. Among conservationists and federal representatives there was some disagreement over which agency should manage the land. It was ultimately agreed that Fish and Wildlife Service management shou |
| Tag | Library-Source-CCPs |
| Date created | 2012-08-31 |
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