Birds of conservation concern 2008

              BIRDS OF
CONSERVATION CONCERN
2008
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Division of Migratory Bird Management
Arlington, Virginia
December 2008
BIRDS OF CONSERVATION CONCERN 2008
Prepared by
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Division of Migratory Bird Management
Arlington, Virginia
Suggested citation:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2008. Birds of Conservation Concern 2008. United States
Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management,
Arlington, Virginia. 85 pp. [Online version available at ]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................. i
LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................. ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. iv
INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1
BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................3
Why Did We Create Lists at Different Geographic Scales?................................................3
Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs).........................................................................3
USFWS Regions ......................................................................................................4
National....................................................................................................................4
What Bird Species Did We Consider?.................................................................................5
What Sources of Information Did We Use? ........................................................................5
PIF Assessment Scores ............................................................................................5
USSCP Assessment Scores......................................................................................6
NAWCP Assessment Scores....................................................................................6
What Selection Criteria Did We Use for Birds of Conservation Concern 2008 Lists?.......7
BCR Criteria ............................................................................................................7
USFWS Region Criteria ..........................................................................................9
National Criteria ......................................................................................................9
THE BIRDS OF CONSERVATION CONCERN 2008 LISTS .......................................................10
BCR Lists..........................................................................................................................10
USFWS Region Lists.........................................................................................................10
National List ......................................................................................................................11
DISCUSSION...............................................................................................................................11
LITERATURE CITED ..................................................................................................................13
APPENDIX A ...............................................................................................................................17
Figure 1 ..............................................................................................................................18
Tables 1-48 ........................................................................................................................19
APPENDIX B ...............................................................................................................................68
APPENDIX C ...............................................................................................................................81
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AI Area Importance (an assessment factor)
ABC American Bird Conservancy
BBS Breeding Bird Survey
BCC Birds of Conservation Concern
BCR Bird Conservation Region
BD Breeding Distribution
CCS Continental Combined Score
DPS Distinct Population Segment
ESA Endangered Species Act
FWCA Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act
MBTA Migratory Bird Treaty Act
NABCI North American Bird Conservation Initiative
NAWCP North American Waterbird Conservation Plan
ND Non-breeding Distribution
NWR National Wildlife Refuge
PIF Partners in Flight
PS Population Size
PT Population Trend
RD Relative Density
TB Threats in the Breeding Season
TN Threats in the Non-breeding season
USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
USSCP United States Shorebird Conservation Plan
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The 1988 amendment to the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act mandates the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service (USFWS) to “identify species, subspecies, and populations of all migratory
nongame birds that, without additional conservation actions, are likely to become candidates for
listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973.” Birds of Conservation Concern 2008
(BCC 2008) is the most recent effort to carry out this mandate. The overall goal of this report is
to accurately identify the migratory and non-migratory bird species (beyond those already
designated as federally threatened or endangered) that represent our highest conservation
priorities. The geographic scope of this endeavor is the United States in its entirety, including
island "territories" in the Pacific and Caribbean. BCC 2008 encompasses three distinct
geographic scales—North American Bird Conservation Initiative (NABCI) Bird Conservation
Regions (BCRs), USFWS Regions, and National—and is primarily derived from assessment
scores from three major bird conservation plans: the Partners in Flight North American Landbird
Conservation Plan, the United States Shorebird Conservation Plan, and the North American
Waterbird Conservation Plan.
Bird species considered for inclusion on lists in this report include nongame birds, gamebirds
without hunting seasons, subsistence-hunted nongame birds in Alaska; and Endangered Species
Act candidate, proposed endangered or threatened, and recently delisted species. Assessment
scores from all three bird conservation plans are based on several factors, including population
trends, threats, distribution, abundance, and relative density. These assessment scores serve as
the foundation on which we built the BCC 2008 lists. Although the different bird conservation
plans use somewhat different methods for determining the highest priority species, the scores
from each represent true conservation priorities for each of the three species groups (landbirds,
shorebirds, and waterbirds). We therefore view the conservation priorities within each plan as
approximately equivalent. After creating BCR lists, we developed specific criteria for including
species on USFWS Region and National lists. The various BCR lists contain 10 to 53 species,
USFWS Region lists contain 27 to 78 species, and the National list contains 147 species. On
average, priority species make up about 10 to 15 percent of the native bird species in any given
geographic unit.
While all of the bird species included in BCC 2008 are priorities for conservation action, this list
makes no finding with regard to whether they warrant consideration for ESA listing. Our goal is
to prevent or remove the need for additional ESA bird listings by implementing proactive
management and conservation actions. We recommend that these lists be consulted in
accordance with Executive Order 13186, “Responsibilities of Federal Agencies to Protect
Migratory Birds.” This report should also be used to develop research, monitoring, and
management initiatives. BCC 2008 is intended to stimulate coordinated and collaborative
proactive conservation actions among Federal, State, Tribal, and private partners. We hope that,
by focusing attention on these highest-priority species, this report will promote greater study and
protection of the habitats and ecological communities upon which these species depend, thereby
contributing to healthy avian populations and communities.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This document was the result of close collaboration between staff in all regions of the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service’s Migratory Bird Program. The primary collaborators were Mila Plavsic,
Jeff Shenot, and Marie Strassburger (Region 9); the initiative coordinators, Brad Andres (U.S.
Shorebird Conservation Plan; USSCP), Jennifer Wheeler (North American Waterbird
Conservation Plan; NAWCP) and Terry Rich (Partners in Flight; PIF); and the Regional
Coordinators: Tara Zimmerman, Mike Green, Nanette Seto, Sue Thomas, and Maura Naughton
(Region 1), Bill Howe and Dave Krueper (Region 2), Steve Lewis, Tom Will, and Bob Russell
(Region 3), Dean Demarest, Chuck Hunter, Jaime Collazo, and Stefani Melvin (Region 4),
Randy Dettmers (Region 5), Stephanie Jones, Suzanne Fellows, and Kevin Kritz (Region 6),
Kent Wohl, Steve Matsuoka, and Richard Lanctot (Region 7). All were involved in developing
selection criteria, compiling and finalizing BCR and USFWS Region lists, and reviewing and
commenting on several drafts of this report.
The basis of this list is the work that many people have done to reach true avian priorities, and
we have based this document on their work. We are particularly grateful for all of the work the
initiatives (USSCP, NAWCP, and PIF) have done completing prioritization scores and methods.
We thank Arvind Panjabi (Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory) for making available the PIF
database and for responding to our many questions.
This edition of the BCC 2008 is dedicated to John L. Trapp, who retired from USFWS in 2007
after 33 years of outstanding contributions to bird conservation. John had an extensive
ornithological knowledge and passion for birds, and he oversaw almost all of the previous
editions of the Birds of Conservation Concern.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this document is to identify migratory and non-migratory birds of the United
States and its territories that are of conservation concern so as to stimulate coordinated and
proactive conservation actions among Federal, State, Tribal, and private partners. The
conservation concerns may be the result of population declines, naturally or human-caused small
ranges or population sizes, threats to habitat, or other factors. The primary statutory authority
for Birds of Conservation Concern 2008 (BCC 2008) is the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act
of 1980 (FWCA), as amended; other authorities include the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of
1973, the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, and 16 U.S.C. § 701. The 1988 amendment (Public
Law 100-653, Title VIII) to the FWCA requires the Secretary of the Interior, through the United
States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), to “identify species, subspecies, and populations of
all migratory nongame birds that, without additional conservation actions, are likely to become
candidates for listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.” BCC 2008 is the most recent
effort by the USFWS to carry out this proactive conservation mandate and update Birds of
Conservation Concern 2002 (USFWS 2002). The overall goal of this report is to accurately
identify those species (beyond those already federally listed as threatened or endangered) in
greatest need of conservation action at three different geographic scales.
A primary goal of the USFWS is to conserve avian diversity in North America (USFWS 1990,
2004). This goal includes reducing or removing threats that may necessitate that a species be
considered for listing under the ESA. The Birds of Conservation Concern are largely a subset of
a larger list known as the Birds of Management Concern (BMC). The BMC is a subset of all
species protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA, see 50 CFR 10.13), and includes
those which pose special management challenges due to a variety of factors (e.g., too few, too
many, conflicts with human interests, or societal demands) (USFWS 2004). The BMC includes
both game birds below their desired condition and nongame birds. As indicated in its strategic
plan (USFWS 2004), the Migratory Bird Program places priority emphasis on these birds in its
activities.
The philosophy underlying this report is that proactive bird conservation is necessary at a time
when human impacts are at an all-time high. We strongly believe that a well-designed program
that addresses resource-management issues up front will prevent or remove the need to consider
listing species as threatened or endangered, and will promote and conserve long-term avian
diversity in the United States. In addition, proactive conservation clearly is more cost-effective
than the extensive recovery efforts required once a species is federally listed under the ESA.
Our intent is for BCC 2008 to stimulate coordinated efforts to develop and implement
comprehensive and integrated approaches for the study, management, and protection of “non-
ESA listed” bird species deemed to be in the most need of additional conservation actions. It
should also be noted that, while the inclusion of native species not listed under the MBTA is
beyond the scope of the FWCA, the USFWS has an incentive to encourage proactive
management of these species by State agencies and other partners to prevent the need for listing
them as endangered or threatened.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2
Bird species assemblages, guilds, or communities have recently been promoted as indicators of
ecological integrity in a variety of habitats (Bradford et al. 1998, O’Connell et al. 2000,
Canterbury et al. 2000, Venier and Pearce 2007), and at-risk bird species are good measures of
ecosystem threats (Beissinger et al. 1996). Setting priorities in conservation is crucial because
resources are limited. Many systems for setting wildlife-conservation priorities have been
proposed. Some have focused heavily on identifying and quantifying threats to endangered or
rare species (Master 1991, Wilcove et al. 1998). Others have focused on highlighting species
that deserve attention due to threats to their populations, widespread or long-term declines, or
low potential for population recovery (Millsap et al. 1990). The Canadian Wildlife Service
developed a priority ranking system that focuses on conservation concerns and agency
responsibilities to assist in setting conservation priorities for landbird species (Dunn 1997, Dunn
et al. 1999). The mandate of the 1988 FWCA amendment requires a more proactive approach.
BCC 2008 uses current conservation assessment scores from three bird conservation plans:
Partners in Flight North American Landbird Conservation Plan (PIF; Rich et al. 2004), the
United States Shorebird Conservation Plan (USSCP; Brown et al. 2001, USSCP 2004), and the
North American Waterbird Conservation Plan (NAWCP, Kushlan et al. 2002). Waterfowl game
species covered by the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (Canadian Wildlife
Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Secretario de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales,
2004) are specifically excluded from the BCC list in accordance with the FWCA of 1980.
Species in need of additional conservation attention are identified at three distinct geographic
scales: North American Bird Conservation Initiative (NABCI) Bird Conservation Regions
(BCRs; U.S. NABCI Committee 2000a, 2000b, 2000c), USFWS Regions, and National.
Assessment scores are based on several parameters including population trend, threats,
distribution, abundance, and the importance of an area to a species. Partners in Flight, a
coalition of Federal and State government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private
interests, developed species assessment scores out of concern for the sharp declines in many
North American landbirds (Rich et al. 2004). The PIF approach (Carter et al. 2000, Rich et al.
2004) has been peer-reviewed by an independent body of avian biologists (Beissinger et al.
2000). Similar coalitions have prepared and reviewed conservation assessment scores for
shorebirds at the National scale (Brown et al. 2000, USSCP 2004), and in step-down regional
shorebird conservation plans (see http://www.fws.gov/shorebirdplan) and for waterbirds at the
continental scale (Kushlan et al. 2002) and in step-down regional waterbird conservation plans
(see http://www.waterbirdconservation.org). Additionally, we found it necessary to develop
conservation assessment scores for species not yet evaluated by any of the bird conservation
plans, such as Pacific Island birds. Taken together, these assessment scores can be used to
develop a comprehensive set of integrated bird conservation priorities; this represents a unique
conservation effort unmatched in any other major group of organisms in North America.
BACKGROUND
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 3
Why Did We Create Lists at Different Geographic Scales?
Listing birds of conservation concern at three geographic scales maximizes the utility of the lists
for a variety of partner agencies and organizations. The different geographic scales, from
smallest to largest, are as follows:
Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs). We have adopted BCRs as the smallest of our geographic
scales. BCRs have been endorsed by the North American Bird Conservation Initiative (NABCI,
U.S. NABCI Committee 2000a, 2000b, 2000c) as the basic units within which all-bird
conservation efforts will be planned and evaluated (Fig. 1). The NABCI is an endeavor to
increase the effectiveness of bird conservation at the continental level and currently includes the
United States, Canada, and Mexico. Its goal is to deliver “the full spectrum of bird conservation
through regionally based, biologically driven, landscape-oriented partnerships” (U.S. NABCI
Committee 2000a). A published map of BCRs and accompanying written descriptions of each
are available (U.S. NABCI Committee 2000b, 2000c). The BCR lists will be most useful to
Federal land-managing agencies and their partners in their efforts to abide by the bird
conservation principles embodied in the MBTA and Executive Order 13186, “Responsibilities of
Federal agencies to protect migratory birds” (Clinton 2001). The NABCI has recognized 35
BCRs that cover the contiguous 48 States, Alaska, and Hawaii, numbered 1 to 5, 9 to 37, and 67
(Hawaii) (U.S. NABCI Committee 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, http://www.nabci-us.org/bcrs.html).
For purposes of this report, we created two additional BCRs to encompass island “territories” of
the United States,1 “Other U.S. Pacific Islands” (i.e., excluding Hawaii) and “U.S. Caribbean
Islands.” In the BCC 2002 report, these two BCRs were referred to as BCR 68 for the Pacific
Ocean and BCR 69 for the Caribbean, but those designations were changed for BCC 2008
because NAWCP uses those numbers to refer to marine areas (“pelagic” BCRs). Although BCC
1 Island "territories" and other affiliations of the United States considered in this
document include (a) American Samoa—an unincorporated and unorganized territory; (b) Baker
Island—an unincorporated territory administered by the USFWS as a National Wildlife Refuge
(NWR); (c) Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands—aligned through a covenant of
"political union"; (d) Guam—an unincorporated organized territory; (e) Howland Island—an
unincorporated territory administered by the USFWS as a NWR; (f) Jarvis Island—an
unincorporated territory administered by the USFWS as a NWR; (g) Johnston Atoll—an
unincorporated and unorganized territory under joint operational control of the Department of
Defense and USFWS (and administered as a NWR); (h) Kingman Reef—an unincorporated
territory administered by the USFWS as a NWR; (i) Midway Atoll—an unincorporated territory
administered by the USFWS as a NWR; (j) Navassa Island—administered by the USFWS as a
NWR; (k) Palmyra Atoll—an incorporated territory that is partially privately owned and partially
administered by USFWS as an NWR; (l) Commonwealth of Puerto Rico—a commonwealth; (m)
U.S. Virgin Islands—an unincorporated organized territory; and (n) Wake Island—an
unincorporated territory administered by the Department of the Interior (Central Intelligence
Agency 2001).
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 4
2008 does not adopt the pelagic BCR system, it recognizes that some BCC species occur in the
U.S. primarily or only at sea. These species are listed under the adjacent terrestrial BCR. Thus,
there are 37 BCR lists of priority species.
USFWS Regions. BCC lists are presented in this document for 8 USFWS Regions.2 The
USFWS Region lists will be useful to USFWS administrators and biologists, other Federal and
State agencies within a Region, and their partners and cooperators.
National. The National list encompasses the United States in its entirety, including island
"territories" in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The National list should be viewed as a barometer
of the status of U.S. bird populations, providing an "early warning" of birds that may decline to
levels requiring ESA protection unless additional conservation measures are taken. The National
list will be most useful as an outreach tool for educating the public about the precarious status of
bird species in the U.S. It will also be useful for National bird conservation planning. The
National list should not be used to foster bird conservation at smaller geographic scales; that is
the purpose of the BCR and USFWS Region lists.
Although there are other lists of this nature, such as the National Audubon Society/American
Bird Conservancy 2007 WatchList (Butcher et al. 2007), BCC 2008 is the only list that meets
USFWS mandates for the conservation of migratory nongame birds. Conservation organizations
create lists of concern that reflect their unique missions, and it is important to keep this in mind
when comparing lists. With regard to birds, the USFWS focuses on its trust responsibilities as
defined by the Code of Federal Regulations, which excludes, for example, gallinaceous birds
(resident game birds) unless they are listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered
Species Act (ESA). Similarly, the Birds of Conservation Concern, as mandated by
Congressional legislation, excludes birds regulated as hunted species and birds listed under the
ESA. Nongovernmental organizations like American Bird Conservancy (ABC) or National
Audubon are not limited by these legal distinctions, and as a result they can provide lists that are
more inclusive. The USFWS Birds of Conservation Concern, the ABC/Audubon Watch List, and
a number of other lists share a common base: they are all reliant on the conservation assessments
of the major bird partner initiatives and the surveys upon which those initiative assessments are
grounded. National Audubon, American Bird Conservancy, and the USFWS are all partners,
among others, in participating in the assessments of those initiatives.
2 The Pacific Region (Region 1) includes Idaho, Oregon, Washington, Hawaii, and the Pacific Islands.
The Southwest Region (Region 2) includes Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. The Great Lakes-Big
Rivers Region (Region 3) includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
The Southeast Region (Region 4) includes Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Puerto Rico/Virgin Islands, South Carolina, and Tennessee. The Northeast Region (Region 5)
includes Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia. The Mountain-Prairie Region (Region 6)
includes Colorado, Kansas, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.
The Alaska Region (Region 7) consists of the state of Alaska. The California and Nevada Region (Region 8)
consists of the states of California and Nevada.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 5
What Bird Species Did We Consider?
The various species groups considered for inclusion in BCC 2008 are described in Table 1 and
include nongame birds; gamebirds without hunting seasons; subsistence-hunted nongame birds
in Alaska; and Endangered Species Act candidate, proposed endangered or threatened, and
recently delisted species. The major groups of species not considered in this assessment are (1)
migratory gamebirds for which hunting regulations are established (i.e., cooperatively managed
by Federal-State flyway councils); (2) species that are peripheral to the U.S. (i.e., population
fragments within U.S. jurisdiction are too small to be managed capably); (3) species, subspecies,
and populations of federally-endangered or -threatened birds (i.e., those subject to the provisions
of the ESA); (4) resident gamebirds (i.e., managed by State wildlife agencies), unless listed as a
federal ESA candidate; and (5) non-native species.
Because the assessments of the three bird conservation initiatives that we use here are all
species-based, assessment scores were available only for full species. However, where
appropriate, subspecies and populations are included in this assessment based on geographic
range, federal candidate status, or available local data. Such subspecies and populations are
noted on lists at all three geographic scales.
In the spirit of all-bird conservation, we include native species not specifically covered by the
MBTA when they are deemed to be conservation priorities, as long as they are not part of one
the groups excluded from consideration (see above). To avoid confusion, we clearly
differentiate between those species that are and are not protected by the MBTA. A list of species
protected by the MBTA is found in Title 50, Part 10, of the Code of Federal Regulations.
What Sources of Information Did We Use?
The methods used to assess and prioritize species differ between PIF, the USSCP, and the
NAWCP. These differences relate to geographic scope, factor thresholds, and treatment of
uncertainty. Although the methods for determining the highest-priority species are somewhat
different among the different initiatives, scoring reflects state-of-the-art conservation
assessments for each of the three species groups (landbirds, shorebirds, and waterbirds); we
therefore view the conservation priorities within the three conservation plans as approximately
equivalent.
PIF Assessment Scores. We used assessment scores from the PIF Species Assessment Database
(version 2005, with unpublished 2007 updates) housed at the Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory,
which we believe were the best available data at the time this report was prepared. In this
database a panel of bird species experts has assigned each landbird species in North America
scores ranging from 1 (lowest priority or degree of concern) to 5 (highest priority or degree of
concern) for each of six factors, assessing aspects of future vulnerability at the range-wide scale:
Population Size (PS), Breeding Distribution (BD), Non-breeding Distribution (ND), Threats in
the Breeding Season (TB), Threats in the Non-breeding season (TN), and Population Trend (PT)
(Panjabi et al. 2005). These factors are then used to calculate a Continental Combined Score
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 6
(CCS): PS + max(BD, ND) + max(TB, TN) + PT. The threats scores and the distribution scores
are highly correlated so PIF used this score rather than a simple total. Thus, CCS ranges from 4
for a widespread and increasing species which is expected to face even more favorable
conditions in the future, to 20 for a species of the very highest future conservation concern. The
CCS was used to develop the landbird portion of the National BCC list.
Partners in Flight also assesses species at the BCR level. That assessment includes two
additional criteria, Relative Density (RD) and Percent of Population, which reflect the
importance of a particular BCR to each species. The global scores for TB, TN, and PT are also
adjusted using BCR-specific data. These BCR scores informed the selection of landbirds for the
BCC 2008 BCR lists.
All of these factors are defined and discussed in detail in Panjabi et al. (2005). Both PIF
breeding and wintering (non-breeding) scores, where available, were used in assessing species
for inclusion in the BCC 2008 report. In consultation with experts, the USFWS prepared scores
for landbirds of Hawaii and Pacific island “territories” using the PIF process.
USSCP Assessment Scores. For shorebird species, we started with the updated assessment
scores from the USSCP (USSCP 2004), which were built on original plan assessments (Brown et
al. 2000, Brown et al. 2001). We incorporated new information on shorebird population trends
and sizes published by Morrison et al. (2006) and Bart et al. (2007). Information on population
sizes were ranked according to the PIF criteria. We also included updates in breeding and
nonbreeding threats provided by regional shorebird working groups. The USSCP assessment
process uses most of the same factor scores (with slightly different criteria) as PIF, but priorities
were derived using a categorical (rather than a summation) approach (Brown et al. 2001). A
prioritization protocol for shorebirds (in Brown et al. 2001) describes prioritization categories
and their relationship to factor scores.
NAWCP Assessment Scores. Like USSCP, the NAWCP assessment process also uses most of
the same factor scores (with slightly different criteria) as PIF and derives priorities using a
categorical approach (Kushlan et al. 2002). For all three scales used in the BCC, we referred to
the continental-scale assessment results documented in the NAWCP plan (Kushlan et al. 2002)
and subsequent analyses (i.e., for non-colonial waterbirds, documented at
http://www.waterbirdconservation.org), which we considered to be the best available data for
waterbirds and seabirds. For BCC 2008 BCR lists, we also referred to assessments in regional
waterbird conservation plans or documents that most closely resemble regional waterbird
conservation plans, where available (see www.waterbirdconservation.org.) These regional-scale
status assessments are, in general, based on the continental-scale assessment, though regional
planning groups made adjustments based on BCR-scale needs and values.
What Selection Criteria Did We Use For Birds of Conservation Concern 2008 Lists?
The following are the criteria used to select species for consideration and inclusion on BCR,
USFWS Region, and National lists. At each scale, USFWS expertise and discretion refined the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 7
pool of species under consideration from the three bird conservation initiatives—as well as those
selected for priority lists—to comply with the FWCA amendment of 1988. The same criteria
were used for all subspecies and populations considered separately for inclusion.
There may be additions to the lists over the next several years. Newly designated Federal
candidate species, species proposed for listing, and species removed from the list of endangered
and threatened species will automatically be considered to be on the appropriate BCC list(s),
effective the day of their designation or delisting as published in the Federal Register.
General criteria (rule-sets) for placing species on any BCC list
1. Begin with list from appropriate bird conservation initiative.
2. Follow criteria below for appropriate bird groups (see Panjabi et al. 2005 for explanation of
terms).
3. Add non-breeding species if the species occurs at significant Relative Density scores and/or
has moderate or high threat levels (based on expert opinion or data) in non-breeding season, if
not already included due to breeding population (indicate with “nb”).
4. Consider subspecies and populations where appropriate and where information on their status
is available (e.g., Dickinson 2003).
5. Remove sport-hunted species (including their non-hunted populations) and federally-listed
threatened or endangered populations (retaining non-listed populations with notation).
6. Add any recently ESA de-listed, candidate, or proposed species not already included.
7. In very limited circumstances, add or remove species (and document rationale) when Service
expertise, supplemental information, or local data indicates a much greater or lesser degree of
concern than that reflected by bird conservation initiative scoring.
Criteria for placing species on BCR lists
LANDBIRD criteria for BCR lists (see Panjabi 2005 for explanation of terms):
1. Include species meeting the PIF criteria for Species of Regional Importance – Continental
Concern (U.S. and Canada), EXCEPT
a) if Regional Combined Score <15 and Action Code = “Planning and Responsibility”
b) in BCRs shared with Canada and Mexico, those with Relative Density >1 in the U.S.
portion of the BCR (consult state population data).
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 8
c) for species shared with Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), remove species with
core ranges outside the U.S. and its territories if <1% of population or range-wide
distribution is in the U.S. and threats in LAC are low. However, if conservation action for
a species is warranted in the U.S. due to high threats in LAC, then it could be included in
the appropriate U.S. BCR lists.
2. Include species meeting the PIF criteria for Species of Regional Importance – Regional
Concern IF:
a) Regional Combined Score >15 and Action Code = “Critical Recovery” or “Immediate
Management”
b) Regional Combined Score > 17 and Action Code = “Management Attention”
3. Rank species in Hawaii and Pacific island territories using latest PIF criteria and above
criteria as appropriate.
SHOREBIRD criteria for BCR lists:
1. Include all species, subspecies, and populations meeting criteria for National BCC List if
>1% of taxon occurs anytime during annual cycle in the BCR (i.e., Relative Density >1 in
the BCR). The criteria for National BCC List are:
a) population is undergoing a strong decline (Population Trend = 5), regardless of
population size; OR
b) population is declining or stable (Population Trend = 4 or 3) and populations are small,
distributions are limited and threats are high (Population Size + Breeding Distribution +
Non-breeding Distribution + Threats to Breeding + Threats to Non-breeding ≥ 18).
WATERBIRD criteria for BCR lists:
1. Initially identify species of greatest concern from each BCR using the regional waterbird
conservation plans or similar documentation (e.g., Joint Venture implementation plans).
Depending on BCR-scale approaches, include species regionally assessed as High or
Highest/Highly Imperiled, as Tier I (if the PIF approach was used), or priority species for
BCR-scale partnership.
2. Remove species from BCR lists if U.S. populations are considered unmanageable (e.g.,
Relative Density <1).
3. Identify and retain only those species of greatest conservation concern, as some regional-plan
species lists were designed to maximize support for a wide range of conservation activities
by partners or identify species around which partnerships could operate.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 9
Criteria for placing species on USFWS Regional lists
1. Include species from the BCC BCR lists if the species has the equivalent of a RD >1 or a
manageable population in 50% or more of the BCRs in which it occurs within a USFWS
region.
Criteria for placing species on BCC National list
LANDBIRD criteria for National list:
1. Include all PIF “Continental Watchlist” (which includes the U.S. and Canada) species and
U.S. island territories’ species that meet PIF Continental Watchlist criteria EXCEPT,
a) species without manageable populations in the U.S. or its territories; however, if
conservation action is warranted in the U.S. due to high threats elsewhere, then such
species could be included;
b) species that are not listed on any BCC BCR list.
SHOREBIRD criteria for National list:
1. Include species (or subspecies/population designations where supported by USSCP
Conservation Assessment [2000] or more recent work) that meet any ONE of the following
criteria:
a) population is undergoing a strong decline (Population Trend = 5), regardless of
population size; OR
b) population is declining or unknown (Population Trend = 4 or 3) and populations are
small, distributions are limited and threats are high (Population Size + Breeding
Distribution + Non-breeding Distribution + Threats to Breeding + Threats to Non-breeding
≥ 18).
Scores have been revised and reflect the best science to date and are under review (Andres
unpubl.).
WATERBIRD criteria for National list:
1. Include species ranked “Highly Imperiled” in the NAWCP continental-scale assessment
unless not occurring on any BCR list.
2. Consider all species ranked “High” in the NAWCP continental-scale assessment (unless not
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 10
occurring on any BCR list) and include those with global population size (PS) factor score of
5, 4, 3 or 2. Populations at PS = 2 are included if they are at the lower end of the range in
this category (i.e., 69,200) and experiencing steep declines.
THE BIRDS OF CONSERVATION CONCERN 2008 LISTS
To maximize the usefulness of this report to multiple partners, the BCC 2008 lists are presented
in 46 separate tables, comprising 37 BCR lists (Tables 2 to 38), 8 USFWS Region lists (Tables
39 to 47) and 1 National list (Table 48). Summaries of the status of each species at each of the
three distinct geographic scales are provided in Appendix B, and a list of scientific names of all
species mentioned is found in Appendix C. The BCR lists range from 10 to 53 species, USFWS
Region lists range from 27 to 78 species, and the National list consists of 147 species. The
number of priority species represents roughly 10 to 15 percent of all bird species of any given
geographic unit.
BCR Lists
The number of species on individual BCR lists (Tables 2 to 38) ranges from 10 to 53, averaging
about 27. Lists are generally larger for BCRs in the southern United States, reflecting greater
species diversity at lower latitudes and the importance of these regions for wintering migrants.
Island birds are at increased risk of becoming endangered. Thus, the “Other U.S. Pacific
Islands” BCR and “U.S. Caribbean Islands” BCR have relatively high proportions of their native
species represented as birds of conservation concern. Roughly ten percent of the bird species
native to Hawaii (BCR 67) are identified as birds of conservation concern, but that region also
has a disproportionately large number of bird species listed as either endangered or threatened
under the ESA; combining birds of conservation concern with endangered or threatened species,
about 25 percent of the native Hawaiian avifauna is at risk.
USFWS Region Lists
The number of species on individual USFWS Region lists (Tables 39 to 47) ranges from 27 to
78, averaging about 50. Following the trend seen in BCRs, USFWS Region lists of priority
species are larger in the southern United States, although this is partially attributed by the
disparities in area covered by each of the Regions. The birds on the USFWS Region lists
generally represent about 10 percent of the species native to the respective Regions.
National List
The National list (Table 48) is comprised of 147 species, and includes disproportionately larger
numbers of species from the orders Procellariformes (albatrosses, petrels, shearwaters, and
storm-petrels), Charadriiformes (shorebirds, gulls, terns, and auks), and Piciformes
(woodpeckers). Within the Charadriiformes, the families Charadriidae (plovers),
Haematopodidae (oystercatchers), Scolopacidae (sandpipers), and Alcidae (murres, murrelets,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 11
and auklets) are represented on the list by greater numbers of species than expected. Among the
Passeriformes—a large and diverse order of perching birds—the families Parulidae (wood-warblers)
and Emberizidae (sparrows) and the subfamily Drepanidinae (Hawaiian
honeycreepers) dominate the list in terms of both actual and relative numbers.
DISCUSSION
BCC 2008 is the latest update in a continuing effort to assess and prioritize bird species for
conservation purposes (USFWS 1982, 1987, 1995, 2002; and U.S. Department of the Interior
1990). It is difficult to make meaningful comparisons among the lists because of differences in
the way each succeeding report was prepared. In chronological order, these previous lists
contained 28, 30, 77, 124, and 131 species of conservation concern at a National scale in 1982,
1987, 1990, 1995, and 2002 respectively; by comparison, BCC 2008 includes 147 species at the
National scale.
Do these figures reflect an actual decline in the conservation status of the Nation's birdlife, or do
they merely reflect improvements in our ability to accurately identify and characterize species in
real need of conservation attention? The truth probably lies somewhere in between. The
preparation of prioritized species lists should be viewed as an evolving process, improving as our
knowledge base increases, with each list reflecting the best available information at the time of
its publication. The three bird conservation initiatives update their own assessments and scoring
as new data or analyses become available. The data from these initiatives—which form the basis
of BCC 2008—incorporate a great deal of input from many bird experts and have wide
acceptance among members of avian conservation and scientific communities. We are confident
that the methods used in BCC 2008 are the best available for identifying avian conservation
priorities as directed by the FWCA amendment of 1988.
Of the 131 species on the BCC 2002 National list, 103 were retained on the current 2008 list and
28 were deleted due to a lack of convincing evidence that continued elevated concern is
warranted. Forty-four species were added to the National list, resulting in a net gain of sixteen
species for a current total of 147 species.
Of the 211 species on the Audubon WatchList (Butcher et al. 2007) that are not also a)
endangered or threatened or b) hunted, 106 are on the BCC 2008 National list and an additional 8
are on USFWS Region or BCR lists.
The selection criteria that we used identified 10 to 15 percent of all species at each geographic
scale to be in need of additional conservation attention. Nongame migratory birds protected by
the MBTA, the primary focus of this effort, make up an overwhelming proportion of the species
on the BCC 2008 lists. However, the proportional representation of non-MBTA species
increases progressively at larger scales, reflecting the vulnerability of the island-endemic species
that form the bulk of this group. The proportional representation of ESA candidate species also
increases progressively at larger scales. ESA-delisted and ESA-proposed species make up a
progressively smaller proportion of the species at larger scales.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 12
BCC 2008 can be used as a barometer of the condition of our country’s avifauna. Although there
are general patterns that can be inferred from this report, there is no single reason why any
species was placed on any one of these lists; some are relatively common but are undergoing
sharp declines in population numbers, others are rare but may actually be increasing in numbers
in certain locations, and others may be both rare and declining. However, habitat loss due to
alteration or destruction continues to be the major reason for the declines of many species
(Askins et al. 1990, USFWS 1995, Samson et al. 1998, Askins 2000). Birds included in the BCC
2008 lists are deemed priorities for conservation actions, and the lists will be consulted for
actions taken on Federal lands in accordance with Executive Order 13186, “Responsibilities of
Federal agencies to protect migratory birds” (Clinton 2001). BCC species will also receive
priority attention in the USFWS when allocating research, monitoring, and management funding.
Our hope is that BCC 2008 will stimulate coordinated, collaborative proactive conservation
actions among Federal, State, and private partners.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 13
LITERATURE CITED
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University Press. 288 pp.
Askins, R. A., J. F. Lynch, and R. Greenberg. 1990. Population declines of migratory birds of
eastern North America. Current Ornithology 7:1057-1077.
Bart, J., S. Brown, B. Harrington, and R. I. G. Morrison. 2007. Survey trends of North
American shorebirds: population declines or shifting distributions? Journal of Avian Biology
38: 73–82.
Beissinger, S. R., J. M. Reed, J. M. Wunderle, Jr., S. K. Robinson, and D. M. Finch. 2000.
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assessing ecosystem conservation priorities: threatened birds as titers of threatened ecosystems.
Conservation Biology 10:1343-1352.
Bradford, D. F., S. E. Franson, G. R. T. Miller, A. C. Neagle, G. E. Canterbury, and D. T.
Heggem. 1998. Bird species assemblages as indicators of biotic integrity in Great Basin
rangeland. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 49:1-22.
Brown, S., C. Hickey, B. Gill, L. Gorman, C. Gratto-Trevor, S. Haig, B. Harrington, C. Hunter,
G. Morrison, G. Page, P. Sanzenbacher, S. Skagen, N. Warnock. 2000. National shorebird
conservation assessment: shorebird conservation status, conservation units, population estimates,
population targets, and species prioritization. Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences,
Manomet, Massachusetts. 54pp.
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Brown, S., C. Hickey, B. Harrington, B., and R. Gill (eds.). 2001. The United States shorebird
conservation plan. 2nd edition. Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences, Manomet,
Massachusetts. 61 pp.
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Butcher, G.S., D.K. Niven, A.O. Panjabi, D.N. Pashley, and K.V. Rosenberg. WatchList: the
2007 WatchList for United States birds. American Birds 61:18-25.
Canterbury, G. E., T. E. Martin, D. R. Petit, L. J. Petit, and D. F. Bradford. 2000. Bird
communities and habitat as ecological indicators of forest condition in regional monitoring.
Conservation Biology 14:544-558.
Carter, M. F., W. C. Hunter, D. N. Pashley, and K. V. Rosenberg. 2000. Setting conservation
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priorities for landbirds in the United States: the Partners in Flight approach. Auk 117:541-548.
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Central Intelligence Agency. 2001. The world factbook 2001.
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Clinton, William J. 2001. Presidential Documents: Executive Order 13186 of January 10, 2001.
Responsibilities of Federal agencies to protect migratory birds. Federal Register 66, No
11:3853-3856.
Dickinson, E.C. 2003. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world: third
edition. Princeton University Press. 1056 pp.
Dunn, E. H. 1997. Setting priorities for conservation, research and monitoring of Canada’s
landbirds. Canadian Wildlife Service Technical Report 293.
Dunn, E. H., D. J. T. Hussell, and D. A. Welsh. 1999. Priority-setting tool applied to Canada’s
landbirds based on concern and responsibility for species. Conservation Biology 13:1404-1415.
Kushlan, J.A., M. J. Steinkamp, K. C. Parsons, J. Capp, M. A. Cruz, M. Coulter, I. Davidson, L.
Dickson, N. Edelson, R. Elliot, and others. 2002. Waterbird Conservation for the Americas: the
North American waterbird conservation plan, version 1. Waterbird Conservation for the
Americas. Washington, DC.
Master, L. L. 1991. Assessing threats and setting priorities for conservation. Conservation
Biology 5:559-563.
Millsap, B. A., J. A. Gore, D. E. Runde, and S. I. Cerulean. 1990. Setting priorities for the
conservation of fish and wildlife species in Florida. Wildlife Monographs 111:1-57.
Morrison, R. I. G., B. J. McCaffery, R. E. Gill, S. K. Skagen, S. L. Jones, G. W. Page, C. L.
Gratto-Trevor, and B. A. Andres. 2006. Population estimates of North American shorebirds,
2006. Wader Study Group Bulletin 111: 66–84.
O’Connell, T. J., L. E. Jackson, and R. P. Brooks. 2000. Bird guilds as indicators of ecological
condition in the central Appalachians. Ecological Applications 10:1706-1721.
Panjabi, A. O., E. H. Dunn, P. J. Blancher, W. C. Hunter, B. Altman, J. Bart, C. J. Beardmore, H.
Berlanga, G. S. Butcher, S. K. Davis, and others. 2005. The Partners in Flight handbook on
species assessment. Version 2005. Partners in Flight Technical Series No. 3.
.
Rich, T. D., C. J. Beardmore, H. Berlanga, P. J. Blancher, M. S. W. Bradstreet, G. S. Butcher, D.
W. Demarest, E. H. Dunn, W. C. Hunter, E. E. Iñigo-Elias, and others. 2004. Partners in Flight
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 15
North American Landbird Conservation Plan. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Ithaca, NY. Partners
in Flight website. < http://www.partnersinflight.org/cont_plan/>.
Samson, F. B., F. L. Knopf, and W. R. Ostlie. 1998. Grasslands. Pp. 437-472 in Status and
trends of the nation's biological resources. Volume 2 (M. J. Mac et al., eds.). U.S. Department
of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
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U.S. Department of the Interior. 1990. Report of the Secretary of the Interior to the Congress of
the United States on the federal conservation of migratory nongame birds pursuant to Section 13
of Public Law 96-366, the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1980, as revised. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 61 pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. Nongame migratory bird species with unstable or
decreasing population trends in the United States. Office of Migratory Bird Management,
Washington, D.C. 24 pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Migratory nongame birds of management concern in the
United States: the 1987 list. Office of Migratory Bird Management, Washington, DC. 25 pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Conservation of avian diversity in North America. Office
of Migratory Bird Management, Arlington, Virginia. 22 pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995. Migratory nongame birds of management concern in the
United States: the 1995 List. Office of Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Arlington, Virginia. 22 pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2002. Birds of conservation concern 2002. Division of
Migratory Bird Management, Arlington, Virginia. 99 pp.
.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004. A blueprint for the future of migratory birds: Migratory
Bird Program strategic plan 2004-2014. Division of Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Arlington, Virginia. 21 pp.
.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 16
U.S. NABCI Committee. 2000a. North American Bird Conservation Initiative: bringing it all
together. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington, Virginia.
.
U.S. NABCI Committee. 2000b. North American Bird Conservation Initiative Bird
Conservation Regions map. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington, Virginia.

U.S. NABCI Committee. 2000c. Bird Conservation Region descriptions: a supplement to the
North American Bird Conservation Initiative Bird Conservation Regions map. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Arlington, Virginia. 38 pp. .
U.S. Shorebird Conservation Plan. 2004. High priority shorebirds ─ 2004. Unpublished Report,
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington, Virginia. 5 pp.
.
Venier, L. A., and J.L. Pearce. 2007. Boreal forest landbirds in relation to forest composition,
structure, and landscape: implications for forest management. Canadian Journal of Forest
Research-Revue Canadienne de Recherche Forestiere 37: 1214-1226.
Wilcove, D. S., D. Rothstein, J. Dubow, A. Phillips, and E. Losos. 1998. Quantifying threats to
imperiled species in the United States. BioScience 48:607-615.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 17
APPENDIX A
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 18
Figure 1 Map of the Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs) of the United States 3
3 The figure does not show BCR 67 (Hawaii) or two other Bird Conservation Regions from the report that included
islands in the Pacific and Caribbean which are either U.S. Territories or other affiliates.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 19
Table 1 Eligibility of Various Species Groups for BCC 2008 Consideration.
Applicable Federal Authority
Eligible
Not Eligible
"Nongame" and "other" species
(as variously defined by
bilateral migratory bird
conventions with Canada,
Mexico, Japan, and Russia)
Species peripheral to the U.S.
(e.g., population fragments too
small to be managed capably)
"Gamebirds" (as defined by 50
CFR 20.11) for which hunting
seasons have not recently been
established (e.g., most
shorebirds)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act
All subsistence-hunted species
in Alaska (except "gamebirds"
with established sport hunting
seasons)
"Gamebirds" (as defined by 50
CFR 20.11) for which sport
hunting seasons are established
Candidates, including "resident
gamebirds" (see below), or
proposed Endangered or
Threatened
Non-listed subspecies and
populations of otherwise
Endangered or Threatened
species (e.g., occidentalis ssp.
of Spotted Owl)
Recently delisted MBTA
species (e.g., Peregrine Falcon)
Endangered Species Act
Other MBTA species delisted in
the future
Species, subspecies, and
populations designated as
Endangered or Threatened (as
listed at 50 CFR 17.11)
Endemic Hawaiian
honeycreepers of the subfamily
Drepanididae (e.g., Hawai`i
`Amakihi)
"Resident gamebirds" (generally
hunted and managed by State
wildlife agencies), unless listed
as ESA Candidate (see above)
None
Other island endemics (e.g., Fiji
Shrikebill)
Non-native species
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 20
Table 2 BCR 1 (Aleutian/Bering Sea Islands) BCC 2008 list4
Laysan Albatross (nb)
Black-footed Albatross (nb)
Red-faced Cormorant
Pelagic Cormorant
Black Oystercatcher
Rock Sandpiper (ptilocnemis ssp.)
Red-legged Kittiwake
Aleutian Tern
Arctic Tern
Marbled Murrelet (c)
Kittlitz's Murrelet (a)
Whiskered Auklet
McKay's Bunting
4 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered species,
(d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 21
Table 3 BCR 2 (Western Alaska) BCC 2008 list5
Red-throated Loon
Yellow-billed Loon
Red-faced Cormorant
Pelagic Cormorant
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Black Oystercatcher
Solitary Sandpiper
Lesser Yellowlegs
Whimbrel
Bristle-thighed Curlew
Hudsonian Godwit
Bar-tailed Godwit
Marbled Godwit
Red Knot (roselaari ssp.)
Rock Sandpiper (ptilocnemis ssp.) (nb)
Dunlin (arcticola ssp.) (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher
Aleutian Tern
Arctic Tern
Marbled Murrelet (c)
Kittlitz's Murrelet (a)
McKay's Bunting (nb)
5 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered species,
(d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 22
Table 4 BCR 3 (Arctic Plains and Mountains U.S. portion only) BCC 2008 list.6
Red-throated Loon
Yellow-billed Loon
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Whimbrel
Bar-tailed Godwit
Red Knot (roselaari ssp.)
Dunlin (arcticola ssp.)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Arctic Tern
Smith's Longspur
6 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered species,
(d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 23
Table 5 BCR 4 (Northwestern Interior Forest U.S. portion only) BCC 2008 list.7
Horned Grebe
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Solitary Sandpiper
Lesser Yellowlegs
Upland Sandpiper
Whimbrel
Bristle-thighed Curlew
Hudsonian Godwit
Red Knot (roselaari ssp.)
Rock Sandpiper (ptilocnemis ssp.) (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Smith's Longspur
Rusty Blackbird
7 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered species,
(d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 24
Table 6 BCR 5 (Northern Pacific Forest U.S. portions only) BCC 2008 list.8
Yellow-billed Loon (nb)
Western Grebe (nb)
Laysan Albatross (nb)
Black-footed Albatross (nb)
Pink-footed Shearwater (nb)
Red-faced Cormorant
Pelagic Cormorant (pelagicus ssp.)
Bald Eagle (b)
Northern Goshawk (laingi ssp.)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Black Oystercatcher
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Lesser Yellowlegs (nb)
Whimbrel (nb)
Long-billed Curlew (nb)
Hudsonian Godwit (nb)
Marbled Godwit (nb)
Red Knot (roselaari ssp.) (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher (nb)
Aleutian Tern
Caspian Tern
Arctic Tern
Marbled Murrelet (c)
Kittlitz's Murrelet (a)
Black Swift
Rufous Hummingbird
Allen's Hummingbird
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Willow Flycatcher (c)
Horned Lark (strigata ssp.) (a)
Oregon Vesper Sparrow (affinis ssp.)
Purple Finch
8 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered species,
(d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 25
Table 7 BCR 9 (Great Basin) BCC 2008 list.9
Greater Sage-Grouse (Columbia Basin DPS) (a)
Eared Grebe (nb)
Bald Eagle (b)
Ferruginous Hawk
Golden Eagle
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Yellow Rail
Snowy Plover (c)
Long-billed Curlew
Marbled Godwit (nb)
Yellow-billed Cuckoo (w. U.S. DPS) (a)
Flammulated Owl
Black Swift
Calliope Hummingbird
Lewis's Woodpecker
Williamson's Sapsucker
White-headed Woodpecker
Willow Flycatcher (c)
Loggerhead Shrike
Pinyon Jay
Sage Thrasher
Virginia's Warbler
Green-tailed Towhee
Brewer's Sparrow
Black-chinned Sparrow
Sage Sparrow
Tricolored Blackbird
Black Rosy-Finch
9 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered species,
(d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 26
Table 8 BCR 10 (Northern Rockies U.S. portion only) BCC 2008 list.10
Bald Eagle (b)
Swainson's Hawk
Ferruginous Hawk
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Upland Sandpiper
Long-billed Curlew
Yellow-billed Cuckoo (w. U.S. DPS) (a)
Flammulated Owl
Black Swift
Calliope Hummingbird
Lewis's Woodpecker
Williamson's Sapsucker
White-headed Woodpecker
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Willow Flycatcher (c)
Loggerhead Shrike
Sage Thrasher
Brewer's Sparrow
Sage Sparrow
McCown's Longspur
Black Rosy-Finch
Cassin's Finch
10 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 27
Table 9 BCR 11 (Prairie Potholes U.S. portion only) BCC 2008 list.11
Horned Grebe
American Bittern
Least Bittern
Bald Eagle (b)
Swainson's Hawk
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Yellow Rail
Mountain Plover
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Upland Sandpiper
Long-billed Curlew
Hudsonian Godwit (nb)
Marbled Godwit
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher (nb)
Black Tern
Black-billed Cuckoo
Short-eared Owl
Red-headed Woodpecker
Sprague's Pipit
Grasshopper Sparrow
Baird's Sparrow
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
McCown's Longspur
Smith's Longspur (nb)
Chestnut-collared Longspur
Dickcissel
11 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 28
Table 10 BCR 12 (Boreal Hardwood Transition U.S. portion only) BCC 2008 list.12
Pied-billed Grebe
Horned Grebe (nb)
American Bittern
Bald Eagle (b)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Yellow Rail
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Upland Sandpiper
Whimbrel (nb)
Hudsonian Godwit (nb)
Marbled Godwit (nb)
Red Knot (rufa ssp.) (a) (nb)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher (nb)
Black Tern
Common Tern
Red-headed Woodpecker
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Wood Thrush
Golden-winged Warbler
Canada Warbler
Henslow's Sparrow
Rusty Blackbird
12 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 29
Table 11 BCR 13 (Lower Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Plain U.S. portion only) BCC 2008 list.13
Pied-billed Grebe
Horned Grebe (nb)
American Bittern
Least Bittern
Black-crowned Night-Heron
Bald Eagle (b)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Lesser Yellowlegs (nb)
Upland Sandpiper
Whimbrel (nb)
Hudsonian Godwit (nb)
Marbled Godwit (nb)
Red Knot (rufa ssp.) (a) (nb)
Semipalmated Sandpiper (Eastern) (nb)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (nb)
Black Tern
Common Tern
Black-billed Cuckoo
Short-eared Owl (nb)
Red-headed Woodpecker
Wood Thrush
Blue-winged Warbler
Golden-winged Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Canada Warbler
Henslow's Sparrow
13 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 30
Table 12 BCR 14 (Atlantic Northern Forests U.S. portion only) BCC 2008 list.14
Red-throated Loon (nb)
Pied-billed Grebe
Horned Grebe (nb)
Greater Shearwater (nb)
Great Cormorant (nb)
American Bittern
Least Bittern
Snowy Egret
Bald Eagle (b)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Yellow Rail
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Lesser Yellowlegs (nb)
Upland Sandpiper
Whimbrel (nb)
Hudsonian Godwit (nb)
Red Knot (rufa ssp.) (a) (nb)
Semipalmated Sandpiper (Eastern) (nb)
Purple Sandpiper (nb)
Arctic Tern
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Bicknell's Thrush
Wood Thrush
Blue-winged Warbler
Bay-breasted Warbler
Canada Warbler
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Rusty Blackbird
14 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 31
Table 13 BCR 15 (Sierra Nevada) BCC 2008 list.15
Bald Eagle (b)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Flammulated Owl
Spotted Owl (occidentalis ssp.) (c)
Black Swift
Calliope Hummingbird
Lewis's Woodpecker
Williamson's Sapsucker
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Willow Flycatcher (c)
Cassin's Finch
15 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 32
Table 14 BCR 16 (Southern Rockies/Colorado Plateau) BCC 2008 list.16
Gunnison Sage Grouse
American Bittern
Bald Eagle (b)
Ferruginous Hawk
Golden Eagle
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Prairie Falcon
Snowy Plover (c)
Mountain Plover
Long-billed Curlew
Yellow-billed Cuckoo (w. U.S. DPS) (a)
Flammulated Owl
Burrowing Owl
Lewis's Woodpecker
Willow Flycatcher (c)
Gray Vireo
Pinyon Jay
Juniper Titmouse
Veery
Bendire's Thrasher
Grace's Warbler
Brewer's Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Chestnut-collared Longspur
Black Rosy-Finch
Brown-capped Rosy-Finch
Cassin's Finch
16 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 33
Table 15 BCR 17 (Badlands and Prairies) BCC 2008 list.17
Horned Grebe
American Bittern
Bald Eagle (b)
Ferruginous Hawk
Golden Eagle
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Prairie Falcon
Yellow Rail
Mountain Plover
Upland Sandpiper
Long-billed Curlew
Marbled Godwit
Black-billed Cuckoo
Burrowing Owl
Short-eared Owl
Lewis's Woodpecker
Red-headed Woodpecker
Loggerhead Shrike
Pinyon Jay
Sage Thrasher
Sprague's Pipit
Brewer's Sparrow
Sage Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Baird's Sparrow
McCown's Longspur
Chestnut-collared Longspur
Dickcissel
17 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 34
Table 16 BCR 18 (Shortgrass Prairie) BCC 2008 list.18
Lesser Prairie-Chicken (a)
Bald Eagle (b)
Golden Eagle
Prairie Falcon
Snowy Plover (c)
Mountain Plover
Upland Sandpiper
Long-billed Curlew
Burrowing Owl
Lewis's Woodpecker
Willow Flycatcher (c)
Bell's Vireo (c)
Sprague's Pipit (nb)
Lark Bunting
McCown's Longspur
Chestnut-collared Longspur
18 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 35
Table 17 BCR 19 (Central Mixed-Grass Prairie) BCC 2008 list.19
Lesser Prairie-Chicken (a)
Little Blue Heron
Mississippi Kite
Bald Eagle (b)
Swainson's Hawk
Black Rail
Snowy Plover (c)
Mountain Plover (nb)
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Upland Sandpiper
Long-billed Curlew
Hudsonian Godwit (nb)
Marbled Godwit (nb)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher (nb)
Red-headed Woodpecker
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo (c)
Sprague's Pipit (nb)
Cassin's Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Henslow's Sparrow
Harris's Sparrow (nb)
McCown's Longspur (nb)
Smith's Longspur (nb)
Chestnut-collared Longspur (nb)
19 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 36
Table 18 BCR 20 (Edwards Plateau) BCC 2008 list.20
Bald Eagle (b)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Mountain Plover (nb)
Upland Sandpiper (nb)
Long-billed Curlew (nb)
Gray Vireo
Rufous-crowned Sparrow
Harris's Sparrow (nb)
McCown's Longspur (nb)
Chestnut-collared Longspur (nb)
Orchard Oriole
20 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 37
Table 19 BCR 21 (Oaks and Prairies) BCC 2008 list.21
Little Blue Heron
Swallow-tailed Kite
Bald Eagle (b)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Black Rail (nb)
Upland Sandpiper
Long-billed Curlew (nb)
Hudsonian Godwit (nb)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (nb)
Red-headed Woodpecker
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo (c)
Sprague's Pipit (nb)
Swainson's Warbler
Henslow's Sparrow (nb)
Harris's Sparrow (nb)
Smith's Longspur (nb)
Orchard Oriole
21 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 38
Table 20 BCR 22 (Eastern Tallgrass Prairie) BCC 2008 list.22
Pied-billed Grebe Dickcissel
Horned Grebe (nb) Rusty Blackbird (nb)
American Bittern
Least Bittern
Black-crowned Night-Heron
Bald Eagle (b)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Black Rail
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Upland Sandpiper
Whimbrel (nb)
Hudsonian Godwit (nb)
Marbled Godwit (nb)
Red Knot (roselaari ssp.) (nb)
Red Knot (rufa ssp.) (a) (nb)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher (nb)
Black Tern
Common Tern
Black-billed Cuckoo
Short-eared Owl (nb)
Whip-poor-will
Red-headed Woodpecker
Northern Flicker
Acadian Flycatcher
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo (c)
Bewick's Wren (bewickii ssp.)
Wood Thrush
Blue-winged Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Prothonotary Warbler
Kentucky Warbler
Field Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Smith's Longspur (nb)
22 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 39
Table 21 BCR 23 (Prairie Hardwood Transition) BCC 2008 list.23
Pied-billed Grebe
Horned Grebe (nb)
American Bittern
Bald Eagle (b)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Yellow Rail
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Upland Sandpiper
Whimbrel (nb)
Hudsonian Godwit (nb)
Marbled Godwit (nb)
Red Knot (roselaari ssp.) (nb)
Red Knot (rufa ssp.) (a) (nb)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher (nb)
Black Tern
Common Tern
Black-billed Cuckoo
Short-eared Owl (nb)
Red-headed Woodpecker
Willow Flycatcher (c)
Marsh Wren
Brown Thrasher
Blue-winged Warbler
Golden-winged Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Henslow's Sparrow
Dickcissel
Bobolink
Rusty Blackbird (nb)
23 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 40
Table 22 BCR 24 (Central Hardwoods) BCC 2008 list.24
Bald Eagle (b)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Black Rail
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (nb)
Short-eared Owl (nb)
Whip-poor-will
Red-headed Woodpecker
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo (c)
Brown-headed Nuthatch
Bewick's Wren (bewickii ssp.)
Sedge Wren
Wood Thrush
Blue-winged Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Kentucky Warbler
Bachman's Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
LeConte's Sparrow (nb)
Smith's Longspur (nb)
Painted Bunting
Rusty Blackbird (nb)
24 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 41
Table 23 BCR 25 (West Gulf Coastal Plain/Ouachitas) BCC 2008 list.25
Least Bittern
Little Blue Heron
Swallow-tailed Kite
Bald Eagle (b)
American Kestrel (paulus ssp.)
Yellow Rail (nb)
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Hudsonian Godwit (nb)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (nb)
Chuck-will's-widow
Red-headed Woodpecker
Loggerhead Shrike
Brown-headed Nuthatch
Bewick's Wren (bewickii ssp.)
Wood Thrush
Sprague's Pipit (nb)
Prairie Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Prothonotary Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Louisiana Waterthrush
Kentucky Warbler
Bachman's Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow (nb)
Smith's Longspur (nb)
Painted Bunting
Orchard Oriole
25 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 42
Table 24 BCR 26 (Mississippi Alluvial Valley) BCC 2008 list.26
American Bittern (nb)
Least Bittern
Swallow-tailed Kite
Bald Eagle (b)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Yellow Rail (nb)
Black Rail
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Hudsonian Godwit (nb)
Marbled Godwit (nb)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher (nb)
Short-eared Owl (nb)
Red-headed Woodpecker
Sedge Wren (nb)
Wood Thrush
Cerulean Warbler
Prothonotary Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Kentucky Warbler
Henslow's Sparrow (nb)
LeConte's Sparrow (nb)
Painted Bunting
Dickcissel
Rusty Blackbird (nb)
Orchard Oriole
26 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 43
Table 25 BCR 27 (Southeastern Coastal Plain) BCC 2008 list.27
27 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
Red-throated Loon
Black-capped Petrel (nb)
Audubon's Shearwater (nb)
American Bittern (nb)
Least Bittern
Roseate Spoonbill (nb)
Swallow-tailed Kite
Bald Eagle (b)
American Kestrel (paulus ssp.)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Yellow Rail (nb)
Black Rail
Limpkin
Snowy Plover (c)
Wilson’s Plover
American Oystercatcher
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Upland Sandpiper (nb)
Whimbrel (nb)
Long-billed Curlew (nb)
Marbled Godwit (nb)
Red Knot (rufa ssp.) (a) (nb)
Semipalmated Sandpiper (Eastern) (nb)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher (nb)
Least Tern (c)
Gull-billed Tern
Sandwich Tern
Black Skimmer
Common Ground-Dove
Chuck-will's-widow
Whip-poor-will
Red-headed Woodpecker
Loggerhead Shrike
Brown-headed Nuthatch
Bewick's Wren (bewickii ssp.)
Sedge Wren (nb)
Wood Thrush
Blue-winged Warbler
Black-throated Green Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Prothonotary Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Kentucky Warbler
Bachman's Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
LeConte's Sparrow (nb)
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow (nb)
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow (nb)
Seaside Sparrow (c)
Painted Bunting
Rusty Blackbird (nb)
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 44
Table 26 BCR 28 (Appalachian Mountains) BCC 2008 list.28
Bald Eagle (b)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Upland Sandpiper
Northern Saw-whet Owl (S. Appalachian breeding pop.)
Whip-poor-will
Red-headed Woodpecker
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (S. Appalachian breeding pop.)
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Loggerhead Shrike
Black-capped Chickadee (S. Appalachian pop.)
Bewick's Wren (bewickii ssp.)
Sedge Wren (nb)
Wood Thrush
Blue-winged Warbler
Golden-winged Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Louisiana Waterthrush
Kentucky Warbler
Canada Warbler
Henslow's Sparrow
Rusty Blackbird (nb)
Red Crossbill (S. Appalachian pop.)
28 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 45
Table 27 BCR 29 (Piedmont) BCC 2008 list.29
Bald Eagle (b)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Black Rail
Short-eared Owl (nb)
Whip-poor-will
Loggerhead Shrike
Brown-headed Nuthatch
Bewick's Wren (bewickii ssp.)
Sedge Wren
Wood Thrush
Blue-winged Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Kentucky Warbler
Bachman's Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Rusty Blackbird (nb)
29 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 46
Table 28 BCR 30 (New England/Mid-Atlantic Coast) BCC 2008 list.30
30 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
Red-throated Loon (nb)
Pied-billed Grebe
Horned Grebe (nb)
Greater Shearwater (nb)
Audubon's Shearwater (nb)
American Bittern
Least Bittern
Snowy Egret
Bald Eagle (b)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Black Rail
Wilson’s Plover
American Oystercatcher
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Lesser Yellowlegs (nb)
Upland Sandpiper
Whimbrel (nb)
Hudsonian Godwit (nb)
Marbled Godwit (nb)
Red Knot (rufa ssp.) (a) (nb)
Semipalmated Sandpiper (Eastern) (nb)
Purple Sandpiper (nb)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher (nb)
Least Tern (c)
Gull-billed Tern
Black Skimmer
Short-eared Owl (nb)
Whip-poor-will
Red-headed Woodpecker
Loggerhead Shrike
Brown-headed Nuthatch
Sedge Wren
Wood Thrush
Blue-winged Warbler
Golden-winged Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Kentucky Warbler
Henslow’s Sparrow
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Seaside Sparrow (c)
Rusty Blackbird (nb)
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 47
Table 29 BCR 31 (Peninsular Florida) BCC 2008 list.31
31 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
Black-capped Petrel (nb)
Audubon's Shearwater (nb)
Brown Booby (nb)
Magnificent Frigatebird
American Bittern (nb)
Least Bittern
Reddish Egret
Roseate Spoonbill
Swallow-tailed Kite
Bald Eagle (b)
Short-tailed Hawk
American Kestrel (paulus ssp.)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Yellow Rail (nb)
Black Rail
Limpkin
Snowy Plover (c)
Wilson’s Plover
American Oystercatcher
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Lesser Yellowlegs (nb)
Whimbrel (nb)
Long-billed Curlew (nb)
Marbled Godwit (nb)
Red Knot (rufa ssp.) (a) (nb)
Semipalmated Sandpiper (Eastern) (nb)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher (nb)
Least Tern (c)
Black Skimmer
White-crowned Pigeon
Common Ground-Dove
Mangrove Cuckoo
Smooth-billed Ani
Chuck-will's-widow
Red-headed Woodpecker
Loggerhead Shrike
Black-whiskered Vireo
Brown-headed Nuthatch
Yellow Warbler (gundlachi ssp.)
Prairie Warbler
Prothonotary Warbler
Bachman's Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow (nb)
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow (nb)
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow (nb)
Seaside Sparrow (c)
Painted Bunting (nb)
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 48
Table 30 BCR 32 (Coastal California U.S. portion only) BCC 2008 list.32
32 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
Black-footed Albatross (nb)
Pink-footed Shearwater (nb)
Black-vented Shearwater (nb)
Ashy Storm-Petrel
Bald Eagle (b)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Yellow Rail (nb)
Black Rail
Snowy Plover (c)
Mountain Plover (nb)
Black Oystercatcher
Whimbrel (nb)
Long-billed Curlew (nb)
Marbled Godwit (nb)
Red Knot (roselaari ssp.) (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher (nb)
Gull-billed Tern
Black Skimmer
Xantus's Murrelet (a)
Cassin's Auklet
Yellow-billed Cuckoo (w. US DPS) (a)
Flammulated Owl
Burrowing Owl
Spotted Owl (occidentalis ssp.) (c)
Black Swift
Costa's Hummingbird
Allen's Hummingbird
Lewis's Woodpecker
Nuttall's Woodpecker
White-headed Woodpecker
Loggerhead Shrike
Island Scrub-Jay
Yellow-billed Magpie
Oak Titmouse
Cactus Wren
LeConte's Thrasher
Yellow Warbler (brewsterissp.)
Common Yellowthroat (sinuosa ssp.)
Spotted Towhee (clementae ssp.)
Black-chinned Sparrow
Song Sparrow (graminea ssp.)
Song Sparrow (maxillaris ssp.)
Song Sparrow (pusillula ssp.)
Song Sparrow (samuelis ssp.)
Tricolored Blackbird
Lawrence's Goldfinch
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 49
Table 31 BCR 33 (Sonoran and Mojave Deserts U.S. portion only) BCC 2008 list.33
Least Bittern
Bald Eagle (b)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Prairie Falcon
Black Rail
Snowy Plover (c)
Mountain Plover (nb)
Whimbrel (nb)
Long-billed Curlew (nb)
Marbled Godwit (nb)
Red Knot (roselaari ssp.) (nb)
Gull-billed Tern
Black Skimmer
Yellow-billed Cuckoo (w. US DPS) (a)
Elf Owl
Burrowing Owl
Costa's Hummingbird
Gila Woodpecker
Gilded Flicker
Bell's Vireo (c)
Gray Vireo
Bendire's Thrasher
LeConte's Thrasher
Lucy's Warbler
Yellow Warbler (sonorana ssp.)
Rufous-winged Sparrow
Black-chinned Sparrow
Lawrence's Goldfinch
33 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 50
Table 32 BCR 34 (Sierra Madre Occidental U.S. portion only) BCC 2008 list.34
Bald Eagle (b)
Common Black-Hawk
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Mountain Plover (nb)
Yellow-billed Cuckoo (w. U.S. DPS) (a)
Flammulated Owl
Elf Owl
Blue-throated Hummingbird
Elegant Trogon
Lewis's Woodpecker
Arizona Woodpecker
Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet
Buff-breasted Flycatcher
Rose-throated Becard
Bell's Vireo (c)
Gray Vireo
Pinyon Jay
Bendire's Thrasher
Sprague's Pipit (nb)
Phainopepla
Olive Warbler
Lucy's Warbler
Yellow Warbler (sonorana ssp.)
Black-throated Gray Warbler
Grace's Warbler
Red-faced Warbler
Canyon Towhee
Rufous-winged Sparrow
Botteri's Sparrow
Five-striped Sparrow
Black-chinned Sparrow
Lark Bunting (nb)
Grasshopper Sparrow (nb)
Grasshopper Sparrow (ammolegus ssp.)
Baird's Sparrow (nb)
Chestnut-collared Longspur (nb)
Varied Bunting
34 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 51
Table 33 BCR 35 (Chihuahuan Desert U.S. portion only) BCC 2008 lists.35
Bald Eagle (b)
Common Black-Hawk
Ferruginous Hawk (nb)
Golden Eagle
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Snowy Plover (c)
Mountain Plover
Long-billed Curlew (nb)
Yellow-billed Cuckoo (w. US DPS) (a)
Flammulated Owl
Elf Owl
Burrowing Owl
Lucifer Hummingbird
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo (c)
Gray Vireo
Bendire's Thrasher
Sprague's Pipit (nb)
Virginia's Warbler
Colima Warbler
Yellow Warbler (sonorana ssp.)
Grace's Warbler
Red-faced Warbler
Cassin's Sparrow
Black-chinned Sparrow
Lark Bunting (nb)
Baird's Sparrow (nb)
McCown's Longspur (nb)
Chestnut-collared Longspur (nb)
Varied Bunting
Painted Bunting
35 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 52
Table 34 BCR 36 (Tamaulipan Brushlands U.S. portion only) BCC 2008 list.36
Harris's Hawk
Swainson's Hawk
Snowy Plover (c)
Mountain Plover (nb)
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Lesser Yellowlegs (nb)
Long-billed Curlew (nb)
Gull-billed Tern
Red-billed Pigeon
Green Parakeet (d)
Red-crowned Parrot (d)
Elf Owl
Burrowing Owl
Buff-bellied Hummingbird
Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet
Rose-throated Becard
Bell's Vireo (c)
Verdin
Curve-billed Thrasher
Sprague's Pipit (nb)
Tropical Parula
Summer Tanager
White-collared Seedeater
Cassin's Sparrow
Lark Bunting (nb)
Chestnut-collared Longspur (nb)
Varied Bunting
Painted Bunting
Dickcissel
Hooded Oriole
Altamira Oriole
Audubon's Oriole
36 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 53
Table 35 BCR 37 (Gulf Coastal Prairie U.S. portion only) BCC 2008 list.37
37 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
Audubon's Shearwater (nb)
Band-rumped Storm-Petrel (nb)
American Bittern
Least Bittern
Reddish Egret
Swallow-tailed Kite
Bald Eagle (b)
White-tailed Hawk
Peregrine Falcon (b) (nb)
Yellow Rail (nb)
Black Rail
Snowy Plover (c)
Wilson’s Plover
Mountain Plover (nb)
American Oystercatcher
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Lesser Yellowlegs (nb)
Upland Sandpiper (nb)
Whimbrel (nb)
Long-billed Curlew
Hudsonian Godwit (nb)
Marbled Godwit (nb)
Red Knot (roselaari ssp.) (nb)
Red Knot (rufa ssp.) (a) (nb)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher (nb)
Least Tern (c)
Gull-billed Tern
Sandwich Tern
Black Skimmer
Short-eared Owl (nb)
Loggerhead Shrike
Sedge Wren (nb)
Sprague's Pipit (nb)
Prothonotary Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Botteri's Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow (nb)
LeConte's Sparrow (nb)
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow (nb)
Seaside Sparrow (c)
Painted Bunting
Dickcissel
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 54
Table 36 BCR 67 (Hawaii) BCC 2008 list.38
Laysan Albatross
Black-footed Albatross
Christmas Shearwater
Band-rumped Storm-Petrel (a)
Tristram's Storm-Petrel
Bristle-thighed Curlew (nb)
Short-eared Owl
`Elepaio (d)
`Oma`o
Hawai`i `Amakihi (d)
Oahu `Amakihi (d)
Kaua`i `Amakihi (d)
`Anianiau (d)
`Akikiki (a,d)
Maui `Alauahio (d)
`Akeke`e (d)
`I`iwi (d)
`Apapane (d)
38 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 55
Table 37 Other U.S. Pacific Islands BCC 2008 list.39
Laysan Albatross
Black-footed Albatross
Herald Petrel
Tahiti Petrel (d)
Phoenix Petrel (d)
Christmas Shearwater
Audubon's Shearwater
Polynesian Storm-Petrel (d)
Spotless Crake (American Samoa pop.) (a,d)
Purple Swamphen
Bristle-thighed Curlew (nb)
Friendly Ground-Dove (American Samoa DPS) (a,d)
Micronesian Myzomela (d)
Rufous Fantail (mariae ssp.) (d)
Rufous Fantail (saipanensis ssp.) (d)
Fiji Shrikebill (d)
Tinian Monarch (d)
Bridled White-eye (saypani ssp.) (c,d)
Golden White-eye (d)
Micronesian Starling (guami ssp.) (d)
Polynesian Starling (d)
39 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 56
Table 38 U.S. Caribbean Islands (Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands) BCC 2008 list.40
West Indian Whistling-Duck
White-cheeked Pintail
Masked Duck
Ruddy Duck (jamaicensis ssp.)
Audubon's Shearwater
Masked Booby
Brown Booby
Red-footed Booby
Magnificent Frigatebird
Least Bittern
American Flamingo
Black Rail
Yellow-breasted Crake
Caribbean Coot
Limpkin
Snowy Plover (c)
Wilson’s Plover
American Oystercatcher
Red Knot (rufa ssp.) (a) (nb)
Semipalmated Sandpiper (Eastern) (nb)
White-crowned Pigeon
Bridled Quail-Dove
Antillean Mango (d)
Loggerhead Kingbird
Puerto Rican Vireo
Elfin-woods Warbler (a)
Greater Antillean Oriole
40 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 57
Table 39 USFWS Region 1 (Pacific Region) BCC 2008 list.41
41 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
Greater Sage-Grouse (Columbia Basin
DPS)(a)
Black-footed Albatross
Herald Petrel
Tahiti Petrel (d)
Phoenix Petrel (d)
Pink-footed Shearwater (nb)
Polynesian Storm-Petrel (d)
Band-rumped Storm-Petrel (a)
Tristram's Storm-Petrel
Bald Eagle (b)
Swainson's Hawk
Ferruginous Hawk
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Yellow Rail
Spotless Crake (American Samoa pop.) (a,d)
Purple Swamphen
Snowy Plover (c)
Black Oystercatcher
Whimbrel (nb)
Bristle-thighed Curlew (nb)
Long-billed Curlew
Marbled Godwit (nb)
Red Knot (roselaari ssp.) (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher (nb)
Friendly Ground-Dove (American Samoa
DPS) (a,d)
Yellow-billed Cuckoo (w. US DPS) (a)
Flammulated Owl
Short-eared Owl
Black Swift
Calliope Hummingbird
Rufous Hummingbird
Lewis's Woodpecker
Williamson's Sapsucker
White-headed Woodpecker
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Willow Flycatcher (c)
Loggerhead Shrike
Pinyon Jay
Rufous Fantail (mariae ssp.) (d)
`Elepaio (d)
Tinian Monarch (d)
Horned Lark (strigata ssp.) (a)
`Oma`o
Golden White-eye (d)
Sage Thrasher
Virginia's Warbler
Green-tailed Towhee
Brewer's Sparrow
Oregon Vesper Sparrow (affinis ssp.)
Sage Sparrow
Black Rosy-Finch
Cassin's Finch
Hawai`i `Amakihi (d)
Oahu `Amakihi (d)
Kaua`i` `Amakihi (d)
`Anianiau (d)
`Akikiki (a,d)
Maui `Alauahio (d)
`Akeke`e (d)
`I`iwi (d)
`Apapane (d)
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 58
Table 40 USFWS Region 2 (Southwest Region) BCC 2008 list.42
42 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
Lesser Prairie-Chicken (a)
Reddish Egret
Swallow-tailed Kite
Bald Eagle (b)
Common Black-Hawk
White-tailed Hawk
Golden Eagle
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Yellow Rail (nb)
Black Rail
Snowy Plover (c)
Wilson’s Plover
Mountain Plover
American Oystercatcher
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Lesser Yellowlegs (nb)
Upland Sandpiper
Whimbrel (nb)
Long-billed Curlew
Hudsonian Godwit (nb)
Red Knot (roselaari ssp.) (nb)
Red Knot (rufa ssp.) (a) (nb)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher (nb)
Gull-billed Tern
Sandwich Tern
Black Skimmer
Yellow-billed Cuckoo (w. U.S. DPS) (a)
Flammulated Owl
Elf Owl
Burrowing Owl
Lucifer Hummingbird
Costa's Hummingbird
Lewis's Woodpecker
Red-headed Woodpecker
Gilded Flicker
Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet
Buff-breasted Flycatcher
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo (c)
Gray Vireo
Pinyon Jay
Brown-headed Nuthatch
Sedge Wren (nb)
Wood Thrush
Bendire's Thrasher
LeConte's Thrasher
Sprague's Pipit (nb)
Olive Warbler
Colima Warbler
Lucy's Warbler
Yellow Warbler (sonorana ssp.)
Grace's Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Prothonotary Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Kentucky Warbler
Red-faced Warbler
Rufous-winged Sparrow
Bachman's Sparrow
Botteri's Sparrow
Five-striped Sparrow
Black-chinned Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Grasshopper Sparrow (ammolegus ssp.)
Baird's Sparrow (nb)
Henslow's Sparrow (nb)
LeConte's Sparrow (nb)
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow (nb)
Seaside Sparrow (c)
Harris's Sparrow (nb)
McCown's Longspur (nb)
Smith's Longspur (nb)
Chestnut-collared Longspur (nb)
Varied Bunting
Painted Bunting
Rusty Blackbird (nb)
Audubon's Oriole
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 59
Table 41 USFWS Region 3 (Great Lakes-Big Rivers Region) BCC 2008 list.43
43 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
Pied-billed Grebe
Horned Grebe (nb)
American Bittern
Least Bittern
Bald Eagle (b)
Swainson's Hawk
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Yellow Rail
Black Rail
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Upland Sandpiper
Whimbrel (nb)
Hudsonian Godwit (nb)
Marbled Godwit
Red Knot (roselaari ssp.) (nb)
Red Knot (rufa ssp.) (a) (nb)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher (nb)
Black Tern
Common Tern
Black-billed Cuckoo
Short-eared Owl (nb)
Whip-poor-will
Red-headed Woodpecker
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo (c)
Bewick's Wren (bewickii ssp.)
Wood Thrush
Blue-winged Warbler
Golden-winged Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Kentucky Warbler
Canada Warbler
Bachman's Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Smith's Longspur (nb)
Chestnut-collared Longspur
Dickcissel
Rusty Blackbird
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 60
Table 42 USFWS Region 4 (Southeast Region) mainland BCC 2008 list.44
44 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
Red-throated Loon
Black-capped Petrel
Audubon's Shearwater
Band-rumped Storm-Petrel (a) (Hawaii DPS
is candidate; Atlantic pop. is not)
American Bittern
Least Bittern
Reddish Egret
Swallow-tailed Kite
Bald Eagle (b)
Short-tailed Hawk
American Kestrel (paulus ssp.)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Yellow Rail
Black Rail
Limpkin
Snowy Plover (c)
Wilson’s Plover
American Oystercatcher
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Whimbrel (nb)
Long-billed Curlew (nb)
Hudsonian Godwit (nb)
Marbled Godwit (nb)
Red Knot (rufa ssp.) (nb)
Semipalmated Sandpiper (Eastern) (nb)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher (nb)
Least Tern (c)
Gull-billed Tern
Black Skimmer
White-crowned Pigeon
Mangrove Cuckoo
Smooth-billed Ani
Short-eared Owl
Chuck-will's-widow
Red-headed Woodpecker
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Loggerhead Shrike
Black-whiskered Vireo
Brown-headed Nuthatch
Bewick's Wren (bewickii ssp.)
Sedge Wren
Wood Thrush
Sprague's Pipit
Blue-winged Warbler
Golden-winged Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Prothonotary Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Kentucky Warbler
Canada Warbler
Bachman's Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
LeConte's Sparrow
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Seaside Sparrow (c)
Smith's Longspur
Painted Bunting
Rusty Blackbird
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 61
Table 43 USFWS Region 4 (Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands) BCC 2008 list.45
West Indian Whistling-Duck
White-cheeked Pintail
Masked Duck
Ruddy Duck (jamaicensis ssp. only)
Audubon's Shearwater
Masked Booby
Brown Booby
Red-footed Booby
Magnificent Frigatebird
Least Bittern
American Flamingo
Black Rail
Yellow-breasted Crake
Caribbean Coot
Limpkin
Snowy Plover (c)
Wilson’s Plover
American Oystercatcher
Red Knot (rufa ssp.) (a) (nb)
Semipalmated Sandpiper (Eastern) (nb)
White-crowned Pigeon
Bridled Quail-Dove
Antillean Mango (d)
Loggerhead Kingbird
Puerto Rican Vireo
Elfin-woods Warbler (a)
Greater Antillean Oriole
45 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 62
Table 44 USFWS Region 5 (Northeast Region) BCC 2008 list.46
46 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
Red-throated Loon (nb)
Pied-billed Grebe
Horned Grebe (nb)
Greater Shearwater (nb)
Audubon's Shearwater (nb)
American Bittern
Least Bittern
Snowy Egret
Bald Eagle (b)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Yellow Rail
Black Rail
Wilson’s Plover
American Oystercatcher
Solitary Sandpiper (nb)
Lesser Yellowlegs (nb)
Upland Sandpiper
Whimbrel (nb)
Hudsonian Godwit (nb)
Marbled Godwit (nb)
Red Knot (rufa ssp.) (a) (nb)
Semipalmated Sandpiper (Eastern) (nb)
Purple Sandpiper (nb)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher (nb)
Least Tern (c)
Gull-billed Tern
Arctic Tern
Black Skimmer
Short-eared Owl (nb)
Whip-poor-will
Red-headed Woodpecker
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Loggerhead Shrike
Bewick's Wren (bewickii ssp.)
Sedge Wren
Bicknell's Thrush
Wood Thrush
Blue-winged Warbler
Golden-winged Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Bay-breasted Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Kentucky Warbler
Canada Warbler
Henslow's Sparrow
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Seaside Sparrow (c)
Rusty Blackbird
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 63
Table 45 USFWS Region 6 (Mountain-Prairie Region) BCC 2008 list.47
47 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
Gunnison Sage-Grouse
Lesser Prairie-Chicken (a)
Horned Grebe
American Bittern
Least Bittern
Bald Eagle (b)
Ferruginous Hawk
Golden Eagle
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Prairie Falcon
Yellow Rail
Black Rail
Snowy Plover (c)
Mountain Plover
Upland Sandpiper
Long-billed Curlew
Hudsonian Godwit (nb)
Marbled Godwit
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher (nb)
Black-billed Cuckoo
Flammulated Owl
Burrowing Owl
Short-eared Owl
Lewis's Woodpecker
Red-headed Woodpecker
Willow Flycatcher (c)
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo (c)
Gray Vireo
Pinyon Jay
Bewick's Wren (bewickii ssp.)
Sage Thrasher
Sprague's Pipit
Sage Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Baird's Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
McCown's Longspur
Smith's Longspur
Chestnut-collared Longspur
Black Rosy-Finch
Brown-capped Rosy-Finch
Cassin's Finch
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 64
Table 46 USFWS Region 7 (Alaska Region) BCC 2008 list.48
Red-throated Loon
Yellow-billed Loon
Horned Grebe
Laysan Albatross
Black-footed Albatross
Red-faced Cormorant
Pelagic Cormorant
Northern Goshawk (laingi ssp.)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Black Oystercatcher
Solitary Sandpiper
Lesser Yellowlegs
Whimbrel
Bristle-thighed Curlew
Hudsonian Godwit
Bar-tailed Godwit
Marbled Godwit
Red Knot (roselaari ssp.)
Rock Sandpiper (ptilocnemis spp.)
Dunlin (arcticola ssp.)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Short-billed Dowitcher
Red-legged Kittiwake
Aleutian Tern
Arctic Tern
Marbled Murrelet (c)
Kittlitz's Murrelet (a)
Whiskered Auklet
Rufous Hummingbird
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Smith's Longspur
McKay's Bunting
Rusty Blackbird
48 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 65
Table 47 USFWS Region 8 ( California and Nevada) BCC 2008 list.49
49 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
Black-footed Albatross
Pink-footed Shearwater (nb)
Ashy Storm-Petrel
Bald Eagle (b)
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Yellow Rail
Black Rail
Snowy Plover (c)
Mountain Plover (nb)
Black Oystercatcher
Whimbrel (nb)
Long-billed Curlew (nb)
Marbled Godwit (nb)
Red Knot (roselaari ssp.) (nb)
Short-billed Dowitcher (nb)
Gull-billed Tern
Black Skimmer
Xantus's Murrelet (a)
Yellow-billed Cuckoo (w. US DPS) (a)
Flammulated Owl
Burrowing Owl
Spotted Owl (occidentalis ssp.) (c)
Black Swift
Costa's Hummingbird
Calliope Hummingbird
Allen's Hummingbird
Lewis's Woodpecker
Williamson's Sapsucker
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Willow Flycatcher (c)
Loggerhead Shrike
Bell's Vireo (c)
Gray Vireo
Island Scrub-Jay
Pinyon Jay
Yellow-billed Magpie
Oak Titmouse
Cactus Wren
Sage Thrasher
LeConte's Thrasher
Virginia's Warbler
Yellow Warbler (brewsteri ssp.)
Yellow Warbler (sonorana ssp.)
Common Yellowthroat (sinuosa ssp.)
Green-tailed Towhee
Spotted Towhee (clementae ssp.)
Brewer's Sparrow
Black-chinned Sparrow
Sage Sparrow
Song Sparrow (graminea ssp.)
Song Sparrow (maxillaris ssp.)
Song Sparrow (pusillula ssp.)
Song Sparrow (samuelis ssp.)
Tricolored Blackbird
Lawrence's Goldfinch
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 66
Table 48 National (including Caribbean and Pacific Island "Territories") BCC 2008 list.50
50 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of Threatened or Endangered
species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking, (nb) non-breeding in this BCR
West Indian Whistling-Duck
Greater Sage-Grouse (Colum. Basin DPS) (a)
Gunnison Sage-Grouse
Lesser Prairie-Chicken (a)
Yellow-billed Loon
Black-footed Albatross
Tahiti Petrel (d)
Phoenix Petrel (d)
Black-capped Petrel
Pink-footed Shearwater
Christmas Shearwater
Audubon's Shearwater
Polynesian Storm-Petrel (d)
Ashy Storm-Petrel
Band-rumped Storm-Petrel (a) (Hawaii DPS is
candidate; Atlantic pop. is not)
Reddish Egret
Swallow-tailed Kite
Bald Eagle (b)
Swainson’s Hawk
Peregrine Falcon (b)
Yellow Rail
Black Rail
Spotless Crake (Am. Samoa pop.) (a, d)
Caribbean Coot
Limpkin
Snowy Plover (c)
Wilson’s Plover
Mountain Plover
American Oystercatcher
Black Oystercatcher
Solitary Sandpiper
Lesser Yellowlegs
Upland Sandpiper
Whimbrel
Bristle-thighed Curlew
Long-billed Curlew
Hudsonian Godwit
Bar-tailed Godwit
Marbled Godwit
Red Knot (roselaari ssp.)
Red Knot (rufa ssp.) (a) (nb)
Semipalmated Sandpiper (Eastern) (nb)
Purple Sandpiper (nb)
Rock Sandpiper (ptilocnemis ssp.)
Dunlin (arcticola spp.)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Short-billed Dowitcher
Red-legged Kittiwake
Aleutian Tern
Least Tern (c)
Gull-billed Tern
Black Skimmer
Marbled Murrelet (c)
Kittlitz's Murrelet (a)
Xantus's Murrelet (a)
White-crowned Pigeon
Friendly Ground-Dove (Am. Samoa) (a,d)
Green Parakeet (d)
Red-crowned Parrot (d)
Yellow-billed Cuckoo (w. U.S. DPS) (a)
Mangrove Cuckoo
Flammulated Owl
Elf Owl
Spotted Owl (occidentalis ssp.) (c)
Short-eared Owl
Black Swift
Costa's Hummingbird
Calliope Hummingbird
Rufous Hummingbird
Allen's Hummingbird
Elegant Trogon
Lewis's Woodpecker
Red-headed Woodpecker
Table 48 Continued
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 67
Nuttall’s Woodpecker
Arizona Woodpecker
White-headed Woodpecker
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Willow Flycatcher (c)
Loggerhead Shrike
Puerto Rican Vireo
Bell's Vireo (c)
Gray Vireo
Island Scrub-Jay
Pinyon Jay
Yellow-billed Magpie
Rufous Fantail (mariae ssp.) (d)
`Elepaio (d)
Tinian Monarch (d)
Horned Lark (strigata ssp.) (a)
Oak Titmouse
Brown-headed Nuthatch
Bewick's Wren (bewickii ssp.)
`Omao
Bicknell's Thrush
Wood Thrush
Golden White-eye (d)
Bendire's Thrasher
LeConte's Thrasher
Sprague's Pipit
Blue-winged Warbler
Golden-winged Warbler
Virginia’s Warbler
Colima Warbler
Lucy's Warbler
Grace's Warbler
Prairie Warbler
Bay-breasted Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Elfin-woods Warbler (a)
Prothonotary Warbler
Worm-eating Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Kentucky Warbler
Canada Warbler
Red-faced Warbler
Rufous-winged Sparrow
Bachman's Sparrow
Five-striped Sparrow
Brewer's Sparrow
Black-chinned Sparrow
Baird's Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Seaside Sparrow (c)
Harris's Sparrow
McCown's Longspur
Smith's Longspur
McKay's Bunting
Varied Bunting
Painted Bunting
Dickcissel
Tricolored Blackbird
Rusty Blackbird
Audubon's Oriole
Black Rosy-Finch
Brown-capped Rosy-Finch
Lawrence's Goldfinch
Hawai`i `Amakihi (d)
Oahu `Amakihi (d)
Kaua`i `Amakihi (d)
`Anianiau (d)
`Akikiki (a,d)
Maui `Alauahio (d)
`Akek`ee (d)
`I`iwi (d)
`Apapane (d)
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 68
Appendix B
Matrix of Species on BCR, USFWS Region, and National Lists in BCC 2008,
Arranged Taxonomically (according to American Ornithologists’ Union 48th Checklist) 51
51 (a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of threatened or endangered species, (d)
MBTA protection uncertain or lacking
National
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 4
1 2 3 4 5 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 1 2 3 4 a 5 6 7 8
West Indian Whistling-Duck x + +
White-cheeked Pintail x +
Masked Duck x +
Ruddy Duck (jamaicensis ssp. only) x +
Greater Sage-Grouse (Columbia Basin
DPS)(a) x + +
Gunnison Sage-Grouse x + +
Lesser Prairie-Chicken (a) x x + + +
Red-throated Loon x x nb nb nb + + +
Yellow-billed Loon x x nb + +
Pied-billed Grebe x x x x x x + +
Horned Grebe x x nb nb nb x nb nb nb + + + +
Eared Grebe nb
Western Grebe nb
Laysan Albatross nb nb x x +
Black-footed Albatross nb nb nb x x + ++ +
Herald Petrel x +
Tahiti Petrel (d) x + +
Phoenix Petrel (d) x + +
Black-capped Petrel nb nb + +
Pink-footed Shearwater nb nb + + +
Greater Shearwater nb nb +
Christmas Shearwater x x +
Black-vented Shearwater nb
Audubon's Shearwater nb nb nb nb x x + + + +
Polynesian Storm-Petrel (d) x + +
Ashy Storm-Petrel x + +
U.S.
Pacif.
Islds.
U.S.
Carib.
Islds.
Bird Conservation Regions USFWS Regions
'x' indicates species is included for breeding period (plus non-breeding where species occurs year-round), 'nb' indicates species is
included only for non-breeding period
(4a = Puerto Rico &
USVI)
69
National
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 4
1 2 3 4 5 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 1 2 3 4 a 5 6 7 8
U.S.
Pacif.
Islds.
U.S.
Carib.
Islds.
Bird Conservation Regions USFWS Regions
'x' indicates species is included for breeding period (plus non-breeding where species occurs year-round), 'nb' indicates species is
included only for non-breeding period
(4a = Puerto Rico &
USVI)
Band-rumped Storm-Petrel (a) (Hawaii
DPS is candidate; Atlantic pop. is not) nb x
+ +
+
Tristram's Storm-Petrel x +
Masked Booby x +
Brown Booby nb x +
Red-footed Booby x +
Great Cormorant nb
Red-faced Cormorant x x x +
Pelagic Cormorant (pelagicus ssp.) x x x +
Magnificent Frigatebird x x +
American Bittern x x x x x x x x nbnb x nb nb + + + +
Least Bittern x x x x x x x x x x x x + + + + +
Snowy Egret x x +
Little Blue Heron x x x
Reddish Egret x x + + +
Black-crowned Night-Heron x x
Roseate Spoonbill nb x
American Flamingo x +
Swallow-tailed Kite x x x x x x + + +
Mississippi Kite x
Bald Eagle (b) x x x x x x x x x x x x nb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x + + + + + + + +
Northern Goshawk (laingi ssp.) x +
Common Black-Hawk x x +
Harris's Hawk x
Short-tailed Hawk x +
Swainson's Hawk x x x x + + +
70
National
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 4
1 2 3 4 5 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 1 2 3 4 a 5 6 7 8
U.S.
Pacif.
Islds.
U.S.
Carib.
Islds.
Bird Conservation Regions USFWS Regions
'x' indicates species is included for breeding period (plus non-breeding where species occurs year-round), 'nb' indicates species is
included only for non-breeding period
(4a = Puerto Rico &
USVI)
White-tailed Hawk x +
Ferruginous Hawk x x x x nb + +
Golden Eagle x x x x x + +
American Kestrel (paulus ssp.) x x x +
Peregrine Falcon (b) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x nb + + + + + + + + +
Prairie Falcon x x x x +
Yellow Rail x x x x x x nb nb nb nb nb nb + + + + + + + +
Black Rail x nb x x x x x x x x x x x + + + + + + + +
Spotless Crake (American Samoa
pop.) (a,d) x + +
Yellow-breasted Crake x +
Purple Swamphen x +
Caribbean Coot x + +
Limpkin x x x + + +
Snowy Plover (c ) x x x x x x x x x x x x + + + + + + +
Wilson’s Plover x x x x x + + + + +
Mountain Plover x x x x nb nb nb nb nb x nb nb + + + +
American Oystercatcher x x x x x + + + + +
Black Oystercatcher x x x x + ++ +
Solitary Sandpiper
x xnb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb + + + + + +
Lesser Yellowlegs x x nb nb nb nb nb nb nb + + + +
Upland Sandpiper x x x x x x x x x nb x x x nb x x nb + + + + + +
Whimbrel
x x x nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb + + + + + + + +
Bristle-thighed Curlew x x nb nb + + +
71
National
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 4
1 2 3 4 5 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 1 2 3 4 a 5 6 7 8
U.S.
Pacif.
Islds.
U.S.
Carib.
Islds.
Bird Conservation Regions USFWS Regions
'x' indicates species is included for breeding period (plus non-breeding where species occurs year-round), 'nb' indicates species is
included only for non-breeding period
(4a = Puerto Rico &
USVI)
Long-billed Curlew
nb x x x x x x x nbnb nb nbnb nb nb nb x + + + + + +
Hudsonian Godwit x x nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb + + + + + + +
Bar-tailed Godwit x x + +
Marbled Godwit
x nb nb x nb nb x nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb + + + + + + + +
Red Knot (roselaari ssp. )
x x x nb nb nb nb nb nb + + + + + +
Red Knot (rufa ssp.) (a) nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb + + + + + +
Semipalmated Sandpiper (Eastern) nb nb nb nb nb nb + + + +
Purple Sandpiper nb nb + +
Rock Sandpiper (ptilocnemis ) x nb nb + +
Dunlin (arcticola ) nb x + +
Buff-breasted Sandpiper x nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb + + + + + + +
Short-billed Dowitcher
x x nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb + + + + + + + + +
Red-legged Kittiwake x + +
Aleutian Tern x x x + +
Least Tern (c) x xx x + + +
Gull-billed Tern x x x x x x + + + + +
Caspian Tern x
Black Tern x x x x x +
Common Tern x x x x +
Arctic Tern x x x x x + +
Sandwich Tern x x +
Black Skimmer x x x x x x + + + + +
Marbled Murrelet (c) x x x + +
72
National
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 4
1 2 3 4 5 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 1 2 3 4 a 5 6 7 8
U.S.
Pacif.
Islds.
U.S.
Carib.
Islds.
Bird Conservation Regions USFWS Regions
'x' indicates species is included for breeding period (plus non-breeding where species occurs year-round), 'nb' indicates species is
included only for non-breeding period
(4a = Puerto Rico &
USVI)
Kittlitz's Murrelet (a) x x x + +
Xantus's Murrelet (a) x + +
Cassin's Auklet x
Whiskered Auklet x +
White-crowned Pigeon x x + + +
Red-billed Pigeon x
Common Ground-Dove x x
Bridled Quail-Dove x +
Friendly Ground-Dove (American
Samoa DPS) (a,d) x + +
Green Parakeet (d) x +
Red-crowned Parrot (d) x +
Yellow-billed Cuckoo (w. U.S. DPS)
(a) x x x x x x x + + + +
Mangrove Cuckoo x + +
Black-billed Cuckoo x x x x x + +
Smooth-billed Ani x +
Flammulated Owl x x x x x x x + + + + +
Elf Owl x x x x + +
Burrowing Owl x x x x x x x + + +
Spotted Owl (occidentalis ssp.) (c) x x + +
Short-eared Owl x nb x nb nb nb nb nb nb nb x + + + + + +
Northern Saw-whet Owl (S.
Appalachian breeding pop.) x
Chuck-will's-widow x x x +
Whip-poor-will x x x x x x + +
Black Swift x x x x x + + +
73
National
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 4
1 2 3 4 5 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 1 2 3 4 a 5 6 7 8
U.S.
Pacif.
Islds.
U.S.
Carib.
Islds.
Bird Conservation Regions USFWS Regions
'x' indicates species is included for breeding period (plus non-breeding where species occurs year-round), 'nb' indicates species is
included only for non-breeding period
(4a = Puerto Rico &
USVI)
Antillean Mango (d) x +
Buff-bellied Hummingbird x
Blue-throated Hummingbird x
Lucifer Hummingbird x +
Costa's Hummingbird x x + + +
Calliope Hummingbird x x x + + +
Rufous Hummingbird x + + +
Allen's Hummingbird x x + +
Elegant Trogon x +
Lewis's Woodpecker x x x x x x x x + + + + +
Red-headed Woodpecker x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x + + + + + +
Gila Woodpecker x
Williamson's Sapsucker x x x + +
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (S.
Appalachian breeding pop.) x
Nuttall's Woodpecker x +
Arizona Woodpecker x +
White-headed Woodpecker x x x + +
Northern Flicker x
Gilded Flicker x +
Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet x x +
Olive-sided Flycatcher x x x x x x x + + + + + + +
Acadian Flycatcher x
Willow Flycatcher (c) x x x x x x x + + + +
Buff-breasted Flycatcher x +
Loggerhead Kingbird x +
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher x x
74
National
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 4
1 2 3 4 5 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 1 2 3 4 a 5 6 7 8
U.S.
Pacif.
Islds.
U.S.
Carib.
Islds.
Bird Conservation Regions USFWS Regions
'x' indicates species is included for breeding period (plus non-breeding where species occurs year-round), 'nb' indicates species is
included only for non-breeding period
(4a = Puerto Rico &
USVI)
Rose-throated Becard x x
Micronesian Myzomela (d) x
Loggerhead Shrike x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x + + + + + + + +
Puerto Rican Vireo x + +
Bell's Vireo (c) x x x x x x x x x + + + + +
Gray Vireo x x x x x + + + +
Black-whiskered Vireo x +
Island Scrub-Jay x + +
Pinyon Jay x x x x + + + + +
Yellow-billed Magpie x + +
Rufous Fantail (mariae ssp.) (d) x + +
Rufous Fantail (saipanensis ssp.) (d) x
`Elepaio (d) x + +
Fiji Shrikebill (d) x
Tinian Monarch (d) x + +
Horned Lark (strigata ssp.) (a) x + +
Black-capped Chickadee (S.
Appalachian pop.) x
Oak Titmouse x + +
Juniper Titmouse x
Verdin x
Brown-headed Nuthatch x x x x x x + + +
Cactus Wren x +
Bewick's Wren (bewickii ssp.) x x x x x x + + + +
Sedge Wren x nb nb nb x x nb + + +
Marsh Wren x
75
National
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 4
1 2 3 4 5 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 1 2 3 4 a 5 6 7 8
U.S.
Pacif.
Islds.
U.S.
Carib.
Islds.
Bird Conservation Regions USFWS Regions
'x' indicates species is included for breeding period (plus non-breeding where species occurs year-round), 'nb' indicates species is
included only for non-breeding period
(4a = Puerto Rico &
USVI)
`Omao x + +
Veery x
Bicknell's Thrush x + +
Wood Thrush x x x x x x x x x x x + + + + +
Bridled White-eye (saypani ssp. only)
(c,d) x
Golden White-eye (d) x + +
Sage Thrasher x x x + + +
Brown Thrasher x
Bendire's Thrasher x x x x + +
Curve-billed Thrasher x
LeConte's Thrasher x x + + +
Micronesian Starling (guami ssp.) (d) x
Polynesian Starling (d) x
Sprague's Pipit x x nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb + + + +
Phainopepla x
Olive Warbler x +
Blue-winged Warbler x x x x x x x x x + + + +
Golden-winged Warbler x x x x x + + + +
Virginia's Warbler x x + + +
Colima Warbler x + +
Lucy's Warbler x x + +
Tropical Parula x
Yellow Warbler (brewsteri ) x +
Yellow Warbler (gundlachi ssp.) x
Yellow Warbler (sonorana ) x x x + +
76
National
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 4
1 2 3 4 5 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 1 2 3 4 a 5 6 7 8
U.S.
Pacif.
Islds.
U.S.
Carib.
Islds.
Bird Conservation Regions USFWS Regions
'x' indicates species is included for breeding period (plus non-breeding where species occurs year-round), 'nb' indicates species is
included only for non-breeding period
(4a = Puerto Rico &
USVI)
Black-throated Gray Warbler x
Black-throated Green Warbler x
Grace's Warbler x x x + +
Prairie Warbler x x x x x x x + + + + +
Bay-breasted Warbler x + +
Cerulean Warbler x x x x x x x x x x + + + + +
Elfin-woods Warbler (a) x + +
Prothonotary Warbler x x x x x x + + +
Worm-eating Warbler x x x x + + + + +
Swainson's Warbler x x x x x x x x + + + + +
Louisiana Waterthrush x x
Kentucky Warbler x x x x x x x x + + + + +
Common Yellowthroat (sinuosa ssp.) x +
Canada Warbler x x x x + + + +
Red-faced Warbler x x + +
Summer Tanager x
White-collared Seedeater x
Green-tailed Towhee x + +
Spotted Towhee (clementae ssp.) x +
Canyon Towhee x
Rufous-winged Sparrow x x + +
Cassin's Sparrow x x x
Bachman's Sparrow x x x x x + + + +
Botteri's Sparrow x x +
Rufous-crowned Sparrow x
77
National
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 4
1 2 3 4 5 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 1 2 3 4 a 5 6 7 8
U.S.
Pacif.
Islds.
U.S.
Carib.
Islds.
Bird Conservation Regions USFWS Regions
'x' indicates species is included for breeding period (plus non-breeding where species occurs year-round), 'nb' indicates species is
included only for non-breeding period
(4a = Puerto Rico &
USVI)
Five-striped Sparrow x + +
Brewer's Sparrow x x x x + + + +
Field Sparrow x
Black-chinned Sparrow x x x x x + + +
Oregon Vesper Sparrow (affinis ssp.) x +
Sage Sparrow x x x + + +
Lark Bunting x x nb nb nb +
Grasshopper Sparrow x x x x x nb x +
Grasshopper Sparrow (ammolegus
ssp.) nb +
Baird's Sparrow x x nb nb + + +
Henslow's Sparrow x x x nb x x x nb nb x x x x nb nb + + + + + +
LeConte's Sparrow nb nb nb nb + +
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow x x nb x nb nb + + + + + +
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow x nb x nb + + +
Seaside Sparrow (c) x xx x + + + +
Song Sparrow (graminea ssp.) x +
Song Sparrow (maxillaris ssp.) x +
Song Sparrow (pusillula ssp.) x +
Song Sparrow (samuelis ssp.) x +
Harris's Sparrow nb nb nb + +
McCown's Longspur x x x x nb nb nb + + +
Smith's Longspur x x nb nb nb nb nb nb + + + + + +
Chestnut-collared Longspur x nb x x nb nb nb nb nb + + +
McKay's Bunting x nb + +
78
National
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 4
1 2 3 4 5 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 1 2 3 4 a 5 6 7 8
U.S.
Pacif.
Islds.
U.S.
Carib.
Islds.
Bird Conservation Regions USFWS Regions
'x' indicates species is included for breeding period (plus non-breeding where species occurs year-round), 'nb' indicates species is
included only for non-breeding period
(4a = Puerto Rico &
USVI)
Varied Bunting x x x + +
Painted Bunting x x x x nb x x x + + +
Dickcissel x x x x x x x + +
Bobolink x
Tricolored Blackbird x x + +
Rusty Blackbird x x x nb nb nb nb nb nb nb nb + + + + + +
Greater Antillean Oriole x +
Orchard Oriole x x x x
Hooded Oriole x
Altamira Oriole x
Audubon's Oriole x + +
Black Rosy-Finch x x x + + +
Brown-capped Rosy-Finch x + +
Purple Finch x
Cassin's Finch x x x + +
Red Crossbill (S. Appalachian pop.) x
Lawrence's Goldfinch x x + +
Hawai`i `Amakihi (d) x + +
Oahu `Amakihi (d) x + +
Kaua`i `Amakihi (d) x + +
`Anianiau (d) x + +
`Akikiki (a,d) x + +
Maui `Alauahio (d) x + +
`Akeke`e (d) x + +
`I`iwi (d) x + +
`Apapane (d) x + +
79
National
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 4
1 2 3 4 5 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 1 2 3 4 a 5 6 7 8
U.S.
Pacif.
Islds.
U.S.
Carib.
Islds.
Bird Conservation Regions USFWS Regions
'x' indicates species is included for breeding period (plus non-breeding where species occurs year-round), 'nb' indicates species is
included only for non-breeding period
(4a = Puerto Rico &
USVI)
Totals
13
22
10
14
30
28
22
27
23
27
29
11
27
28
16
26
11
19
39
30
26
27
26
53
25
18
45
48
45
28
37
31
31
42
18
20
27
61
78
45
61
27
51
45
34
55
147
(a) ESA candidate, (b) ESA delisted, (c) non-listed subspecies or population of ESA listed species, (d) MBTA protection uncertain or lacking
80
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 81
APPENDIX C
Index of Scientific Names of Species Appearing in the BCC 2008 Lists
(Tables 2-48), Arranged Alphabetically by Common Name
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 82
Common Name Scientific Name
Akekee Loxops caeruleirostris
Akikiki Oreomystis bairdi
Alauahio, Maui Paroreomyza maculata
Albatross, Black-footed Phoebastria nigripes
Albatross, Laysan Phoebastria immutabilis
Amakihi, Hawaii Hemignathus virens
Amakihi, Kauai Hemignathus kauaiensis
Amakihi, Oahu Hemignathus flavus
Ani, Smooth-billed Crotophaga ani
Anianiau Hemignathus pan/us
Apapane Mimatione sanguinea
Auklet, Cassin's Ptychororamphus aleuticus
Auklet, Whiskered Aethia pygmaea
Beardless-Tyrannulet, Northern Camptostoma imberbe
Becard, Rose-throated Pachyramphus aglaiae
Bittern, American Botaurus lentiginosus
Bittern, Least Ixobrychus exilis
Blackbird, Rusty Euphagus carolinus
Blackbird, Tricolored Agelaius tricolor
Black-Hawk, Common Buteogallus anthracinus
Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus
Booby, Brown Sula leucogaster
Booby, Masked Sula dactylatra
Booby, Red-footed Sula sula
Bunting, Lark Calamospiza melanocorys
Bunting, McKay's Plectrophenax hyperboreus
Bunting, Painted Passerina ciris
Bunting, Varied Passerina versicolor
Chickadee, Black-capped Poecile atricapillus
Chuck-will's-widow Caprimulgus carolinensis
Coot, Caribbean Fulica caribaea
Cormorant, Great Phalacrocorax carbo
Cormorant, Red-faced Phalacrocorax urile
Cormorant, Pelagic Phalacrocorax pelagicus pelagicus
Crake, Spotless Porzana tabuensis
Crake, Yellow-breasted Porzana flaviventer
Crossbill, Red Loxia curvirostra
Cuckoo, Black-billed Coccyzus erythropthalmus
Cuckoo, Mangrove Coccyzus minor
Cuckoo, Yellow-billed Coccyzus americanus
Curlew, Bristle-thighed Numenius tahitiensis
Curlew, Long-billed Numenius americanus
Dickcissel Spiza americana
Dowitcher, Short-billed Limnodromus griseus
Duck, Masked Nomonyx dominicus
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 83
Duck, Ruddy Oxyura jamaicensis jamaicensis
Dunlin Calidris alpina arcticola
Eagle, Bald Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Eagle, Golden Aquila chrysaetos
Egret, Reddish Egretta rufescens
Egret, Snowy Egretta thula
Elepaio Chasiempis sandwichensis
Falcon, Peregrine Falco peregrinus
Falcon, Prairie Falco mexicanus
Fantail, Rufous Rhipidura rufifrons mariae
Fantail, Rufous Rhipidura rufifrons saipanensis
Finch, Cassin’s Carpodacus cassinii
Finch, Purple Carpodacus purpureus
Flamingo, American Phoenicopterus ruber
Flicker, Gilded Colaptes chrysoides
Flicker, Northern Colaptes auratus
Flycatcher, Acadian Empidonax virescens
Flycatcher, Buff-breasted Empidonax fulvifrons
Flycatcher, Olive-sided Contopus cooperi
Flycatcher, Scissor-tailed Tyrannus forficatus
Flycatcher, Willow Empidonax traillii
Frigatebird, Magnificent Fregata magnificens
Godwit, Bar-tailed Limosa lapponica baueri
Godwit, Hudsonian Limosa haemastica
Godwit, Marbled Limosa fedoa
Goldfinch, Lawrence's Carduelis lawrencei
Goshawk, Northern Accipiter gentilis laingi
Grebe, Eared Podiceps nigricollis
Grebe, Horned Podiceps auritus
Grebe, Pied-billed Podilymbus podiceps
Grebe, Western Aechmophorus occidentalis
Ground-Dove, Common Columbina passerina
Ground-Dove, Friendly Gallicolumba stairi
Hawk, Ferruginous Buteo regalis
Hawk, Harris's Parabuteo unicinctus
Hawk, Short-tailed Buteo brachyurus
Hawk, Swainson's Buteo swainsoni
Hawk, White-tailed Buteo albicaudatus
Heron, Little Blue Egretta caerulea
Hummingbird, Allen’s Selasphorus sasin
Hummingbird, Blue-throated Lampornis clemenciae
Hummingbird, Buff-bellied Amazilia yucatanensis
Hummingbird, Calliope Stellula calliope
Hummingbird, Costa's Calypte costae
Hummingbird, Lucifer Calothorax lucifer
Hummingbird, Rufous Selasphorus rufus
liwi Vestiaria coccinea
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 84
Jay, Pinyon Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus
Kestrel, American Falco sparverius paulus
Kingbird, Loggerhead Tyrannus caudifasciatus
Kite, Mississippi Ictinia mississippiensis
Kite, Swallow-tailed Elanoides forficatus
Kittiwake, Red-legged Rissa brevirostris
Knot, Red Calidris canutu roselaari
Knot, Red Calidris canutus rufa
Lark, Horned Eremophila alpestris strigata
Limpkin Aramus guarauna
Longspur, Chestnut-collared Calcarius ornatus
Longspur, McCown's Calcarius mccownii
Longspur, Smith's Calcarius pictus
Loon, Red-throated Gavia stellata
Loon, Yellow-billed Gavia adamsii
Magpie, Yellow-billed Pica nuttalli
Mango, Antillean Anthracothorax dominicus
Monarch, Tinian Monarcha takatsukasae
Murrelet, Kittlitz's Brachyramphus brevirostris
Murrelet, Marbled Brachyramphus marmoratus
Murrelet, Xantus's Synthliboramphus hypoleucus
Myzomela, Micronesian Myzomela rubrata
Night-Heron, Black-crowned Nycticorax nycticorax
Nuthatch, Brown-headed Sitta pusilla
Omao Myadestes obscurus
Oriole, Altamira Icterus gularis
Oriole, Audubon's Icterus graduacauda
Oriole, Greater Antillean Icterus dominicensis
Oriole, Hooded Icterus cucullatus
Oriole, Orchard Icterus spurius
Owl, Burrowing Athene cunicularia
Owl, Elf Micrathene whitneyi
Owl, Flammulated Otus flammeolus
Owl, Northern Saw-whet Aegolius acadicus
Owl, Short-eared Asio flammeus
Owl, Spotted Strix occidentalis occidentalis
Oystercatcher, American Haematopus palliatus palliatus
Oystercatcher, Black Haematopus bachmani
Parakeet, Green Aratinga holochlora
Parrot, Red-crowned Amazona viridigenalis
Parula, Tropical Parula pitiayumi
Petrel, Black-capped Pterodroma hasitata
Petrel, Herald Pterodroma arminjoniana
Petrel, Phoenix Pterodroma alba
Petrel, Tahiti Pterodroma rostrata
Phainopepla Phainopepla nitens
Pigeon, Red-billed Columba flavirostris
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 85
Pigeon, White-crowned Columba leucocephala
Pintail, White-cheeked Anas bahamensis
Pipit, Sprague's Anthus spragueii
Plover, Mountain Charadrius montanus
Plover, Snowy Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus/tenuirostris
Plover, Wilson's Charadrius wilsonia wilsonia
Prairie-Chicken, Lesser Tympanuchus pallidicinctus
Quail-Dove, Bridled Geotrygon mystacea
Rail, Black Laterallus jamaicensis
Rail, Yellow Coturnicops noveboracensis
Rosy-Finch, Black Leucosticte atrata
Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped Leucosticte australis
Sage-Grouse, Greater Centrocerus urophasianus
Sage-Grouse, Gunnison Centrocercus minimus
Sandpiper, Buff-breasted Tryngites subruficollis
Sandpiper, Purple Calidris maritima maritima/belcheri
Sandpiper, Rock Calidris ptilocnemis ptilocnemis
Sandpiper, Semipalmated Calidris pusilla
Sandpiper, Solitary Tringa solitaria
Sandpiper, Upland Bartramia longicauda
Sapsucker, Williamson's Sphyrapicus thyroideus
Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied Sphyrapicus varius
Scrub-Jay, Island Aphelocoma insularis
Seedeater, White-collared Sporophila torqueola
Shearwater, Audubon's Puffinus nativitatis
Shearwater, Black-vented Puffinus opisthomelas
Shearwater, Christmas Puffinus nativitatis
Shearwater, Greater Puffinus gravis
Shearwater, Pink-footed Puffinus creatopus
Shrike, Loggerhead Lanius ludovicianus
Shrikebill, Fiji Clytorhynchus vitiensis
Skimmer, Black Rynchops niger
Sparrow, Bachman's Aimophila aestivalis
Sparrow, Baird's Ammodramus bairdii
Sparrow, Black-chinned Spizella atrogularis
Sparrow, Botteri's Aimophila botterii
Sparrow, Brewer's Spizella breweri
Sparrow, Cassin's Aimophila cassinii
Sparrow, Field Spizella pusilla
Sparrow, Five-striped Aimophila quinquestriata
Sparrow, Grasshopper Ammodramus savannarum
Sparrow, Grasshopper Ammodramus savannarum ammolegus
Sparrow, Harris's Zonotrichia querula
Sparrow, Henslow's Ammodramus henslowii
Sparrow, Le Conte's Ammodramus leconteii
Sparrow, Nelson's Sharp-tailed Ammodramus nelsoni
Sparrow, Rufous-crowned Aimophila ruficeps
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 86
Sparrow, Rufous-winged Aimophila carpalis
Sparrow, Sage Amphispiza belli
Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Ammodramus caudacutus
Sparrow, Seaside Ammodramus maritimus
Sparrow, Song Melospiza melodia graminea
Sparrow, Song Melospiza melodia maxillaris
Sparrow, Song Melospiza melodia pusillula
Sparrow, Song Melospiza melodia samuelis
Sparrow, Oregon Vesper Pooecetes gramineus affinis
Spoonbill, Roseate Platalea ajaja
Starling, Micronesia Aplonis opaca guami
Starling, Polynesian Aplonis tabuensis
Storm-Petrel, Ashy Oceanodroma homochroa
Storm-Petrel, Band-rumped Oceanodroma castro
Storm-Petrel, Polynesian Nesofregatta fuliginosa
Storm-Petrel, Tristram's Oceanodroma tristrami
Swamphen, Purple Porphyrio porphyrio
Swift, Black Cypseloides niger
Tanager, Summer Piranga rubra
Tern, Caspian Hydroprogne caspia
Tern, Aleutian Sterna aleutica
Tern, Arctic Sterna paradisaea
Tern, Black Chlidonias niger
Tern, Common Sterna hirundo
Tern, Gull-billed Gelochelidon nilotica
Tern, Least Sternula antillarum
Tern, Sandwich Thalasseus sandvicensis
Thrasher, Bendire's Toxostoma bendirei
Thrasher, Brown Toxostoma rufum
Thrasher, Curve-billed Toxostoma curvirostre
Thrasher, Le Conte's Toxostoma lecontei
Thrasher, Sage Oreoscoptes montanus
Thrush, Bicknell's Catharus bicknelli
Thrush, Wood Hylocichla mustelina
Titmouse, Juniper Baeolophus ridgwayi
Titmouse, Oak Baeolophus inornatus
Towhee, Canyon Pipilo fuscus
Towhee, Green- tailed Pipilo chlorurus
Towhee, Spotted Pipilo maculates clementae
Trogon, Elegant Trogon elegans
Verdin Auriparus flaviceps
Veery Catharus fuscescens
Vireo, Bell's Vireo bellii
Vireo, Black-whiskered Vireo altiloquus
Vireo, Gray Vireo vicinior
Vireo, Puerto Rican