An inventory of coastal wetlands, potential restoration sites, wetland buffers, and hardened shorelines for the Narragansett Bay Estuary

              An Inventory of Coastal Wetlands, Potential Restoration Sites, Wetland
Buffers, and Hardened Shorelines for the Narragansett Bay Estuary
Ralph W. Tiner1, Irene J. Huber2, Todd Nuerminger2, and Aimee L. Mandeville3
1U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
National Wetlands Inventory Program
Northeast Region
300 Westgate Center Drive
Hadley, MA 01035
2Natural Resources Assessment Group
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
University of Massachusetts
Stockbridge Hall
Amherst, MA 01003
3Department of Natural Resources Science
Environmental Data Center
University of Rhode Island
1 Greenhouse Road, Room 105
Kingston, RI 02881
May 2003
National Wetlands Inventory Cooperative Interagency Report
Cooperators: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, University of Massachusetts-Amherst,
University of Rhode Island, and Rhode Island Department of Environmental
Management, Narragansett Bay Estuary Program
This report should be cited as: Tiner, R.W., I.J. Huber, T. Nuerminger, and A.L.
Mandeville. 2003. An Inventory of Coastal Wetlands, Potential Restoration Sites,
Wetland Buffers, and Hardened Shorelines for the Narragansett Bay Estuary. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region, Hadley, MA. In cooperation with the University
of Massachusetts-Amherst, the University of Rhode Island, and the Narragansett Bay
Estuary Program. National Wetlands Inventory Cooperative Interagency Report. 40 pp.
plus Appendices.
Table of Contents
Page
Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1
Study Area ................................................................................................................ 1
Methods .................................................................................................................... 5
Results ....................................................................................................................... 12
Status of Coastal Wetlands and Related Resources ...................................... 12
Estuarine Wetland Plant Communities ......................................................... 15
Estuarine Restoration Sites ........................................................................... 21
Estuarine Wetland Buffers ............................................................................ 33
Hardened Shorelines ..................................................................................... 36
Summary and Conclusions ....................................................................................... 37
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................... 39
References ................................................................................................................. 40
Appendices ................................................................................................................ 41
A. Results for Each Rhode Island Town (towns listed alphabetically)
Barrington, Bristol, Cranston, East Greenwich, East Providence,
Jamestown, Little Compton, Middletown, Narragansett,
Newport, North Kingstown, Pawtucket, Portsmouth,
Providence, South Kingstown, Tiverton, Warren, Warwick
B. Results for Each Massachusetts Town (towns listed alphabetically)
Berkley, Dighton, Fall River, Freetown, Rehoboth, Seekonk
Somerset, Swansea
C. Thematic Maps
Potential Coastal Wetland Restoration Sites Sorted by Size
Hardened Shorelines, Coastal Habitats, and Field Sites
Potential Coastal Wetland Restoration Sites and Open Space Condition
Land Use/Cover Within 500-foot Buffer of Coastal Habitats
List of Tables
No. Page
1. Cities and towns in the Narragansett Bay estuarine wetland restoration
project area ................................................................................................... 4
2. Land use/cover categories for the 500-foot buffer .............................................. 6
3. Potential estuarine wetland restoration site types and coding used for the
Narragansett Bay Estuary ............................................................................. 8
4. Categories of hardened shorelines identified for the Narragansett Bay Estuary. 8
5. Extent of coastal wetlands and waters in the Narragansett Bay Estuary ............ 13
6. Examples of salt and brackish marshes found in the Narragansett Bay Estuary
based on field studies by UMass personnel ................................................. 17
7. Examples of estuarine oligohaline marshes in the Narragansett Bay Estuary
based on field studies by UMass personnel ................................................. 20
8. Potential estuarine wetland restoration opportunities for the Narragansett Bay
Estuary ......................................................................................................... 22
9. Type 1 wetland restoration sites for the Narragansett Bay Estuary arranged by
size class ...................................................................................................... 24
10. Type 2 potential wetland restoration sites for the Narragansett Bay Estuary
arranged by size class .................................................................................. 25
11. Type 1 wetland restoration sites for the Narragansett Bay Estuary arranged
by ownership and the presence of external impacts .................................... 26
12. Type 2 potential wetland restoration sites for the Narragansett Bay Estuary
arranged by ownership and the presence of external impacts ..................... 27
13. Type 1 wetland restoration sites for the Narragansett Bay Estuary arranged
by ownership, the presence of external impacts, and size class .................. 29
14. Type 2 potential wetland restoration sites for the Narragansett Bay Estuary
arranged ownership, the presence of external impacts, and size class ........ 30
15. Land use/cover in the 500-foot buffer surrounding estuarine wetlands in the
Narragansett Bay Estuary ............................................................................ 34
16. Extent of hardened shorelines in the Narragansett Bay Estuary ...................... 36
Note: In the Appendices, there are also four tables for each town (Appendix A for Rhode
Island towns and Appendix B for Massachusetts towns, with towns listed alphabetically -
see Table of Contents for town listing): Table 1 - Extent of coastal wetlands and related
features; Table 2 - Potential wetland restoration sites; Table 3 - Extent of hardened
shorelines; Table 4 - Land use/cover in the 500-foot buffer surrounding tidal wetlands.
1
Introduction
The Narragansett Bay Estuary Program's (NBEP) goal is to protect and preserve
Narragansett Bay through conserving and restoring natural resources and enhancing
water quality. NBEP accomplishes this through a variety of projects, including
interagency partnerships and community involvement.
In 1998, NBEP identified coastal wetland restoration mapping as a priority for data
collection. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the University of
Massachusetts (UMass) working together through a cooperative agreement had helped
the State of Massachusetts develop a watershed-based approach to identify and classify
potential wetland restoration sites using photointerpretation techniques and field
investigations. The NBEP wanted to apply this type of approach to the Narragansett Bay
Estuary and entered into an agreement with the FWS to conduct an inventory of estuarine
wetland restoration sites with technical support from UMass. While securing the state
grant funding for the project, the NBEP formed partnerships with Save the Bay, Inc. and
the University of Rhode Island (URI) Environmental Data Center. Save the Bay, Inc.
provided matching grant financial support through dedicating staff time to this project
and other restoration initiative actions in the Bay. The URI performed the geographic
information system (GIS) services and developed the project data and maps. The NBEP
will use the results of this inventory as planning tools for developing a comprehensive
and coordinated Bay-wide coastal habitat restoration plan. This plan will serve as a
model for the State for similar initiatives in the future.
This report presents the results of this multi-agency cooperative project. It summarizes
data for the entire estuary, with tabular results for each town given in the Appendices.
Study Area
The Narragansett Bay Estuary is a 147-square mile coastal embayment that dominates the
Rhode Island landscape (Figure 1). It is the receiving basin for seven major watersheds
in Rhode Island and Massachusetts including the Blackstone, Moshassuck, Pawtuxet,
Taunton, Ten Mile, Warren, and Woonaquatucket. These watersheds cover 1,600-square
miles, with 60% of the area occurring in Massachusetts. The estuarine (tidal) area of the
Bay encompasses 18 municipalities in Rhode Island and 8 in Massachusetts (Table 1).
For the coastal wetland restoration project, the study area was defined by the limits of
tidal brackish waters and bay geomorphology (shallow water zone; Figure 2).
Approximately 540 miles of shoreline were examined (Huber 2000).
2
Figure 1. Approximate limits of the Narragansett Bay watershed.
3
Figure 2. Location of the Narragansett Bay Estuary (study area dark gray-shaded).
4
Table 1. Cities and towns in the Narragansett Bay estuarine wetland restoration project
area, with their land area in this project area (i.e., within the 500-foot buffer around
estuarine wetlands) given.
State City/Town Town Study Area % in % of
Acres Acres Study Study
Area Area
Rhode Island
Barrington 5,574.6 1,561.9 28% 6%
Bristol 6,430.0 1,286.1 20% 5%
Cranston 18,549.3 155.8 1% 1%
East Greenwich 10,443.2 91.5 1% <1%
East Providence 9,018.3 1,145.4 13% 4%
Jamestown 6,608.4 1,797.7 27% 7%
Little Compton 14,534.0 546.7 4% 2%
Middletown 8,519.0 697.3 8% 3%
Narragansett 10,021.3 1,461.0 15% 6%
Newport 5,374.4 1,396.9 26% 5%
North Kingstown 28,460.2 2,367.9 8% 9%
Pawtucket 5,680.7 181.9 3% 1%
Portsmouth 15,395.9 3,180.7 21% 12%
Providence 12,041.5 785.1 7% 3%
South Kingstown 38,777.3 341.3 1% 1%
Tiverton 19,501.8 1,330.7 7% 5%
Warren 4,535.0 839.7 19% 3%
Warwick 23,248.9 2,681.1 12% 10%
----------------------- ------------ ----------
Total 242,714.0 21,848.8
Massachusetts
Berkley 10,622.7 528.4 5% 2%
Dighton 14,274.1 281.8 2% 1%
Fall River 24,768.7 579.3 2% 2%
Freetown 22,762.8 796.4 3% 3%
Rehoboth 30,371.2 323.0 1% 1%
Seekonk 11,919.9 124.6 1% <1%
Somerset 5,376.7 920.7 17% 3%
Swansea 15,100.0 1,062.4 7% 4%
----------------------- ------------ ---------
Total 135,196.1 4,616.6
5
Methods
Data Compiliation
Conventional photointerpretation techniques were used to identify and map the following
features: potential estuarine wetland restoration sites, external sources of degradation,
land use/land cover within 500-foot buffer around all estuarine wetlands, and hardened
shorelines. The primary source imagery was 1:40,000 true color photographs acquired on
August 11, 1996, with 1:12,000 true color photography acquired on July 6, 1996 serving
as collateral data. Base data for estuarine wetlands was derived from this imagery
previously by UMass's Natural Resources Assessment Group (NRAG) and the Rhode
Island Department of Environmental Management's GIS Program (Huber 1999, 2000;
Narragansett Bay Estuary Program 2001) and compiled in digital form by URI's
Environmental Data Center (EDC).
Photointerpretation was performed using mirror stereoscopes. Interpreted data for
restoration sites and buffers were delineated by pen and ink on mylar overlays registered
to the 1:40,000-scale photos, with 1:12,000 photos viewed when needed (e.g., small
Phragmites stands). Hardened shorelines were interpreted from the 1:12,000 photos and
transferred directly to 1:24,000 frosted mylar base maps (prepared by URI) by a stereo
zoom transfer scope (ZTS). Wetlands and deepwater habitats were classified according
to Cowardin et al. (1979), the national digital data standard for wetlands. For this study,
coastal wetlands include Cowardin's marine and estuarine intertidal wetlands - tidal
wetlands with measureable traces of ocean-derived salts. A modification of Anderson et
al. (1976) was used to classify land use/cover in the 500-foot buffer surrounding estuarine
wetlands (Table 2). Potential estuarine wetland restoration sites were assigned to specific
categories within two broad types: Type 1 - former estuarine wetlands (sites for
increasing estuarine wetland acreage) and Type 2 - degraded estuarine wetlands (existing
coastal wetlands whose functions may be improved through restoration). Type 1 sites
were separated into two major categories:1) filled and effectively drained sites (Type 1A)
and 2) submerged sites or palustrine wetlands that were formerly estuarine wetlands
(Type 1B). Potential external impacts to Type 1B sites were also identified. Type 2 sites
were subdivided into two broad categories: 1) sites with internal alterations (e.g., tidal
restrictions, ditching, diking, excavation, vegetation changes, and minor filling) and 2)
estuarine wetlands that may be threatened by off-site activities. Table 3 lists specific
categories of potential restoration sites. Hardened shorelines were classified according to
categories developed for this study (Table 4). For linear shores, interpretations were
made on 1:12,000 photos. See Huber (2000) for a more detailed explanation of
photointerpretation methods. Target mapping units for this project were: 1) 0.5 acre for
land use/cover in the buffer zone, 2) 0.5 acre for potential coastal wetland restoration, 3)
0.25 acre for common reed stands, 4) approximately 125 linear feet for restoration site
perimeters, and 5) 125-250 linear feet for hardened shorelines.
Upon completion of the photointerpretation, data on mylar overlays were transferred to
1:24,000 frosted mylar map bases (prepared by URI) using a ZTS. Point locations of
field sites were also transferred to these bases.
6
Table 2. Land use/cover categories for the 500-foot buffer (modified from Anderson et
al. 1976).
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
1 Urban or
Built-up Land 11 Residential 111 Single Family
112 Multi-family
113 Mobile Home Parks
114 Lawns (includes non-residential
lawns)
115 Other (e.g., military barracks)
12 Commercial and Services 121 Commercial and Institutional
Structures (plazas, malls, schools,
universities, military bases)
122 Recreational structures
(e.g., beach pavilions, water slides)
123 Marinas
124 Junkyards
125 Paved surfaces associated with
commercial and services
126 Unpaved surfaces (sandy
parking lots in beach areas)
127 Wharves, piers & shipyards
13 Industrial
14 Transportation,
Communications&Utilities
(includes lighthouses)
(for roads, map 4-lane
highway corridors;
no 2-lanes)
15 Industrial &
Commercial Complexes
16 Mixed Urban or
Built-up Land
17 Other Urban or
Built-up Land 171 Golf courses
172 Cemeteries
173 Other (zoos, urban parks, ski
areas, forts)
174 Landfills
7
Table 2 (continued).
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
2 Agricultural 21 Cropland
22 Orchards, Nurseries,
Vineyards, Ornamental
Horticulture
23 Confined Feeding Operation
24 Pasture and Hayfields
25 Other
3 Rangeland 31 Herbaceous Cover
32 Shrub and Brush Cover
33 Mixed
4 Forest 41 Deciduous Forest Cover
42 Evergreen Forest Cover
43 Mixed
5 Water, and
6 Wetlands 56 Any water or wetland polygon
Use Cowardin (1979) for freshwater
wetlands in the buffer zone**
7 Barren Land 71 Dry Flats
72 Beaches (classified under
Cowardin, 1979)
73 Sand Areas other than Beaches
(dunes, backdunes) (Note: Dunes were
mapped on original wetlands layer as "D")
74 Bare exposed rock
75 Strip Mines, Quarries and
Gravel Pits
76 Mixed Barren Land
77 Transitional Areas
8
Table 3. Potential estuarine wetland restoration site types and coding used for the
Narragansett Bay Estuary.
Restoration SiteType Code Impact Type
1 (former estuarine wetland) 1f Fill
1fph Fill/Phragmites-dominated
1fsp Fill/Dredged Spoil
1d Effectively Drained
1su Submerged
1w Palustrine Wetland (former estuarine
wetland)
1x Excavated or Impounded Fresh
Waterbody (former estuarine
wetland)
2 (existing estuarine wetlands
that are or may be degraded) 2r Tidally Restricted
2rs Severely Tidally Restricted
2d Significantly Ditched
2h Diked/Impounded
2f Minor Filling
2fs Minor Filling/Dredged Spoil
2v Vegetation Change (also includes
Phragmites-dominated estuarine
wetlands)
2vi Vegetation Change/Iva
2x Excavated
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 4. Categories of hardened shorelines identified for the Narragansett Bay Estuary.
Map Code Hardened Shoreline Type
BA Bridge Abutment
BK Bulkhead
BW Breakwater
GR Groin
JT Jetty
OHS Other Hardshore
OSP Other Significant Pier
PP Permanent Pier
RR Revetment
9
Field Investigations
Field studies were performed to collect vegetation data on reference wetlands within four
categories of disturbance: 1) undisturbed/relatively undisturbed, 2) moderately disturbed,
3) severely disturbed, and 4) severely tidally restricted. Factors considered in assigning
reference sites to these classes included presence of disturbance agents, the estimated
severity of the disturbance, and the presence or absence of vegetation in buffer zones.
The first category included wetlands free from human disturbance (internal and external)
and wetlands with woody vegetation along most of their boundary. The degree of
ditching was considered in rating wetlands as relatively undisturbed or moderately
disturbed. The number and condition of ditches, the extent of hightide bush (Iva
frutescens), and presence of other disturbance factors were used subjectively evaluated.
Moderately disturbed sites generally included those with a single impairment, such as
significant ditching or habitat fragmentation, and lacking a significant vegetative buffer.
Tidally restricted wetlands without significant stands of common reed (Phragmites
australis) were also categorized as moderately disturbed. Severely disturbed sites had
multiple sources of impairment. Severely tidally restricted sites were identified by major
vegetation changes from one side of a road versus the other, with the presence of typical
salt marshes grasses on the seaward side and common reed located on the upstream side.
Study sites were chosen based on accessibility. Field work was performed on the
following dates: July 16-17, 19-20, 1997 and May 23-25, 2000. A total of 76 sites were
evaluated for this project; another 42 sites had been visited for the previous project (basic
coastal wetland mapping for the Narragansett Bay Estuary). Fifty-eight sites were
inspected as "reference wetlands" to provide information on plant community
composition and other features associated with estuarine wetlands subjected to the range
of disturbances noted above (Irene Huber, pers. comm. 2003). Eighteen tidally restricted
sites were evaluated with the properties of the restricting structure and its effect on the
wetland recorded. All field data would be used to aid the State's future estuarine wetland
restoration efforts. Copies of the completed field forms were included in a report by
Huber (2000).
Geospatial Database Construction and GIS Analysis
Geospatial database construction was performed by the University of Rhode Island's
Environmental Data Center (EDC). Each basemap was registered on the digitizing tablet
with a RMS value <0.003. All features delineated for this project were digitized in
ArcEdit and coded using ArcView 3.2 software. Data for each quad was digitized
separately and joined to form one complete baywide coverage. Data for each USGS
quadrangle was digitized, coded and proofed before moving onto the next quadrangle.
Proofing took place in two phases: 1) on screen in ArcView 3.2 to check for coding
errors as well as line errors and 2) a proof plot of the linework information was made and
sent along with the mylar basemap for NRAG to proof. Any omissions or coding
changes were noted on the proof plot and returned to EDC for final editing.
The landuse/landcover data were digitized into an existing coverage containing the
upland shoreline features from the coastal wetlands data layer and the 500-foot buffer
10
line (Figure 3). Each quad was digitized and proofed separately to be MAPJOINED after
all land use/land cover data were completed. For those polygons coded as freshwater
wetland, an item ENHANCED was added and attributed with a Cowardin et al. (1979)
classification.
Hardened shorelines were digitized by quadrangle into an existing coverage containing
the linework from the coastal wetland datalayer. The ArcEdit UNSPLIT command was
used on the shoreline features to create a continuous arc. The ArcEdit SPLIT command
was then used to create most of the line features as they followed the upland shoreline.
For potential restoration sites, the internally degraded wetlands were digitized by quad
into an existing coverage containing the coastal wetland features. This allowed for the
splitting of wetlands where one part of the wetland may have an internal impact. In some
cases, freshwater wetlands were also internally impacted; the linework for these polygons
was pulled from the existing landuse/landcover dataset.
External impacts to coastal wetlands were digitized by quad into an existing coverage
containing the coastal wetland features. The SPLIT command was used to create most of
the line features as they followed existing wetland edges. In some cases, freshwater
wetlands were also externally impacted; the linework for these polygons was pulled from
the existing landuse/landcover dataset.
Field data points were digitized by quad with the points placed on a proof plot by NRAG
staff and then heads-up digitized into ArcView. The points were coded with their
corresponding site number to reference the field data sheets for specific locations.
Upon construction of the final digital database, summary tables were generated using
Arc/Info FREQUENCY command. Tabular data are included in the Results and
Appendices A and B of this report. Thematic maps showing potential coastal wetland
restoration sites, hardened shorelines and coastal habitats, potential coastal wetland
restoration sites and open space, and land use/cover within the 500-foot buffer of coastal
habitats were also prepared (Appendix C).
Identification of Coastal Wetland Complexes
To identify focus areas for restoration efforts, potential coastal wetland restoration sites
were grouped according to complexes by EDC, NBEP, and Save the Bay, Incorporated.
A new digital data layer for the complex coverage was created by selecting all potential
wetland restoration polygons, including all former coastal wetland polygons (Type 1
sites), coastal wetland polygons with internal sources of degradation (Type 2 sites), and
coastal wetland polygons with potential external sources of degradation. These
individual wetland polygons were then grouped into potential restoration project areas or
"complexes" based on their location, type of impairment, ecology, field conditions, and
other variables. Finally, in the digital database, each polygon was coded with its complex
number, so that all potential restoration sites within one complex had the same complex
11
code. This process identified 236 wetland restoration complexes for the Narragansett
Bay Estuary (Helen Cottrell, pers. comm. 2003).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Figure 3. Aerial photograph showing approximate limits of 500-foot buffer area along
Greenwich Bay. (Source: RIGIS).
12
Results
Status of Coastal Wetlands and Related Resources1
The Narragansett Bay Estuary encompasses almost 230,000 acres of tidal and subtidal
saltwater-influenced habitats (Table 5). The Bay itself predominates this tidal ecosystem,
accounting for 97% of this acreage (22,207.9 acres). There is 1.5 times as much marine
water as estuarine water in the Bay. Intertidal habitats occupy only 3% of the Estuary.
Estuarine tidal marshes and swamps comprise 58% (3,558.8 acres) of this habitat, with
the remainder made up mostly of nonvegetated intertidal shores. The latter includes
sandy beaches, sand and mud flats, and cobble-gravel shores. Nine acres of oyster reefs
were inventoried.
Irregularly flooded emergent wetlands dominate the tidal marshes, representing 92%
(3,281.5 acres) of these vegetated wetlands. Common reed (Phragmites australis) occurs
in 473 acres and is the dominant species in over 340 acres (Figure 4). A total of 277
acres of regularly flooded emergent wetlands were inventoried.2 Salt shrub swamps,
typically dominated by hightide bush (Iva frutescens) account for only 5% of the
estuarine vegetated wetlands.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Figure 4. Phragmites-dominated wetland in Narragansett Bay Estuary. (Helen Cottrell
photo)
1 Data for this subsection come from prior work conducted by the University of Massachusetts for the
NBEP; tabular data were provided by URI's Environmental Data Center for this report.
2 Based on a review of field notes, these areas included short form Spartina alterniflora which typically
grows in the high marsh contiguous to the low marsh, so some areas of the lower high marsh are included
in this acreage figure.
13
Table 5. Extent of coastal wetlands and waters in the Narragansett Bay Estuary. (Note:
These data summarize totals for mapped polygons only; linear data are not included.)
Wetland or Waterbody Type Acreage
Estuarine Water Eelgrass Bed 92.6
Saline/Brackish 89,329.7
Oligohaline 143.6
-------------------- -----------
Subtotal 89,565.9
Estuarine Marsh Emergent Regularly Flooded 276.5
(Salt/Brackish Marsh) Phragmites Irregularly Flooded 198.5
Em/Phrag Irregularly Flooded 14.6
Other Emergent Irregularly Flooded 2,360.5
Phrag/Shrub Irregularly Flooded 3.3
Other Em/Shrub Irregularly Flooded 6.9
---------------------------------------------- -----------
Subtotal 2,860.3
Estuarine Oligohaline Marsh Emergent Regularly Flooded 0.8
(Slightly Brackish Marsh) Phragmites Irregularly Flooded 141.6
Em/Phrag Irregularly Flooded 115.3
Other Emergent Irregularly Flooded 279.1
----------------------------------------------- ------------
Subtotal 536.8
Estuarine Reef Mollusc (Oyster) 9.3
Estuarine Rocky Shore Bedrock Regularly Flooded 29.1
Bedrock Irregularly Flooded 97.2
Rubble Regularly Flooded 76.6
Rubble Irregularly Flooded 16.1
----------------------------------- --------
Subtotal 219.0
Estuarine Streambed Sand and Mud Regularly Flooded 3.1
Estuarine Scrub-Shrub
Wetland Deciduous Irregularly Flooded 159.8
(Salt Shrub Swamp) Shrub/Emergent Irregularly Flooded 0.7
--------------------------------------------- --------
Subtotal 161.7
14
Estuarine Unconsolidated
Shore Cobble-Gravel Regularly Flooded 68.2
Cobble-Gravel Irregularly Flooded 61.2
Sand Irregularly Exposed 253.2
Sand Regularly Flooded 442.2
Sand/Cobble-Gravel Regularly Flooded 42.1
Sand/Emergent Regularly Flooded 5.9
Sand Irregularly Flooded 578.6
Mud Regularly Exposed 200.4
Mud Regularly Flooded Oligohaline 105.5
Sand Regularly Flooded Oligohaline 7.0
------------------------------------------------- ---------
Subtotal 1,764.3
Estuarine Salt Panne Irregularly Exposed 39.5
Regularly Flooded 1.7
--------------------------------------------- ----------
Subtotal 41.2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Estuarine Habitat 95,161.6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Marine Water Eelgrass Bed 2.6
Unconsolidated Bottom 132,649.4
---------------------------------------------- -------------
Subtotal 132,652.0
Marine Rocky Shore Regularly Flooded 145.0
Irregularly Flooded 199.7
----------------------------------------------- ------------
Subtotal 344.7
Marine Unconsolidated
Shore Cobble-Gravel Regularly Flooded 5.9
Cobble-Gravel Irregularly Flooded 9.6
Sand Irregularly Exposed 2.3
Sand Regularly Flooded 100.7
Sand Irregularly Flooded 77.2
------------------------------------------------ -------------
Subtotal 195.7
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Marine Habitats 133,192.4
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Narragansett Bay Grand Total 228,354.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15
Estuarine Wetland Plant Communities
Estuarine wetlands include both vegetated and nonvegetated types. Vegetated types are
generally referred to as marshes and swamps, while the nonvegetated types include rocky
shores, beaches, tidal flats, and intertidal oyster reefs (Figure 5). Rocky shores may be
colonized by macrophytic algae, namely knotted wrack (Ascophyllum nodosum) and
rockweeds (Fucus spp.).
The marshes are characterized by two distinct zones of vegetation: 1) low or regularly
flooded marsh and 2) high or irregularly flooded marsh. The low marsh is lower in
elevation and therefore subject to more frequent and prolonged tidal flooding. This zone
is flooded at least once daily by the tides (regularly flooded). It extends from the mean
high tide level approximately to mean sea level where emergent vegetation begins
growing. The regularly flooded area extends below mean sea level and bare tidal flats
cover this region (i.e., to the extreme low spring tide mark). Intertidal oyster reefs may
also be found in this area. The high marsh occurs above the mean high tide level and is
flooded less often than daily (irregularly flooded). Some areas are flooded weekly, while
others are flooded a couple of times a month or less often by spring and storm tides,
respectively.
Salt marshes are the most seaward of the tidal marshes and therefore are exposed to the
highest salinities. Here the low marsh is characterized by a tall growth form of smooth
cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) (3 feet or more tall). Above the low marsh, a variety of
halophytic plants grow. Immediately above the low marsh may be a zone dominated by a
short form of smooth cordgrass (1.5 feet or less tall). Often, an abundance of green algae
may be associated with this form. Beyond this zone, three plants tend to occupy the most
area; they include salt hay grass (Spartina patens), salt grass (Distichlis spicata), and
black grass or black rush (Juncus gerardii) (see Tiner 1987 for additional information on
New England salt marshes). Ponds and ditches in the high marsh may be colonized by
widgeon-grass (Ruppia maritima). Depressions where salt water collects and evaporates
are high saline habitats with salt concentrations more than twice that of sea water. This
habitat is only fit for the most salt-tolerant species. Glassworts (Salicornia spp.,
especially S. europaea) are the most abundant and frequently found speices in these
depressions (pannes). Hightide bush (Iva frutescens) occurs along ditch banks, upper
edges of salt marshes, and disturbed areas (tidally restricted and ditched sites).
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) may be found at the upper edges of salt marshes as well
as growing in brackish marshes. Common reed (Phragmites australis) ranges from
common to dominant, often forming monotypic stands in severely tidally restricted sites.
Table 6 presents numerous examples of wetland plant communities associated with
irregularly flooded salt marshes. Note communities are arranged according to three
disturbance categories.
Slightly brackish marshes are typically dominated by one of two species: common reed,
narrow-leaved cattail (Typha angustifolia) (Table 7). Other dominants include soft-stemmed
bulrush (Scirpus validus) and broad-leaved cattail (T. latifolia).
16
Figure 3. Examples of estuarine wetlands in the Narragansett Bay Estuary: a) Sapowet
Marsh (Tiverton), b) 100-acre Cove Marsh (Barrington), c) Jamestown salt marsh,
d) Palmer River salt marsh (Barrington), e) boulder shore at Sachuest Point
(Middletown), and f) gravel beach (North Prudence Island). (Dr. Frank Golet photos)
a d
b e
c f
17
Table 6. Examples of salt and brackish marshes found in the Narragansett Bay Estuary
based on field studies by UMass personnel. An asterisk (*) designates impounded sites
(typically "impounded" by roadways). Disturbance categories: U - relatively undisturbed,
M - moderately disturbed, and S - severely disturbed.
Dominant Species Associated Species
(location - disturbance
category)
Spartina patens Spartina alterniflora-short and tall, Salicornia europaea,
(Tiverton - U) Limonium nashii, Juncus gerardii, Salicornia virginica
S. alterniflora-short S. europaea (on overwash), L. nashii (on overwash), S. patens
(Tiverton - U)
S. alterniflora-short/
S. patens L. nashii, S. europaea
(Little Compton - U)
S. patens/S. alterniflora
(short) (Jamestown - U) L. nashii, Distichlis spicata, S. alterniflora-tall
J. gerardii L. nashii, Triglochin maritimum, S. patens, D. spicata, Solidago
(Jamestown - U) sempervirens, S. virginica, Panicum virgatum, Agropyron pungens,
Plantago maritima
S. alterniflora-short S. alterniflora-tall, L. nashii, S. europaea, S. patens
(Jamestown - U)
S. alterniflora-short L. nashii
(Jamestown - U)
Iva frutescens J. gerardii, D. spicata, Atriplex patula, Baccharis halimifolia,
(Narragansett - U) Rosa palustris, Juniperus virginiana
S. patens S. alterniflora-short, Scirpus americanus, Phragmites australis,
(Narragansett - U) D. spicata, I. frutescens (algae in pools)
S. patens/S. alterniflora-short
(Narragansett - U) Ulva lactuca (ditch), J. gerardii, S. europaea, I. frutescens (edge)
S. patens U. lactuca, Fucus vesiculosus, S. alterniflora, S. europaea, D. spicata,
(Wickford - U) S. sempervirens, Limonium carolinianum, P. australis,
I. frutescens (ditch banks/marsh edge)
S. patens Spartina pectinata, A. patula, Puccinellia maritima, P. virgatum (upper edge),
(Warwick - U) I. frutescens, (pocket of Typha latifolia, Impatiens capensis, Lythrum
salicaria, Rumex crispus, and Lemna sp. at freshwater inflow point)
D. spicata J. gerardii, S. sempervirens, P. virgatum, S. europaea, I. frutescens
(Warwick - U)
S. patens S. alterniflora, S. sempervirens, S. europaea, D. spicata, I. frutescens (edge)
(Barrington - U)
18
Table 6. (continued)
Dominant Species Associated Species
(location - disturbance
category)
S. patens D. spicata, S. sempervirens, S. alterniflora-short, P. virgatum, S. europaea,
(Jamestown - U) L. carolinianum, I. frutescens (edge), Scirpus spp., Toxicodendron radicans
S. patens/Scirpus
pungens/P. virgatum D. spicata, J. gerardii, A. patula, Hibiscus moscheutos, S. semperivirens,
(Jamestown - U) T. radicans, Eleocharis rostellata, Carex hormathodes
J. gerardii T. maritimum, S. alterniflora-short, A. patula, L. nashii, D. spicata
(Tiverton - M)
J.gerardii/S. alterniflora-short
(Middletown - M) S. europaea, S. patens, A. patula, D. spicata, Phragmites australis, I. frutescens
S. patens A. patula, D. spicata, S. alterniflora-short, S. sempervirens (edge), S. europaea,
(Newport - M) Carex spp., L. nashii, J. gerardii, Glaux maritima, I. frutescens, Galium spp.,
Festuca rubra (edge), Impatiens capensis (edge), Polygonum persicaria
S. alterniflora-short P. australis
(Newport - M)
S. patens/S. alterniflora-short
(Jamestown - M) L. nashii, S. europaea
S. patens D. spicata, S. europaea, S. alterniflora-short, L. nashii
(Bristol - M)
S. patens U. lactuca (ditch), S. alterniflora-short, S. sempervirens, D. spicata,
(Narragansett - M) P. virgatum (upper border), Puccinellia maritima, Suaeda linearis,
L. carolinianum, S. europaea, T. radicans (upper border),
P. australis, Typha angustifolia (fringe), I. frutescens
P. australis S. patens
(North Kingstown - M)
*S. patens U. lactuca (in open water), S. alterniflora-short, S. europaea, D. spicata,
(Wickford - M) P. australis, I. frutescens
S. patens/P. australis S. europaea, D. spicata, S. alterniflora-short, J. gerardii, L. carolinianum,
(North Kingstown - M) S. sempervirens, I. frutescens (creek bank)
I. frutescens P. australis
(Potowomut - M)
S. alterniflora-short S. patens, D. spicata, S. europaea, J. gerardii, S. sempervirens
(Potowomut - M)
19
Table 6. (continued)
Dominant Species Associated Species
(location - disturbance)
P. australis/S. patens S. alterniflora (creek), S. sempervirens
(Greenwich - M)
I. frutescens S. alterniflora, J. gerardii, D. spicata, Spartina spp., S. europaea, S. sempervirens
(Warren - M)
J. gerardii D. spicata, P. australis (edge), I. frutescens (edge)
(Warren - M)
*J. gerardii Ruppia maritima (ditch), D. spicata, S. patens, S. europaea, A. patula,
(Little Compton - M/S) S. sempervirens, I. frutescens
*J. gerardii A. patula, S. sempervirens, S. europaea, S. pectinata, D. spicata,
(Newport - S) P. australis, Lythrum salicaria
S. alterniflora-short S. patens, D. spicata, P. australis (edge), I. frutescens, T. radicans (edge)
(Portsmouth - S)
*S. patens D. spicata, S. sempervirens, J. gerardii, P. australis (upper limits),
(Little Compton - S) I. frutescens, T. radicans
P. australis (Plum Pt. - S) None
S. patens/D. spicata J. gerardii, S. alterniflora, S. europaea, I. frutescens, P. australis (lawn edge)
(Warren - S)
*S. alterniflora-short A. patula, S. sempervirens, A. pungens, D. spicata, J. gerardii
(Bristol - S)
*S. patens/I. frutescens J. gerardii, A. patula, D. spicata, S. sempervirens, F. rubra, P. australis,
(Bristol - S) Rumex crispus, Typha angustifolia
*S. patens/P. australis R. maritima, A. patula, S. alterniflora-short, D. spicata, S. europaea, L. nashii,
(Barrington - S) J. gerardii, Asparagus officinalis (upper edge), I. frutescens
*S. alterniflora-short D. spicata, S. europaea, A. patula, S. patens
(North Kingstown - S)
*S. patens/S. alterniflora-short
(N. Kingstown - S) D. spicata, S. alterniflora-tall, S. europaea, P. australis
S. alterniflora-short S. patens, L. nashii, A. pungens, S. sempervirens, A. patula, J. gerardii,
(North Kingstown - S) D. spicata, P. australis, I. frutescens
P. australis T. radicans, Arisaema triphyllum
(Jamestown - S)
*J. gerardii A. patula, S. sempervirens, S. europaea, Spartina pectinata, D. spicata,
(Newport - S) P. australis, Lythrum salicaria
20
Table 7. Examples of estuarine oligohaline marshes in the Narragansett Bay Estuary
based on field studies by UMass personnel. An asterisk (*) indicates impounded
wetland. Disturbance categories: U - relatively undisturbed, M - moderately disturbed,
and S - severely disturbed.
Dominant Species Associated Species
(location - disturbance category)
Scirpus validus Spartina pectinata, Atriplex patula, Typha latifolia,
(Oakland Beach - U) Phragmites australis, Carex sp.
P. australis/Typha angustifolia Hibiscus moscheutos, Scirpus pungens,
(Narragansett - M) Eleocharis spp., Ludwigia palustris, Sium suave
T. latifolia Unidentified shrubs (upper edge)
(Warwick - M)
*T. angustifolia Impatiens capensis, Toxicodendron radicans,
(Little Compton - S) Polygonum cuspidatum, Cirsium arvense
*T. angustifolia Spartina patens, A. patula, Scirpus americanus,
(Middletown - S) Iva frutescens, H. moscheutos
*P. australis Spartina alterniflora-tall and short, S. patens,
(Barrington - S) Lythrum salicaria, Calystegia sepium, Peltandra
virginica, Boehmeria cylindrica
*T. angustifolia/P. australis S. patens, Scirpus robustus
(Narragansett - S)
T. angustifolia/P. australis None
(Swansea - S)
T. angustifolia None
(Portsmouth - S)
P. australis T. radicans
(Portsmouth - S)
*T. angustifolia P. australis
(Little Compton - S)
21
Estuarine Restoration Sites
A total of 236 restoration complexes were inventoried (Helen Cottrell, pers. comm.
2003). Over 4,000 acres (4,020.6 acres) were identified as having some potential for
restoration of estuarine wetlands (Table 8). Most (78%) of this acreage was represented
by Type 2 sites - existing coastal wetland degraded by human actions, such as ditch
construction, impoundment by roads (and inadequate culvert sizing), and excavation
(Table 8).
Type 1 potentially restorable acreage amounted to 888 acres (Table 8). Roughly half
(46%) of this acreage is now open fresh water, whereas 43% is freshwater wetland.
Much of the conversion to freshwater wetland resulted from impoundment by roads.
Filled former estuarine wetlands that may be restorable accounted for 91 acres; 36% of
this acreage was represented by dredged spoil disposal sites. When arranged by size class
as in Table 9, it is apparent that most (47%) of the Type 1 sites are small (less than 1
acre), while about one-third (34%) are in the 1-5 acres range. About 71% of the filled
sites are less than 1 acre. Of the submerged sites, nearly two-thirds are less than 5 acres
in size (36% 1-5 acres; 27% <1 acre), while six sites (27%) were 10 acres or more. Most
of the Type 1 sites represent freshwater wetlands and waterbodies that were once
estuarine habitats. Of these, about three-quarters of the sites are less than 5 acres in size,
being almost evenly divided between sites 1-5 acres and <1 acre in size.
Type 2 acreage was about 3.5 times that of Type 1 acreage (3,132 acres vs. 888 acres;
Table 8). The wetlands identified as potential Type 2 restoration sites represent about
65% of the existing vegetated coastal wetland acreage in the Narragansett Bay estuary.
Ditching and tidal restriction were the primary disturbances, impacting 1,665 acres and
1,507 acres, respectively. Of the Type 2 acreage, 53% was partly drained due to ditching,
while 48% was tidally restricted (Figure 6); many Type 2 sites experienced multiple
impacts. Significant vegetation change (i.e., increase in common reed and/or hightide
bush) occurred in 480 acres, with over three-quarters of this change attributed to invasion
by common reed. About half of the Type 2 potential restoration sites was sites less than 1
acre in size, while one-third was in the 1-5 acre range (Table 10).
Most of the Type 1 and Type 2 potential restoration sites occurred on private property
(Tables 11 and 12). Sixty-one percent of the Type 1 sites occurred solely on private
land, while 30% was on a combination of public and private land. Only 9% was entirely
on public land. Slightly more than half of the Type 1 sites had adverse external impacts
(90 sites vs. 88 with no such impacts). Ownership of Type 2 sites was nearly the same
proportions as the Type 1 sites (61% private, 31% public/private, and 8% public only).
Fifty-five percent of the Type 2 sites had negative external impacts (358 sites), whereas
445 had no external impacts (283 sites). Tables 13 and 14 show distribution of Type 1
and Type 2 sites by a combination of ownership, the presence of external impacts, and
size classes.
22
Table 8. Potential estuarine wetland restoration opportunities for the Narragansett Bay
Estuary. Type 1 = former wetlands that may be restorable; Type 2 = possibly degraded
wetlands that may be restorable. The # of areas represent number of distinct wetland
areas within potential restoration sites. *- includes deepwater habitat.
Type Current Status # of Areas Acreage
1 Filled 58 90.7
(Filled-nonwetland) (53) (57.7)
(Filled-Phragmites) (1) (0.1)
(Filled-spoil) (4) (32.9)
Impounded-fresh waterbody 23 406.6
Excavated-fresh waterbody/wetland 7 6.6
Freshwater Vegetated Wetland 90 384.3
(Aquatic Bed) (15) (133.6)
(Emergent-tidal) (50) (150.8)
(Emergent-nontidal) (6) (11.8)
(Scrub/Shrub-tidal) (16) (78.0)
(Scrub/Shrub-nontidal) (2) (7.6)
(Forested-tidal) (1) (2.5)
------------------------------------- ---------- ----------
Total 178 888.2
2 Ditched 88 1,212.5
Ditched/Tidally Restricted 26 295.9
Ditched/Tidally Restricted/Iva 6 17.2
Ditched/Severely Tidally Restricted 15 18.6
Ditched/Severely Tidally Restricted/Phrag 4 10.0
Ditched/Phragmites 20 40.3
Ditched/Iva 21 34.6
Ditched/Impounded 1 35.5
*Impounded (deepwater habitat) 3 10.9
Impounded (vegetated wetland) 4 2.2
Impounded (nonvegetated wetland) 1 0.6
Impounded/Phragmites 5 7.0
*Tidally Restricted (open water habitat) 44 712.0
Tidally Restricted (nonvegetated wetland) 39 69.0
Tidally Restricted (vegetated wetland) 122 194.5
Tidally Restricted/Phragmites 2 4.2
Tidally Restricted/Iva 6 4.2
Severely Tidally Restricted 31 100.5
Severely Tidally Restricted/Phragmites 21 80.6
Vegetation change-Phragmites 143 223.1
Vegetation change - Iva 37 55.5
Vegetation change - Iva & Phragmites 1 3.3
*Excavated/Tidally Restricted 1 0.2
---------------------------------------------------- -------- -----------
Total 641 3,132.4
23
Figure 6. Aerial view of tidally restricted wetland in Bristol. Note road crossings at
mouth and Phragmites marsh (gray-green color) in upper estuary. (Photo courtesy of
Narragansett Bay Estuary Program)
24
Table 9. Type 1 wetland restoration sites for the Narragansett Bay Estuary arranged by
size class.
Site Type # of Size Classes (acres)
Sites <1 1-5 5-10 10-25 >25
Filled 53 39 11 1 2 0
Filled/Phragmites 1 1 0 0 0 0
Filled/Spoil 4 1 2 0 0 1
Submerged 22 6 8 2 1 5
Freshwater Wetland 91 33 36 13 6 3
Excavated 7 4 3 0 0 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 178 84 60 16 9 9
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25
Table 10. Type 2 potential wetland restoration sites for the Narragansett Bay Estuary
arranged by size class.
Site Type # of Size Classes (acres)
Sites <1 1-5 5-10 10-25 >25
Ditched 88 13 26 15 19 15
Ditched/Tidal Restriction 26 0 13 3 7 3
Ditched/SevereTidal Restriction 1 1 0 0 0 0
Ditched/Tidal Restriction/Iva 6 1 4 1 0 0
Ditched/Severe Tidal Restriction 14 7 7 0 0 0
Ditched/Severe Tidal Restriction/
Phragmites 4 3 0 1 0 0
Ditched/Phragmites 20 10 8 1 1 0
Ditched/Iva 21 13 7 0 1 0
Impounded 8 7 0 1 0 0
Ditched/Impounded 1 0 0 0 0 1
Impounded/Phragmites 5 3 2 0 0 0
Tidal Restriction 205 103 74 1 9 8
Tidal Restriction/Phragmites 2 1 1 0 0 0
Tidal Restriction/Iva 6 6 0 0 0 0
Severe Tidal Restriction 31 15 11 3 1 1
Severe Tidal Restriction/Phragmites 21 10 8 2 0 1
Vegetation Change Phragmites 143 100 35 3 4 1
Vegetation Change Iva 37 16 19 2 0 0
Vegetation Change Iva&Phragmites 1 0 1 0 0 0
Excavated/Tidal Restriction 1 1 0 0 0 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 641 310 216 43 42 30
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
26
Table 11. Type 1 wetland restoration sites for the Narragansett Bay Estuary arranged by
ownership and the presence of external impacts.
Site Type Ownership # of Sites External Impact?
Filled Private 16 yes
Private 23 no
Public 4 yes
Public 2 no
Public/Private 6 yes
Public/Private 2 no
Filled/Phragmites Private 1 no
Filled/Spoil Private 1 yes
Private 2 no
Public/Private 1 no
Submerged Private 2 yes
Private 9 no
Public 2 yes
Public 2 no
Public/Private 4 yes
Public/Private 3 no
Freshwater Wetland Private 20 yes
Private 31 no
Public 1 yes
Public 3 no
Public/Private 28 yes
Public/Private 8 no
Excavated Private 2 yes
Private 1 no
Public 2 yes
Public/Private 2 yes
27
Table 12. Type 2 potential wetland restoration sites for the Narragansett Bay Estuary
arranged by ownership and the presence of external impacts.
Site Type Ownership # of Sites External Impact?
Ditched Private 21 yes
Private 24 no
Public 2 no
Public/Private 29 yes
Public/Private 12 no
Ditched/Tidal Restriction Private 9 yes
Private 2 no
Public 1 no
Public/Private 13 yes
Public/Private 1 no
Ditched/Severe Tidal
Restriction Public/Private 1 yes
Ditched/Tidal
Restriction/Iva Private 2 yes
Public 2 yes
Public/Private 1 yes
Public/Private 1 no
Ditched/Severe Tidal
Restriction Private 1 yes
Private 5 no
Public/Private 3 yes
Public/Private 5 no
Ditched/Severe Tidal
Restriction/Phragmites Private 2 yes
Private 1 no
Public/Private 1 yes
Ditched/Phragmites Private 11 yes
Private 6 no
Public/Private 3 yes
Ditched/Iva Private 2 yes
Private 16 no
Public 1 no
Public/Private 1 yes
Public/Private 1 no
Impounded Private 3 yes
Private 1 no
Public 1 yes
Public 1 no
Public/Private 1 yes
Public/Private 1 no
28
Table 12 (continued).
Site Type Ownership # of Sites External Impact?
Ditched/Impounded Public/Private 1 yes
Impounded/Phragmites Private 1 yes
Private 1 no
Public 1 no
Public/Private 2 yes
Tidal Restriction Private 61 yes
Private 70 no
Public 5 yes
Public 4 no
Public/Private 32 yes
Public/Private 33 no
Tidal Restriction/Phrag Private 2 yes
Tidal Restriction/Iva Public 1 yes
Public 2 no
Public/Private 2 yes
Public/Private 1 no
Severe Tidal Restriction Private 2 yes
Private 13 no
Public 1 yes
Public/Private 8 yes
Public/Private 7 no
Severe Tidal Restriction/
Phragmites Private 10 yes
Public 3 yes
Public/Private 8 yes
Vegetation Change/Phrag Private 60 yes
Private 40 no
Public 10 yes
Public 6 no
Public/Private 16 yes
Public/Private 11 no
Vegetation Change/Iva Private 13 yes
Private 8 no
Public 10 yes
Public 1 no
Public/Private 3 yes
Public/Private 2 no
Vegetation Change/Iva &
Phragmites Public/Private 1 no
Excavated/Tidal
Restriction Private 1 no
29
Table 13. Type 1 wetland restoration sites for the Narragansett Bay Estuary arranged by
ownership, the presence of external impacts, and size class.
Site Type Ownership # of External Size Classes (acres)
Sites Impact?
< 1 1-5 5-10 10-25 >25
Filled
Private 16 yes 10 5 0 1 0
Private 23 no 22 1 0 0 0
Public 4 yes 2 2 0 0 0
Public 2 no 2 0 0 0 0
Public/Private 6 yes 2 2 1 1 0
Public/Private 2 no 1 1 0 0 0
Filled/Phrag
Private 1 no 1 0 0 0 0
Filled/Spoil
Private 1 yes 0 0 0 0 1
Private 2 no 0 2 0 0 0
Public/Private 1 no 1 0 0 0 0
Submerged
Private 2 yes 0 1 0 0 1
Private 9 no 3 5 1 0 0
Public 2 yes 0 1 0 0 1
Public 2 no 0 0 1 1 0
Public/Private 4 yes 1 1 0 0 2
Public/Private 3 no 2 0 0 0 1
Freshwater Wetland
Private 20 yes 7 7 4 2 0
Private 31 no 15 13 2 0 1
Public 1 yes 0 1 0 0 0
Public 3 no 2 1 0 0 0
Public/Private 28 yes 4 11 7 4 2
Public/Private 8 no 5 3 0 0 0
Excavated
Private 2 yes 0 2 0 0 0
Private 1 no 1 0 0 0 0
Public 2 yes 1 1 0 0 0
Public/Private 2 yes 2 0 0 0 0
30
Table 14. Type 2 potential wetland restoration sites for the Narragansett Bay Estuary
arranged ownership, the presence of external impacts, and size class.
Site Type Ownership # of External Size Classes (acres)
Sites Impact?
< 1 1-5 5-10 10-25 >25
Ditched
Private 21 yes 3 10 4 1 3
Private 24 no 6 10 2 4 2
Public 2 no 1 0 1 0 0
Public/Private 29 yes 0 2 7 11 9
Public/Private 12 no 3 4 1 3 1
Ditched/Tidal Restriction
Private 9 yes 0 5 0 4 0
Private 2 no 0 1 1 0 0
Public 1 no 0 1 0 0 0
Public/Private 13 yes 0 6 1 3 3
Public/Private 1 no 0 0 1 0 0
Ditched/Tidal/Severe Restriction
Public/Private 1 yes 1 0 0 0 0
Ditched/Tidal Restriction/Iva
Private 2 yes 1 1 0 0 0
Public 2 yes 0 2 0 0 0
Public/Private 1 yes 0 1 0 0 0
Public/Private 1 no 0 0 1 0 0
Ditched/Severe Restriction
Private 1 yes 0 1 0 0 0
Private 5 no 3 2 0 0 0
Public/Private 3 yes 1 2 0 0 0
Public/Private 5 no 3 2 0 0 0
Ditched/Severe Restriction/
Phragmites
Private 2 yes 2 0 0 0 0
Private 1 no 1 0 0 0 0
Public/Private 1 yes 0 0 1 0 0
Ditched/Phragmites
Private 11 yes 5 4 1 1 0
Private 6 no 3 3 0 0 0
Public/Private 3 yes 2 1 0 0 0
31
Table 14 (continued).
Site Type-Ownership # of External Size Classes (acres)
Sites Impact
yes / no < 1 1-5 5-10 10-25 >25
Ditched/Iva
Private 2 yes 1 1 0 0 0
Private 16 no 11 5 0 0 0
Public 1 no 1 0 0 0 0
Public/Private 1 yes 0 0 0 1 0
Public/Private 1 no 0 1 0 0 0
Impounded
Private 3 yes 2 0 1 0 0
Private 1 no 1 0 0 0 0
Public 1 yes 1 0 0 0 0
Public 1 no 1 0 0 0 0
Public/Private 1 yes 1 0 0 0 0
Public/Private 1 no 1 0 0 0 0
Ditched/Impounded
Public/Private 1 yes 0 0 0 0 1
Impounded/Phragmites
Private 1 yes 1 0 0 0 0
Private 1 no 1 0 0 0 0
Public 1 no 0 1 0 0 0
Public/Private 2 yes 1 1 0 0 0
Tidally Restricted
Private 61 yes 29 26 4 0 2
Private 70 no 45 21 2 2 0
Public 5 yes 3 2 0 0 0
Public 4 no 4 0 0 0 0
Public/Private 32 yes 8 12 2 6 4
Public/Private 33 no 14 13 3 1 2
Tidally Restricted/Phrag
Private 2 yes 1 1 0 0 0
Tidally Restricted/Iva
Public 1 yes 1 0 0 0 0
Public 2 no 2 0 0 0 0
Public/Private 2 yes 2 0 0 0 0
Public/Private 1 no 1 0 0 0 0
32
Table 14 (continued).
Site Type-Ownership # of External Size Classes (acres)
Sites Impact
yes / no < 1 1-5 5-10 10-25 >25
Severely Tidally Restricted
Private 2 yes 1 0 0 1 0
Private 13 no 9 3 1 0 0
Public 1 yes 1 0 0 0 0
Public/Private 8 yes 2 3 2 0 1
Public/Private 7 no 2 5 0 0 0
Severely Tidally Restricted/
Phragmites
Private 10 yes 4 6 0 0 0
Public 3 yes 3 0 0 0 0
Public/Private 8 yes 3 2 2 0 1
Vegetation Change-Phrag
Private 60 yes 44 13 3 0 0
Private 40 no 31 9 0 0 0
Public 10 yes 9 1 0 0 0
Public 6 no 4 2 0 0 0
Public/Private 16 yes 8 5 0 2 1
Public/Private 11 no 4 5 0 2 0
Vegetation Change-Iva
Private 13 yes 7 6 0 0 0
Private 8 no 5 3 0 0 0
Public 10 yes 4 6 0 0 0
Public 1 no 0 1 0 0 0
Public/Private 3 yes 0 2 1 0 0
Public/Private 2 no 0 1 1 0 0
Vegetation Change-Iva &
Phragmites
Public/Private 1 no 0 1 0 0 0
Excavated/Tidally Restricted
Private 1 no 1 0 0 0 0
33
Estuarine Wetland Buffers
The 500-foot buffer around the landward edge of estuarine wetlands amounted to nearly
26,000 acres. The buffer is nearly evenly divided between developed land (non-agricultural
excluding barren land) and "natural" cover (i.e., forest, rangeland, and
wetlands), with 48.3% for the former and 43.7% for the latter (Table 15). Agricultural
land comprised only 5.8% and barren land made up only 1.8% of the buffer. Residential
development alone accounted for 34.2% of the buffer, with most of this occupied by
single family homes.
34
Table 15. Land use/cover in the 500-foot buffer surrounding estuarine wetlands in the
Narragansett Bay Estuary.
Land Use/Cover Type Acreage Percent of Buffer
Residential Development
Single family 7,000.3
Multi-family 177.6
Mobile-home 13.8
Lawn 1,593.5
Other 20.7
----------------------- -----------
Subtotal 8,805.9 34.2%
Commercial Development
Commercial/Insitutional structures 1,023.6
Recreational structures 51.0
Marinas 197.7
Junkyards 0.1
Paved surfaces 260.6
Unpaved surfaces 49.1
Wharves, piers, and shipyards 482.8
Other 1.2
-------------------------------------------- ------------
Subtotal 2,066.1 8.0%
Industrial Development 88.9 <0.1%
Transportation, Communication, and Utilities 744.6 2.9%
Industrial/Commercial Complexes 15.8 <0.1%
Other Urban or Built-up Land
Golf courses 415.7
Cemeteries 56.2
Other areas (zoos; urban parks) 294.5
Landfills 39.0
Other 27.6
---------------------------------------- ---------
Subtotal 833.0 3.2%
35
Table 15 (continued).
Land Use/Cover Type Acreage Percent of Buffer
Agriculture
Cropland 914.0
Orchards, Nurseries, and Vineyards 53.6
Confined Feeding Lots 3.4
Pastures and Hayfields 530.1
---------------------------------------------- ---------
Subtotal 1,501.1 5.8%
Rangeland
Herbaceous Cover 449.5
Shrub/Brush Cover 2,627.1
Mixed Cover 866.5
----------------------------- -------------
Subtotal 3,943.1 15.3%
Forest
Deciduous Forest 2,309.2
Evergreen Forest 14.6
Mixed Forest 3,340.1
----------------------------- -------------
Subtotal 5,663.9 22.0%
Water and Freshwater Wetland 1,643.8 6.4%
Barren Land
Beaches 0.9
Other Sandy Areas 124.6
Bare Exposed Rock 3.4
Strip Mines (sand/gravel pits) 33.4
Mixed Barren Land 247.1
Transitional Areas 41.5
----------------------------------------- ---------
Subtotal 450.9 1.8%
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Buffer Zone 25,757.1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
36
Hardened Shorelines
Over 133 miles of hardened shores were mapped, with more than 75% of these shores
represented by bulkheads, revetments, and seawalls (Table 16). Bulkheads alone
comprised nearly 43% of these artificial shoreline features. Revetments made up 24.2%
and seawalls 11.3%. Hardened shorelines may occupy one-fourth of the shoreline of the
Narragansett Bay estuary (based on the 540 mile shoreline figure in Huber 2000).
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 16. Extent of hardened shorelines in the Narragansett Bay Estuary.
Structure Length (miles)
Bridge Abutment 9.1
Bulkhead 57.0
Breakwater 4.5
Groin 3.4
Jetty 1.2
Other Hardened Shore 0.1
Permanent Pier 9.0
Other Significant Pier 1.6
Revetment 32.3
Seawall 15.1
--------------------------------- -------
Total 133.3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
37
Summary and Conclusions
The Narragansett Bay Estuary contains almost 223,000 acres of tidal and subtidal
habitats, with the Bay itself accounting for 97% of this acreage. Intertidal habitats
occupy only 3% of the Estuary; tidal marshes and swamps comprise nearly 60% of this
intertidal zone.
A total of 236 restoration complexes covering 4,021 acres were identified during this
survey. Most of this acreage was that of existing wetlands that may be degraded. About
65% of the existing coastal wetlands in the Estuary were designated as being potential
restoration sites due mostly to ditching and tidal restriction by roads. Almost 900 acres
of former estuarine wetlands (now either upland, fresh waterbody, or freshwater wetland)
were also identified as potential restoration sites. Nearly two-thirds of the restoration
sites are located on private land, whereas about 30% are on public land and the rest are on
a combination of public and private properties. Over half of the potential restoration sites
had negative impacts from adjacent land uses. More than 80% of the restoration sites are
less than 1 acre in size, with a good number also in the 1-5 acre range.
Slightly more than half of the 500-foot buffer zone around coastal wetlands in the
Narragansett Bay Estuary is developed, while about 44% is in "natural" vegetation.
Single family homes and lawns alone occupy 33% of this zone, while forests represent
22% and rangeland 15%. Eight percent and 6% of the buffer is has been developed
commercially and by agriculture, respectively.
About 25% of the Bay's shoreline is armored with various structures. Bulkheads
comprised nearly 43% of these artificial shorelines, while revetments made up 24% and
seawalls 11%.
This study has identified hundreds of potential opportunities for coastal wetland
restoration in the Narragansett Bay Estuary. Over half of the acreage designated as a
potential restoration site is existing coastal wetland that is now partly drained through
ditching. Plugging of ditches could be done as an attempt to restore these wetlands where
this is deemed beneficial and cost effective. About 48% of the degraded wetlands are
affected by tidal restrictions, typically by road crossings. These sites should be a priority
for restoration as tidal flow can easily be increased in many areas by expanding the
culvert size, provided there is no low-lying development surrounding the restricted
marsh. If there is such development, a self-regulating tide gate may be the preferred
alternative for improving tidal flow. Other restricted sites may require reducing the
length of the causeway by constructing more bridgework. This is an expensive process,
so a more indepth analysis of the upstream problems and the overall project benefits will
be required.
While the present study identified over 800 individual sites in 236 complexes, it did not
prioritize these sites. Additional field work is required to identify those complexes where
restoration is practical and most urgent or desireable. Nonetheless, we would expect that
the most feasible sites for coastal wetland restoration would be tidally restricted areas
38
where low-lying development does not exist and Type 1 sites requiring removal of fill.
Both site types may be excellent sites for mitigating losses of other wetlands through the
regulatory permit process. Since much of the Type 1 restoration acreage is either existing
wetland (freshwater) or open fresh water, a more detail analysis of the resource trade-offs
in returning such areas to coastal wetland will be required prior to commencing such
restoration. This report is a first step in the restoration planning effort and should serve
as a good starting point for planning coastal wetland restoration in the Narragansett Bay
Estuary.
39
Acknowledgments
Funding for this project was provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the
Rhode Island Aqua Fund Grant Program, and the Narragansett Bay Estuary Program
(NBEP). Matching grant funds were provided by NBEP in the form of staff time related
to project oversight and coordination, review of products, and development of the
wetland restoration complex coverage. Save the Bay, Inc. provided addtional matching
fund support through in-kind services, including staff time of Andy Lipsky and Wenley
Ferguson. They provided project input, created a database of coastal wetland assessment
information collected by trained volunteers, helped develop the complex coverage, and
worked with communities on public education and outreach. Work specific to the
wetland restoration inventory was initiated through a cooperative agreement between the
NBEP and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). Helen Cottrell served as project
officer for NBEP and secured funding and assisted with project development and
coordination. Ms. Cottrell also provided photographs for use in this report and reviewed
the draft report. Ralph Tiner was project officer for the FWS and helped design the study
and project oversight and played major roles in data analysis/synthesis and report
preparation.
Data collection was done by the Natural Resources Assessment Group (NRAG) in the
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, under the
direction of Dr. Peter Veneman, principal investigator. Most of the photointerpretation
and cartographic work was performed by Irene Huber and Todd Nuerminger, with Denise
Siraco assisting in photointerpretation of hardened shorelines. Tracy Marion of Holyoke
Community College helped with map overlay production. NRAG personnel assisting in
the field were Christine Nichols, David Foulis, Linda Senn, Ms. Huber, and Mr.
Nuerminger. Trisha Kipp, Ms. Siraco, and Mary Johnson helped review data entered into
the restoration database.
Digital database construction and GIS analysis were accomplished by Aimee Mandeville
of the University of Rhode Island's Environmental Data Center. She digitized map
overlay products to create the geospatial database, performed analytical inquiries, and
produced color-coded maps and statistical summaries presented in this report including
the Appendices. Figure 1 was prepared by Paul Jordan, Rhode Island Department of
Environmental Management, Geographic Information System Program. Herbert
Bergquist (FWS) assisted in preparing the cover of this report, while Lorraine Fox (FWS)
scanned the photos for conversion to digital images. Dr. Frank Golet, University of
Rhode Island, gratiously provided color photographs of coastal wetlands for use in this
report.
40
References
Cowardin, L.M, V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of
Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Washington, DC. FWS/OBS-79/31.
Huber, I. 1999. Report on the Analysis of True Color Aerial Photographs to Map
Submerged Aquatic Vegetation and Coastal Resource Areas in Narragansett Bay Tidal
Waters and Nearshore Areas, Rhode Island and Massachusetts. Natural Resources
Assessment Group, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, MA. Prepared for the Rhode Island Department of Environmental
Management, Providence, RI. Narragansett Bay Estuary Program Report No. 99-117.
Huber, I. 2000. Photointerpretation of Buffer Zones, Coastal Wetland Potential Wetland
Restoration Sites and Hardened Shorelines in the Narragansett Bay Estuary, Rhode Island
and Massachusetts. Natural Resources Assessment Group, Department of Plant and Soil
Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA. Prepared for the Rhode Island
Department of Environmental Management, Providence, RI. Narragansett Bay Estuary
Program Report No. 00-119.
Narragansett Bay Estuary Program (NBEP). 2001. Atlas of Narragansett Bay Coastal
Habitats. Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Providence, RI.
NBEP Report No. 01-118.
Tiner, R.W. 1987. A Field Guide to Coastal Wetland Plants of the Northeastern United
States. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, MA.
41
APPENDICES
A-1
Appendix A. Detailed Results for each Rhode Island town (towns listed
alphabetically)
Four tables are presented for each town: Table 1 (extent of coastal wetlands and related features), Table 2
(estuarine wetland restoration sites), Table 3 (hardened shorelines), and Table 4 (land use/cover in the 500-
foot buffer surrounding tidal wetlands).
Code symbology for Table 1 (see Cowardin et al. 1979 for definitions; posted on the Internet at:
wetlands.fws.gov [listed under publications]). A code is represented by system, system, class, subclass,
water regime and special modifiers as in the following examples: 1) E2EM1N - System E (Estuarine),
Subsystem 2 (Intertidal), Class EM (Emergent), Subclass 1 (Persistent), Water Regime N (Regularly
flooded), 2) E2EM1/5P6 - System E (Estuarine), Subsystem 2 (Intertidal), Class EM (Emergent),
Subclasses 1/5 (Persistent/Phragmites), Water Regime P (Irregularly flooded), Special Modifier 6
(Oligohaline), and 3) E2SS1Pd - System E (Estuarine), Subsystem 2 (Intertidal), Class SS (Scrub-Shrub),
Subclass 1 (Broad-leaved Deciduous), Water Regime P (Irregularly flooded), Special Modifier d (Partly
drained)
System/Subsystem Class/Subclass Water Regime Special Modifier
E1 = Estuarine Subtidal AB3 = Aquatic Bed Vascular L = Subtidal d = partly drained
E2 = Estuarine Intertidal EM1 = Emergent Persistent M = Irregularly Exposed h = impounded
M1 = Marine Subtidal EM5 = Emergent Phragmites N = Regularly Flooded r = artificial
M2 = Marine Intertidal RF2 = Reef Mollusc P = Irregularly Flooded x = excavated
RS1 = Rocky Shore Bedrock 6 = oligohaline
RS2 = Rocky Shore Rubble
SB2 = Streambed Sand
SB3 = Streambed Mud
SS1 = Scrub-Shrub Broad-leaved Deciduous
US1 = Unconsolidated Shore Cobble-Gravel
US2 = Unconsolidated Shore Sand
US3 = Unconsolidated Shore Mud
US4 = Unconsolidated Shore Organic
UB = Unconsolidated Bottom
A-2
Results for Barrington
Table 1. Extent of coastal wetlands and related features in Barrington.
Wetland or Water Feature Map Code Acreage
Estuarine Waters E1UBL (includes E1UB4L and h,x) 78.223
Salt Marshes E2EM1/5P (includes d,h,x) 0.684
E2EM1N (includes d,h,x) 17.975
E2EM1P (includes d,h,x) 357.301
E2EM5P (includes d,h,x) 23.399
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 399.359
Brackish Marshes E2EM1P6 (includes d,h,x) 1.094
E2EM5P6 (includes d,h,x) 8.690
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 9.784
Oyster Reefs E2RF2N (includes h) 2.803
Salt Shrub Swamps E2SS1P (includes d,h,x) 29.128
Estuarine Cobble- Gravel Shores
E2US1N and E2US1/2N 3.198
E2US1P 2.666
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 5.864
Estuarine Sandy Shores
and Beaches E2US2N (includes r) 6.591
E2US2P (includes r) 41.822
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 48.413
Estuarine Mudflats E2US3M 7.451
E2US3N (includes d,h) 15.156
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 22.607
Salt Pannes E2US4M (includes d,h) 19.614
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Estuarine Waters and Wetlands 615.795
-------------------------------------------------------------------
A-3
Table 2. Potential wetland restoration sites in Barrington.
Wetland Restoration Type Current # of Acreage
Classification Sites
1 filled (1f) UPLAND 11 2.900
filled-Phragmites (1fph) UPLAND 1 0.070
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 12 2.970
submerged (1su) PUBV3h 1 7.700
PUBVh 1 0.380
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 2 8.080
change in vegetated
wetland type (1w) PEM1/SS1Rh 1 10.330
PEM1Rh 2 4.920
PEM1T 1 0.230
PEM5Rh 5 5.620
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 9 21.100
change to nonvegetated
wetland (1x) PEM1Cx 2 1.660
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Type 1 Sites 25 33.810
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 ditched (2d) E2EM1Nd 1 0.660
E2EM1Pd 22 282.110
E2US3Nd 1 2.760
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 24 285.530
ditched/tidally restricted
(2d-2r and 2d-2r-2rs) E2EM1Pdh 1 3.120
E2SS1Pdh 1 1.590
E2EM1/5Pdh 1 0.680
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 3 5.390
A-4
ditched/veg change-
Phragmites (2d-2v) E2EM5P 1 0.480
E2EM5Pd 8 15.700
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 9 16.180
ditched/veg change-
Iva (2d-2vi) E2SS1P 5 2.390
impounded (2h) E2EM1Ph 1 0.590
tidally restricted (2r) E1UBLh 5 15.960
E2EM1P 1 0.070
E2EM1P6 2 1.100
E2EM1Ph 2 0.830
PUBVh 1 0.510
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 11 18.470
severely tidally
restricted (2rs) E2EM5P6h 1 1.380
severely tidally restricted/
veg change-Phragmites
(2rs-2v) E2EM5P6h 1 4.350
vegetation change-
Phragmites (2v) E2EM5P 17 12.450
E2EM5P6 2 2.960
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 19 15.410
vegetation change- Iva (2vi) E2SS1P 14 21.780
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 14 21.780
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Type 2 Sites 88 371.47
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Sites 113 405.28
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A-5
Table 3. Extent of hardened shorelines in Barrington.
Hardened Shoreline (code) Length (in feet)
Bridge Abutment (BA) 3608.807
Bulkhead (BK) 25802.858
Pemanent Pier (PP) 277.269
Revetment (RR) 6247.896
Seawall (SW) 2109.990
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Hardened Shoreline Length 38046.82
A-6
Table 4. Land use/cover in the 500-foot buffer surrounding tidal wetlands in Barrington.
Land use/cover (code) Acreage
Residential
Single family (111) 460.25
Lawns (114) 119.13
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 579.38
Commercial
Commercial and Institutional structures (121) 27.16
Marinas (123) 20.53
Paved surfaces (125) 7.84
Unpaved surfaces (126) 0.88
Wharves, piers, shipyards (127) 1.75
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 58.15
Transportation, Communications, and Utilities (14) 19.40
Other Urban or Built-up Land
Golf courses (171) 67.73
Other areas (zoos; urban parks) (173) 24.36
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 92.08
Agriculture
Cropland (21) 59.44
Orchards, Nurseries, Vineyards (22) 7.30
Confined Feeding Lots (23) 0.04
Pastures/hayfields (24) 5.30
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 72.08
Rangeland
Herbaceous cover (31) 5.71
Shrub and brush cover (32) 55.55
Mixed (33) 13.90
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 75.17
A-7
Forest
Deciduous forest (41) 130.67
Mixed (43) 99.77
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 230.46
Water and Freshwater Wetlands (56)
Vegetated freshwater wetlands 101.01
Fresh water 17.59
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 118.60
Other sand areas (73) 1.29
Mixed barren land (76) 1.90
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 3.18
A-8
Results for Bristol
Table 1. Extent of coastal wetlands and related features in Bristol.
Wetland or Water Feature Map Code Acreage
Estuarine Waters E1UBL (includes E1UB4L and h,x) 71.912
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 71.912
Salt Marshes E2EM1/SS1P (includes d,h,x) 3.221
E2EM1N (includes d,h,x) 22.238
E2EM1P (includes d,h,x) 79.659
E2EM5P (includes d,h,x) 4.254
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 109.372
Brackish Marshes E2EM1P6 (includes d,h,x) 2.597
E2EM5P6 (includes d,h,x) 3.439
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 6.036
Oyster Reefs E2RF2N (includes h) 3.164
Estuarine Rocky Shores E2RS1N 2.464
E2RS1P 1.517
E2RS2N (includes r) 0.867
E2RS2P (includes r) 0.747
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 8.759
Salt Shrub Swamps E2SS1P (includes d,h,x) 10.448
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 10.448
Estuarine Cobble- Gravel Shores
E2US1N and E2US1/2N 4.989
E2US1P 3.665
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 8.654
A-9
Estuarine Sandy Shores and Beaches
E2US2M 13.413
E2US2N (includes r) 10.803
E2US2/EM1N 3.423
E2US2P (includes r) 36.274
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 63.913
Estuarine Mudflats E2US3M 14.533
E2US3N (includes d,h) 4.527
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 19.060
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Estuarine Waters and Wetlands 298.154
---------------------------------------------------------------------
A-10
Table 2. Potential wetland restoration sites in Bristol.
Wetland Restoration Type Current # of
Classification Sites Acreage
1 filled (1f) UPLAND 1 1.97
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 1.97
change in vegetated
wetland type (1w) PEM1/SS1E 1 2.99
PSS1/EM1Rh 1 20.28
PSS1/EM5Eh 1 6.01
PUB/EM1Fh 1 1.82
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 4 31.10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Type 1 Sites 5 33.07
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 ditched/tidally restricted
(2d-2r and 2d-2r-2rs) E2EM1/SS1Pdh 1 3.22
E2EM1Pd 2 5.88
E2EM1Pdh 3 51.68
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 6 60.78
ditched/tidally
restricted/iva (2d-2r-2vi) E2SS1Pd 2 5.35
ditched/severely tidally
restricted (2d-2rs) E2EM5Pdh 1 4.25
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 3 9.60
tidally restricted (2r) E1UBL 24 66.07
E1UBLh 2 2.86
E2EM1Nh 2 0.33
E2EM1P 3 3.62
E2EM1P6 2 1.41
E2EM1Ph 2 3.43
E2RF2Nh 4 3.16
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 39 80.88
A-11
tidally restricted/
veg change-Iva (2r-2vi) E2SS1P 5 3.39
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 5 3.39
vegetation change-
Phragmites (2v) E2EM5P6 1 3.44
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 3.44
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Type 2 Sites 54 158.09
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Sites 59 191.16
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A-12
Table 3. Extent of hardened shorelines in Bristol.
Hardened Shoreline (code) Length (in feet)
Bulkhead (BK) 16231.164
Groin (GR) 1409.841
Permanent Pier (PP) 1163.435
Revetment (RR) 18180.626
Seawall (SW) 2954.72
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Hardened Shoreline Length 39939.79
A-13
Table 4. Land use/cover in the 500-foot buffer surrounding tidal wetlands in Bristol.
Landuse/cover (code) Acreage
Residential
Single family (lll) 318.05
Multi family (ll2) 4.96
Lawns (114) 130.55
Other (115 ) 13.02
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 466.58
Commercial
Commercial and Institutional structures(121) 13.36
Marinas (123) 15.27
Paved surfaces (125) 13.21
Unpaved surfaces (126) 2.99
Wharves, piers, shipyards (127) 7.48
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 52.31
Transportation, Communications, and Utilities (14) 10.96
Other Urban or Built-up Land (17)
Other areas (zoos; urban parks) (173) 75.06
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 75.06
Agriculture
Cropland (21) 5.42
Orchards, Nurseries, Vineyards (22) 4.04
Pastures/hayfields (24) 55.87
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 65.32
Rangeland
Herbaceous cover (31) 76.99
Shrub and brush cover (32) 60.59
Mixed (33) 30.42
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 168.00
A-14
Forest
Deciduous forest (41) 48.69
Mixed (43) 322.39
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 371.08
Water and Freshwater Wetlands (56)
Vegetated Freshwater Wetlands 67.12
Freshwater Wetlands 4.70
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 71.82
Barren Land
Mixed barren land (76) 4.98
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 4.98
A-15
Results for Cranston
Table 1. Extent of coastal wetlands and related features in Cranston.
Wetland or Water Feature Map Code Acreage
Estuarine Waters E1UBL (includes E1UB4L and h,x) 3.512
Salt Marshes E2EM1N (includes d,h,x) 0.245
E2EM1P (includes d,h,x) 1.903
E2EM5P (includes d,h,x) 1.346
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 3.494
Estuarine Rocky Shores E2RS1N 0.070
E2RS2N (includes r) 0.271
E2RS2P (includes r) 0.570
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 0.911
Estuarine Sandy Shores E2US2M 44.927
And Beaches E2US2N (includes r) 1.598
E2US2P (includes r) 1.026
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 47.551
------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Estuarine Waters and Wetlands 55.468
------------------------------------------------------------------
A-16
Table 2. Potential wetland restoration sites in Cranston.
Wetland Restoration Type Current # of Acreage
Classification Sites
2 ditched/veg change-
Phragmites (2d-2v) E2EM5Pd 2 1.340
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 2 1.340
ditched/veg change- Iva (2d-2vi) E2SS1Pd 1 1.670
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 1.670
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Type 2 sites 3 3.010
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Sites 3 3.010
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A-17
Table 3. Extent of hardened shorelines in Cranston.
Hardened Shoreline Length (in feet)
Bulkhead (BK) 3730.01
Breakwater (BW) 2327.64
Groin (GR) 506.43
Revetment (RR) 3036.56
Seawall (SW) 7079.89
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Hardened Shoreline Length 16680.53
A-18
Table 4. Land use/cover in the 500-foot buffer surrounding tidal wetlands in Cranston.
Land use/cover (code) Acreage
Residential
Single family (111) 104.90
Lawns (114) 8.09
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 112.99
Commercial
Commercial and Institutional structures (121) 7.17
Marinas (123) 7.72
Wharves, piers, shipyards (127) 11.58
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 26.49
Other Urban or Built-up Land
Other areas (zoos; urban parks) (173) 8.33
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 8.33
Rangeland
Mixed (33) 5.73
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 5.73
Forest
Deciduous forest (41) 0.89
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 0.89
Water and Freshwater Wetlands (56)
Vegetated freshwater wetlands 1.30
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1.30
A-19
Results for East Greenwich
Table 1. Extent of coastal wetlands and related features in East Greenwich.
Wetland or Water Feature Map Code Acreage
Estuarine Waters E1UBL (includes E1UB4L and h,x) 2.829
Salt Marshes E2EM1N (includes d,h,x) 2.182
E2EM1P (includes d,h,x) 0.229
-----------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 2.411
Estuarine Mudflats E2US3M 2.914
---------------------------------------------------------------
Total Estuarine Waters and Wetlands 8.154
---------------------------------------------------------------
A-20
Table 2.
There are no potential restoration sites in East Greenwich.
A-21
Table 3. Extent of hardened shorelines in East Greenwich.
Hardened Shoreline (code) Length (in feet)
Bulkhead (BK) 2599.10
Revetment (RR) 334.35
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Hardened Shoreline Length 2933.45
A-22
Table 4. Land use/cover in the 500-foot buffer surrounding tidal wetlands in
East Greenwich.
Land use/cover (code) Acreage
Residential
Single family (111) 25.85
Multi family (112) 1.69
Lawns (114) 2.55
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 30.10
Commercial
Commercial and Institutional structures (121) 6.12
Marinas (123) 2.28
Paved surfaces (125) 1.67
Unpaved surfaces (126) 4.01
Wharves, piers, shipyards (127) 3.65
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 17.75
Industrial (13) 8.92
Rangeland
Shrub and brush cover (32) 2.23
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 2.23
Forest
Deciduous forest (41) 7.81
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 7.81
Water and Freshwater Wetlands (56)
Vegetated freshwater wetlands 2.66
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 2.66
Barren Land
Mixed barren land (76) 9.63
Transitional Areas (77) 12.39
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 22.03
A-23
Results for East Providence
Table 1. Extent of coastal wetlands and related features in East Providence.
Wetland or Water Feature Map Code Acreage
Estuarine Waters E1UBL (includes E1UB4L and h,x) 116.619
E1UBL6 (includes h,x) 15.605
--------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 132.224
Salt Marshes E2EM1N (includes d,h,x) 8.530
E2EM1P (includes d,h,x) 61.928
E2EM5P (includes d,h,x) 3.122
------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 73.580
Brackish Marshes E2EM1/5P6 and E2EM5/1P6 (d,h,x) 5.120
E2EM1N6 (includes d,h,x) 0.523
E2EM1P6 (includes d,h,x) 1.342
E2EM5P6 (includes d,h,x) 4.767
--------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 11.752
Salt Shrub Swamps E2SS1P (includes d,h,x) 5.533
Estuarine Sandy Shores and Beaches
E2US2N (includes r) 13.457
E2US2P (includes r) 4.051
------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 17.508
Estuarine Mudflats E2US3M 1.695
Salt Pannes E2US4M (includes d,h) 0.918
E2US4N 1.535
--------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 2.453
---------------------------------------------------------------
Total Estuarine Waters and Wetlands 244.745
---------------------------------------------------------------
A-24
Table 2. Potential wetland restoration sites in East Providence.
Wetland Restoration Type Current # of Acreage
(code) Classification Sites
1 filled (1f) upland UPLAND 1 2.06
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 2.06
filled-spoil (1fsp) UPLAND 1 26.80
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 5 26.80
submerged (1su) L1UBVh 1 32.11
PUBHh 1 4.28
PUBVh 1 3.42
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 3 39.81
change in vegetated wetland type (1w) PAB4Fh 1 1.09
PEM5/1Rh 2 4.12
PEM5/SS1Ch 1 3.48
PUSAh 1 3.37
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 4 10.97
change to nonvegetated wetland (1x) PUBFx 1 1.63
PUSCx 1 1.84
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 2 3.47
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Type 1 Sites 15 83.11
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 ditched (2d) E2EM1Pd 3 51.73
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 3 51.73
ditched/severely tidally
restricted (2d-2rs) E2EM5P6dh 1 1.370
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 1.37
A-25
ditched/severely tidally restricted/
veg change - Phragmites (2d-2rs-2v) E2EM5P6dh 2 1.10
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 2 1.10
ditched/veg change- Phragmites (2d-2v) E2EM5/1P6d 1 4.37
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 4.37
tidally restricted (2r) E1UBL 12 56.49
E1UBL6 1 23.62
E1UBL6h 1 14.88
E2EM1N 4 1.34
E2EM1N6h 1 0.45
E2EM1Nh 1 0.36
E2EM1P 5 1.99
E2EM1P6 4 5.84
E2EM1P6h 1 1.81
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 30 106.78
severely tidally restricted (2rs) E2EM5P6 1 1.41
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 1.41
vegetation change- Phragmites (2v) E2EM5/1P6 2 0.74
E2EM5P 5 2.05
E2EM5P6 1 0.49
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 8 3.28
vegetation change- Iva (2vi) E2SS1P 5 5.54
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 5 5.54
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Type 2 Sites 51 175.58
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Sites 66 258.69
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A-26
Table 3. Extent of hardened shorelines in East Providence.
Hardened Shoreline (code) Length (in feet)
Bridge Abutment (BA) 12394.01
Bulkhead (BK) 13680.93
Jetty (JT) 513.47
Pemanent Pier (PP) 1745.22
Other Significant Pier (OSP) 1349.21
Revetment (RR) 10864.95
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Hardened Shoreline Length 40547.81
A-27
Table 4. Land use/cover in the 500-foot buffer surrounding tidal wetlands in
East Providence.
Land use/cover (code) Acreage
Residential
Single family (111) 305.87
Multi family (112) 42.04
Lawns (114) 31.74
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 379.66
Commercial
Commercial and Institutional structures (121) 70.81
Marinas (123) 54.72
Paved surfaces (125) 2.44
Wharves, piers, shipyards (127) 8.25
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 136.23
Industrial (13) 16.11
Transportation, Communications, and Utilities (14) 64.29
Other Urban or Built-up Land (17) 25.90
Golf courses (171) 29.32
Cemeteries (172) 8.00
Other areas (zoos; urban parks) (173) 0.60
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 63.83
Agriculture
Pastures/hayfields (24) 0.44
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 0.44
Rangeland
Herbaceous cover (31) 20.27
Shrub and brush cover (32) 66.42
Mixed (33) 12.62
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 99.32
A-28
Forest
Deciduous forest (41) 169.73
Mixed (43) 22.73
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 192.46
Water and Freshwater Wetlands (56)
Vegetated freshwater wetlands 45.95
Nonvegetated freshwater wetlands 12.67
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 58.63
Barren Land
Other sand areas (73) 2.55
Bare exposed rock (74) 0.11
Mixed barren land (76) 101.67
Transitional Areas (77) 21.57
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 125.91
A-29
Results for Jamestown
Table 1. Extent of coastal wetlands and related features in Jamestown.
Wetland or Water Feature Map Code Acreage
Eelgrass Beds E1AB3L (includes d, e) 33.811
Estuarine Waters E1UBL (includes E1UB4L and h,x) 284.291
Salt Marshes E2EM1/US1N and E2EM1/US3N 2.368
E2EM1N (includes d,h,x) 7.128
E2EM1P (includes d,h,x) 104.023
E2EM5P (includes d,h,x) 2.121
------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 115.640
Brackish Marshes E2EM1P6 (includes d,h,x) 2.714
E2EM5P6 (includes d,h,x) 1.820
--------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 4.534
Estuarine Rocky Shores E2RS1N 12.717
E2RS1P 34.987
E2RS2N (includes r) 5.013
E2RS2P (includes r) 11.360
--------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 64.077
Estuarine Cobble- Gravel Shores E2US1N and E2US1/2N 13.461
E2US1P 6.949
-------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 20.410
Estuarine Sandy Shores and Beaches E2US2M 3.311
E2US2N (includes r) 28.598
E2US2/1N 39.316
E2US2P (includes r) 27.697
------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 98.922
--------------------------------------------------------------
Total Estuarine Waters and Wetlands 621.685
-------------------------------------------------------------
A-30
Marine Eelgrass Beds M1AB3L (includes d,e) 0.778
Marine Waters M1UBL 11.254
Marine Rocky Shores M2RS1N and M2RS2N (includes r) 6.701
M2RS1P and M2RS2P (includes r) 36.028
------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 42.729
Marine Sandy Shores and Beaches M2US2P 0.633
--------------------------------------------------------------
Total Marine Waters and Wetlands 43.362
--------------------------------------------------------------
A-31
Table 2. Potential wetland restoration sites in Jamestown.
Wetland Restoration Type Current # of Acreage
(code) Classification Sites
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Total Type 1 Sites 0 0
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 ditched (2d) E2EM1P6d 1 0.68
E2EM1Pd 7 52.55
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 8 53.23
ditched/tidally restricted (2d-2r and 2d-2r-2rs) E2EM1P6d 1 1.01
E2EM1Pd 1 43.14
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 2 44.15
ditched/severely tidally restricted (2d-2rs) E2EM5P6d 1 1.82
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 1.82
tidally restricted (2r) E1UBL 1 8.77
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 8.77
vegetation change- Phragmites (2v) E2EM5P 3 2.12
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 3 2.12
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Type 2 Sites 15 110.09
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Sites 15 110.09
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A-32
Table 3. Extent of hardened shorelines in Jamestown.
Hardened Shoreline (code) Length (in feet)
Bulkhead (BK) 3171.01
Groin (GR) 1092.56
Pemanent Pier (PP) 2398.62
Other Significant Pier (OSP) 765.02
Revetment (RR) 6041.56
Seawall (SW) 5197.29
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Hardened Shoreline Length 18666.09
A-33
Table 4. Land use/ cover in the 500-foot buffer surrounding tidal wetlands in Jamestown.
Land use/cover (code) Acreage
Residential
Single family (111) 413.36
Multi family (112) 3.46
Mobile home (113) 13.56
Lawns (114) 130.74
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 561.12
Commercial
Commercial and Institutional structures (121) 9.33
Marinas (123) 4.45
Paved surfaces (125) 3.54
Wharves, piers, shipyards (127) 5.58
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 22.90
Transportation, Communications, and Utilities (14) 35.30
Other Urban or Built-up Land
Golf courses (171) 16.14
Other areas (zoos; urban parks) (173) 3.86
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 20.00
Agriculture
Cropland (21) 48.14
Pastures/hayfields (24) 66.96
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 115.10
Rangeland
Herbaceous cover (31) 17.22
Shrub and brush cover (32) 600.85
Mixed (33) 16.52
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 634.59
A-34
Forest
Deciduous forest (41) 179.14
Mixed (43) 132.89
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 312.03
Water and Freshwater Wetlands (56)
Vegetated freshwater wetlands 91.49
Nonvegetated freshwater wetlands 3.62
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 95.11
Barren Land
Bare exposed rock (74) 1.53
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1.53
A-35
Results for Little Compton
Table 1. Extent of coastal wetlands and related features in Little Compton.
Wetland or Water Feature Map Code Acreage
Eelgrass Beds EIAB3L (includes e) 0.311
Estuarine Waters E1UBL (includes E1UB4L and h,x) 12.546
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 12.857
Salt Marshes E2EM1N (includes d,h,x) 1.573
E2EM1P (includes d,h,x) 34.849
E2EM5P (includes d,h,x) 4.077
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 40.499
Brackish Marshes E2EM1P6 (includes d,h,x) 3.885
E2EM5P6 (includes d,h,x) 2.509
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 6.394
Estuarine Rocky Shores E2RS1N 6.396
E2RS1P 11.838
E2RS2N (includes r) 18.405
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 36.639
Salt Shrub Swamps E2SS1P (includes d,h,x) 0.800
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 0.800
Estuarine Cobble- Gravel Shores
E2US1N and E2US1/2N 10.610
E2US1P 12.961
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 23.571
Estuarine Sandy Shores and Beaches
E2US2N (includes r) 8.348
E2US2P (includes r) 52.097
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 60.445
A-36
Estuarine Mudflats E2US3N (includes d,h) 16.361
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 16.361
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Estuarine Waters and Wetlands 197.566
Marine Waters M1UBL 35.758
Marine Rocky Shores M2RS1N and M2RS2N (includes r) 1.995
M2RS1P and M2RS2P (includes r) 1.085
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 3.080
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Marine Waters and Wetlands 38.838
A-37
Table 2. Potential wetland restoration sites in Little Compton.
Wetland Restoration Type Current # of
Classification Sites Acreage
1 filled (1f) UPLAND 3 0.810
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 3 0.810
change in vegetated
wetland type (1w) PEM1Rh 1 4.290
PSS1Rh 1 1.060
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 2 5.350
change to
nonvegetated wetland (1x) PUB/AB4Hx 1 0.630
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 0.630
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Type 1 Sites 6 7
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 ditched/tidally restricted
(2d-2r and 2d-2r-2rs) E2EM1Pdh 1 4.600
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 4.600
ditched/severely
tidally restricted (2d-2rs) E2EM5P6d 2 1.700
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 2 1.700
tidally restricted (2r) E1UBL 1 0.960
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 0.960
tidally restricted/
veg change-Iva (2r-2vi) E2SS1P 1 0.800
severely tidally
restricted (2rs) E2EM5P6d 1 0.710
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 2 1.510
A-38
vegetation change-
Phragmites (2v) E2EM5P 3 4.070
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 3 4.070
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Type 2 sites 9 13
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Sites 15 20
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A-39
Table 3. Extent of hardened shorelines in Little Compton.
Hardened Shoreline (code) Length (in feet)
Bulkhead (BK) 3353.775
Breakwater (BW) 1421.613
Groin (GR) 242.099
Revetment (RR) 6056.464
Seawall (SW) 632.947
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------
---------
Total Hardened Shoreline Length 11706.90
A-40
Table 4. Land use/cover in the 500-foot buffer surrounding tidal wetlands in Little
Compton.
Landuse/landcover (code) Acreage
Residential
Single family (lll) 130.73
Lawns (114) 24.75
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 155.48
Commercial: Marinas (123) 4.84
Other Urban or Built-up Land (17)
Golf courses (171) 11.29
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 11.29
Agriculture
Cropland (21) 115.59
Orchards, Nurseries, Vineyards (22) 10.00
Pastures/hayfields (24) 37.27
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 162.86
Rangeland
Herbaceous cover (31) 18.01
Shrub and brush cover (32) 52.91
Mixed (33) 13.24
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 84.17
Forest
Deciduous forest (41) 11.21
Mixed (43) 27.07
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 38.27
Water and Freshwater Wetlands (56)
Vegetated Freshwater Wetlands 85.63
Freshwater Wetlands 0.75
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 86.38
Barren Land: Other sand areas (73) 0.74
A-41
Results for Middletown
Table 1. Extent of coastal wetlands and related features in Middletown.
Wetland or Water Feature Map Code Acreage
Eelgrass Beds E1AB3L (includes e) 4.228
Estuarine Waters E1UBL (includes E1UB4L and h,x) 17.694
Salt Marshes E2EM1N (includes d,h,x) 0.063
E2EM1P (includes d,h,x) 17.052
------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 17.115
Brackish Marshes E2EM1P6 (includes d,h,x) 29.354
Estuarine Rocky Shores E2RS1P 14.645
E2RS2N (includes r) 1.040
---------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 15.685
Estuarine Cobble- Gravel Shores E2US1N and E2US1/2N 0.728
Estuarine Sandy Shores and Beaches E2US2N (includes r) 1.450
E2US2P (includes r) 16.520
--------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 17.970
---------------------------------------------------------------
Total Estuarine Waters and Wetlands 102.774
---------------------------------------------------------------
Marine Waters M1UBL 4.583
Marine Rocky Shores M2RS1N and M2RS2N (includes r) 30.546
M2RS1P and M2RS2P (includes r) 30.887
-------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 61.433
Marine Cobble-Gravel Shores M2US1N 5.904
Marine Sandy Shores and Beaches M2US2M
M2US2N 23.170
M2US2P 17.633
--------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 40.803
---------------------------------------------------------------
Total Marine Waters and Wetlands 108.140
---------------------------------------------------------------
A-42
Table 2. Potential wetland restoration sites in Middletown.
Wetland Restoration Type Current # of Acreage
(code) Classification Sites
1 filled (1f) upland UPLAND 5 21.04
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 5 21.04
submerged (1su) L1UBHh 1 100.96
L1UBVh 1 83.39
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 2 184.350
change in vegetated wetland type (1w) L2AB4Vh 1 23.49
PEM1/SS1Rh 1 0.76
PEM1Rh 2 3.62
PEM5/1Rh 1 20.14
PEM5Rh 3 9.21
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 7 33.73
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Type 1 Sites 14 239.12
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 ditched/tidally restricted
(2d-2r and 2d-2r-2rs) E2EM1Pd 2 16.43
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 2 16.43
tidally restricted (2r) E1UB4L 2 0.59
E2EM1P 1 0.62
E2EM1P6h 1 29.35
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 4 30.56
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Type 2 Sites 6 46.99
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Sites 20 286.11
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A-43
Table 3. Extent of hardened shorelines in Middletown.
Hardened Shoreline (code) Length (in feet)
Bulkhead (BK) 4484.35
Breakwater (BW) 8793.30
Groin (GR) 620.189
Pemanent Pier (PP) 8860.67
Revetment (RR) 4737.59
Seawall (SW) 2617.23
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Hardened Shoreline Length 30113.33
A-44
Table 4. Land use/cover in the 500-foot buffer surrounding tidal wetlands in
Middletown.
Landuse/landcover (code) Acreage
Residential
Single family (111) 129.986
Lawns (114) 52.365
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 182.351
Commercial
Commercial and Institutional structures (121) 63.662
Recreational structures (122) 4.293
Paved surfaces (125) 16.324
Unpaved surfaces (126) 7.757
Wharves, piers, shipyards (127) 8.744
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 100.780
Transportation, Communications, and Utilities (14) 4.693
Other Urban or Built-up Land
Golf courses (171) 17.187
Cemeteries (172) 0.526
Landfills (174) 12.952
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 30.665
Agriculture
Cropland (21) 1.145
Orchards, Nurseries, Vineyards (22) 4.2670
Pastures/hayfields (24) 12.596
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 18.008
Rangeland
Herbaceous cover (31) 11.288
Shrub and brush cover (32) 180.666
Mixed (33) 19.988
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 211.942
A-45
Forest
Deciduous forest (41) 45.354
Mixed (43) 3.468
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 48.822
Water and Freshwater Wetlands (56)
Vegetated freshwater wetlands 25.129
Nonvegetated freshwater wetlands 12.500
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 37.629
Barren Land
Other sand areas (73) 27.233
Bare exposed rock (74) 0.715
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 27.948
A-46
Results for Narragansett
Table 1. Extent of coastal wetlands and related features in Narragansett.
Wetland or Water Feature Map Code Acreage
Estuarine Waters E1UBL (includes E1UB4L and h,x) 130.850
E1UBL6 (includes h,x) 67.005
--------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 197.855
Salt Marshes E2EM1N (includes d,h,x) 0.592
E2EM1P (includes d,h,x) 131.011
E2EM5P (includes d,h,x) 4.986
---------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 136.589
Brackish Marshes E2EM1/5P6 & E2EM5/1P6 (d,h,x) 4.614
E2EM1P6 (includes d,h,x) 5.828
E2EM5P6 (includes d,h,x) 14.366
---------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 24.808
Estuarine Rocky Shores E2RS1N 1.889
E2RS1P 8.502
E2RS2N (includes r) 8.290
E2RS2P (includes r) 0.444
---------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 19.125
Estuarine Streambeds E2SB2N AND E1SB3N 1.162
Salt Shrub Swamps E2SS1P (includes d,h,x) 5.852
Estuarine Cobble-Gravel Shores E2US1N and E2US1/2N 2.380
Estuarine Sandy Shores/Beaches E2US2N (includes r) 3.053
E2US2P (includes r) 7.462
-------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 10.515
Estuarine Mudflats E2US3M 23.296
A-47
Salt Pannes E2US4M (includes d,h) 0.893
---------------------------------------------------------------
Total Estuarine Waters and Wetlands 422.475
---------------------------------------------------------------
Marine Waters M1UBL 16.833
Marine Rocky Shores M2RS1N and M2RS2N (includes r) 41.019
M2RS1P and M2RS2P (includes r) 54.503
--------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 95.522
Marine Cobble-Gravel Shores M2US1P 6.746
Marine Sandy Shores and Beaches M2US2N 36.778
M2US2P 38.061
--------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 74.839
---------------------------------------------------------------
Total Marine Waters and Wetlands 177.107
---------------------------------------------------------------
A-48
Table 2. Potential wetland restoration sites in the Town of Narragansett
Wetland Restoration Type Current # of Acreage
(code) Classification Sites
1 submerged (1su) PUBHh 1 5.35
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 5.35
change in vegetated wetland type (1w) PAB4/EM2Fh 1 8.78
PAB4Fh 1 0.46
PEM1Rh 1 6.99
PEM5Eh 1 1.72
PSS1Rh 1 2.28
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 4 11.45
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Type 1 Sites 5 16.80
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 ditched (2d) E2EM1Pd 7 101.83
E2SS1Pd 1 0.39
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 8 102.22
tidally restricted (2r) E1UBL6h 2 66.67
E2EM1P6h 2 5.11
E2EM5P6h 1 2.23
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 5 74.01
severely tidally restricted (2rs) E2EM1/5P6h 1 3.99
E2EM5P6h 3 12.14
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 4 16.13
severely tidally restricted/
veg change- Phragmites (2rs-2v) E2EM5P6h 1 0.38
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 0.38
vegetation change- Phragmites (2v) E2EM5P 10 3.86
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 10 3.86
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Type 2 Sites 28 196.60
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Sites 33 213.40
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A-49
Table 3. Extent of hardened shorelines in Narragansett.
Hardened Shoreline (code) Length (in feet)
Bridge Abutment (BA) 5185.267
Bulkhead (BK) 3968.184
Breakwater (BW) 618.104
Groin (GR) 2562.649
Other Significant Pier (OSP) 265.348
Revetment (RR) 6584.245
Seawall (SW) 10074.275
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Hardened Shoreline Length 29258.07
A-50
Table 4. Land use/cover in the 500-foot buffer surrounding tidal wetlands in
Narragansett.
Land use/cover (code) Acreage
Residential
Single family (111) 616.618
Multi family (112) 14.145
Mobile home (113) 109.526
Lawns (114) 7.178
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 747.467
Commercial
Commercial and Institutional structures (121) 68.610
Recreational structures (122) 23.067
Marinas (123) 0.635
Paved surfaces (125) 43.322
Unpaved surfaces (126) 2.090
Wharves, piers, shipyards (127) 0.774
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 138.498
Transportation, Communications, and Utilities (14) 30.015
Agriculture
Pastures/hayfields (24) 6.984
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 6.984
Rangeland
Herbaceous cover (31) 7.611
Shrub and brush cover (32) 93.878
Mixed (33) 41.804
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 143.293
Forest
Deciduous forest (41) 84.161
Evergreen forest (42) 0.550
Mixed (43) 165.255
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 249.966
A-51
Water and Freshwater Wetlands (56)
Vegetated freshwater wetlands 123.374
Nonvegetated freshwater wetlands 6.140
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 129.514
Barren Land
Other sand areas (73) 10.911
Mixed barren land (76) 4.387
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 15.298
A-52
Results for Newport
Table 1. Extent of coastal wetlands and related features in Newport.
Wetland or Water Feature Map Code Acreage
Eelgrass Beds EIAB3L (includes c, d, e) 36.385
Estuarine Waters E1UBL (includes E1UB4L and h,x) 50.558
-------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 86.943
Salt Marshes E2EM1N (includes d,h,x) 1.237
E2EM1P (includes d,h,x) 23.465
E2EM5P (includes d,h,x) 5.717
------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 30.419
Estuarine Rocky Shores E2RS2P (includes r) 1.048
Salt Shrub Swamps E2SS1P (includes d,h,x) 0.821
Estuarine Sandy Shores and Beaches E2US2M 4.582
E2US2N (includes r) 8.727
E2US2P (includes r) 5.856
-------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 19.165
---------------------------------------------------------------
Total Estuarine Waters and Wetlands 138.396
---------------------------------------------------------------
Marine Eelgrass Beds M1AB3L (includes d,e) 1.834
Marine Waters M1UBL 26.461
Marine Rocky Shores M2RS1N and M2RS2N (includes r) 63.122
M2RS1P and M2RS2P (includes r) 75.030
---------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 138.152
Marine Cobble-Gravel Shores M2US1P 2.813
Marine Sandy Shores and Beaches M2US2M 2.277
M2US2N 40.761
M2US2P 20.900
---------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 63.938
---------------------------------------------------------------
Total Marine Waters and Wetlands 204.903
A-53
Table 2. Potential wetland restoration sites in Newport.
Wetland Restoration Type Current # of Acreage
(code) Classification Sites
1 submerged (1su) L1UBHh 1 10.04
L1UBVh 2 121.18
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 3 131.22
change in vegetated wetland type (1w) L2AB4Vh 2 57.07
PEM1Rh 1 4.05
PEM5Rh 2 8.21
PSS1/EM5Rh 1 16.14
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 6 85.47
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Type 1 Sites 9 216.69
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 ditched (2d) E2EM1Pd 1 2.01
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 2.01
ditched/tidally restricted
(2d-2r and 2d-2r-2rs) E2EM1Pd 1 6.15
E2EM1Pdh 1 2.22
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 2 8.37
ditched/severely tidally restricted (2d-2rs) E2EM5Pdh 1 2.19
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 2.19
ditched/veg change- Phragmites (2d-2v) E2EM5Pd 1 1.49
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 1.49
tidally restricted (2r) E1UBLh 2 32.64
E2EM1Nh 1 0.66
E2EM1P 1 3.29
E2EM1Ph 4 9.53
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 8 46.12
A-54
severely tidally restricted (2rs) E2EM5Ph 4 1.51
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 4 1.51
severely tidally restricted/veg change-
Phragmites (2rs-2v) E2EM5Ph 1 0.93
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 0.93
vegetation change- Iva (2vi) E2SS1P 1 0.82
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 0.82
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Type 2 Sites 19 63.44
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Sites 28 280.13
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A-55
Table 3. Extent of hardened shorelines in Newport.
Hardened Shoreline (code) Length (in feet)
Bridge Abutment (BA) 966.886
Bulkhead (BK) 29860.473
Groin (GR) 980.00
Pemanent Pier (PP) 12501.47
Other Significant Pier (OSP) 606.199
Revetment (RR) 10726.175
Seawall (SW) 24258.084
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Hardened Shoreline Length 79899.29
A-56
Table 4. Land use/cover in the 500-foot buffer surrounding tidal wetlands in Newport.
Land use/cover (code) Acreage
Residential
Single family (111) 193.866
Multi family (112) 21.185
Lawns (114) 272.005
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 487.056
Commercial
Commercial and Institutional structures (121) 194.814
Recreational structures (122) 5.166
Paved surfaces (125) 39.136
Unpaved surfaces (126) 11.092
Wharves, piers, shipyards (127) 52.825
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 303.033
Transportation, Communications, and Utilities (14) 35.278
Other Urban or Built-up Land
Golf courses (171) 17.751
Other areas (zoos; urban parks) (173) 17.284
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 35.035
Agriculture
Orchards, Nurseries, Vineyards (22) 0.691
Pastures/hayfields (24) 8.940
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 9.631
Rangeland
Herbaceous cover (31) 69.031
Shrub and brush cover (32) 163.20
Mixed (33) 7.946
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 240.177
A-57
Forest
Deciduous forest (41) 181.794
Mixed (43) 4.685
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 186.479
Water and Freshwater Wetlands (56)
Vegetated freshwater wetlands 21.538
Nonvegetated freshwater wetlands 7.118
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 28.656
Barren Land
Other sand areas (73) 4.287
Mixed barren land (76) 0.632
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 4.919
A-58
Results for North Kingstown
Table 1. Extent of coastal wetlands and related features in North Kingstown.
Wetland or Water Feature Map Code Acreage
Eelgrass Beds EIAB3L 8.590
Estuarine Waters E1UBL (includes E1UB4L and h,x) 174.372
E1UBL6 (includes h,x) 8.873
-------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 183.245
Salt Marshes E2EM1N (includes d,h,x) 21.053
E2EM1P (includes d,h,x) 131.657
E2EM5P (includes d,h,x) 27.359
-------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 180.069
Brackish Marshes E2EM1/5P6 and
E2EM5/1P6 (includes d,h,x) 0.501
E2EM1P6 (includes d,h,x) 16.427
E2EM5P6 (includes d,h,x) 6.066
------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 22.994
Estuarine Rocky Shores E2RS1P 1.448
E2RS2N (includes r) 6.830
E2RS2P (includes r) 0.583
----------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 8.861
Salt Shrub Swamps E2SS1P (includes d,h,x) 4.689
Estuarine Sandy Shores and Beaches E2US2N (includes r) 16.763
E2US2P (includes r) 63.994
------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 80.757
Estuarine Mudflats E2US3M 15.271
-------------------------------------------------------
Total Est. Waters and Wetlands 504.476
-------------------------------------------------------
A-59
Table 2. Potential wetland restoration sites in North Kingstown.
Wetland Restoration Type Current # of Acreage
(code) Classification Sites
1 filled (1f) upland UPLAND 1 1.01
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 1.01
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Type 1 Sites 1 1.01
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 ditched (2d) E2EM1Pd 7 28.65
ditched/veg change- Iva (2d-2vi) E2SS1Pd 1 4.39
tidally restricted (2r) E1UBL 14 20.48
E1UBLh 3 2.97
E2EM1Nh 3 4.53
E2EM1P 3 3.61
E2EM1P6 1 6.15
E2EM1Ph 7 14.01
E2SS1P 1 0.16
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 32 51.91
severely tidally restricted (2rs) E2EM5P6 1 4.10
E2EM5Ph 2 1.40
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 3 5.50
severely tidally restricted/
veg change- Phragmites (2rs-2v) E2EM5P 3 1.36
vegetation change- Phragmites (2v) E2EM1/5P6 1 0.50
E2EM5P 15 18.00
E2EM5P6 1 1.88
E2EM5Ph 1 6.84
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 18 27.22
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Type 2 Sites 64 119.03
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Sites 65 120.04
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A-60
Table 3. Extent of hardened shorelines in North Kingstown.
Hardened Shoreline (code) Length (in feet)
Bridge Abutment (BA) 1850.046
Bulkhead (BK) 25013.418
Breakwater (BW) 1571.475
Groin (GR) 3107.350
Jetty (JT) 3715.436
Pemanent Pier (PP) 6325.197
Other Significant Pier (OSP) 538.526
Revetment (RR) 16176.371
Seawall (SW) 6924.210
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Hardened Shoreline Length 65222.03
A-61
Table 4. Land use/cover in the 500-foot buffer surrounding tidal wetlands in
North Kingstown.
Land use/cover (code) Acreage
Residential
Single family (111) 542.949
Multi family (112) 26.594
Lawns (114) 139.808
Other (115 ) 0.529
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 709.88
Commercial
Commercial and Institutional structures (121) 55.636
Marinas (123) 8.384
Paved surfaces (125) 64.496
Unpaved surfaces (126) 1.149
Wharves, piers, shipyards (127) 74.651
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 204.316
Transportation, Communications, and Utilities (14) 70.121
Other Urban or Built-up Land
Golf courses (171) 54.465
Other areas (zoos; urban parks) (173) 0.855
Landfills (174) 14.870
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 70.19
Agriculture
Cropland (21) 2.612
Pastures/hayfields (24) 10.774
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 13.386
Rangeland
Herbaceous cover (31) 11.741
Shrub and brush cover (32) 80.933
Mixed (33) 152.699
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 245.373
A-62
Forest
Deciduous forest (41) 372.642
Mixed (43) 458.384
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 831.026
Water and Freshwater Wetlands (56)
Vegetated freshwater wetlands 182.053
Nonvegetated freshwater wetlands 5.976
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 188.029
Barren Land
Other sand areas (73) 13.261
Bare exposed rock (74) 0.612
Mixed barren land (76) 11.672
Transitional Areas (77) 3.885
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 29.43
A-63
Results for Pawtucket
Table 1. Extent of coastal wetlands and related features in Pawtucket.
Wetland or Water Feature Map Code Acreage
Estuarine Waters E1UBL (includes E1UB4L and h,x) 12.215
Salt Marshes E2EM1N (includes d,h,x) 0.542
Brackish Marshes E2EM1P6 (includes d,h,x) 0.085
--------------------------------------------------
Total Estuarine Waters and Wetlands 12.842
--------------------------------------------------
A-64
Table 2. Potential wetland restoration sites in Pawtucket.
Wetland Restoration Type Current # of Acreage
(code) Classification Sites
2 ditched (2d) E2EM1P6d 1 0.09
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal 1 0.09
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Type 2 Sites 1 0.09
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------